High-Power Diode Lasers
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1 Roland Diehl (Ed.) High-Power Diode Lasers Fundamentals, Technology, Applications With Contributions by Numerous Experts With 260 Figures and 20 Tables Springer
2 Contents Introduction to Power Diode Lasers Peter Unger 1 1. Fundamental Aspects of Diode Lasers Emission and Absorption in Semiconductors Basic Elements of Semiconductor Diode Lasers Optical Gain and Threshold Condition Edge- and Surfacc-Emitting Lasers Lateral Confinemcnt Quantum-Well Structures Fabrication Technology Optical Waveguides and Resonators Effective Refractive Index Normalized Propagation Diagrams Optical Near- and Far-Field Patterns Fabry-Perot Resonator Diode Laser Spectrum Mirror Coatings Rate Equations and High-Power Operation Rate Equations for Electronic Carriers and Photons Electrical and Optical Characteristics of Power Diode Lasers Design Considerations for High-Power Operation 46 List of Symbols 50 List of Constants 51 Abbreviations for Indices 51 References 52
3 X Contents Dynamics of High-Power Diode Lasers Edeltraud Gehrig and Ortwin Hess Microscopic Spatio-Temporal Properties of Diode Lasers Role of Microscopic Spatio-Temporal Properties in Macroscopic Laser Characteristics Optical-Field Dynamics Physics of the Active Semiconductor Medium Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of High-Power Diode Lasers Optical Injection Influence of Laser Geometry and Facet Reflectivitics Dynamics of Optical Emission Characteristics Spatial and Spcctral Carrier Dynamics Spatial and Spcctral Refractive-Index and Gain Dynamics Conclusion 78 List of Symbols 79 References 80 Epitaxy of High-Power Diode-Laser Structures Markus Weyers, Arnab Bhattacharya, Frank Bugge and Arne Knauer Growth Methods Molecular-Beam Epitaxy and Its Variants Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Comparison of MBE and MOVPE Materials for High-Power Diode Lasers GaAs and AlGaAs GalnP and AlGalnP GalnAsP on GaAs hip, GalnAs(P) and AlGalnAs Doping N-Type Doping P-Type Doping Heterostructures Straincd Quantum Wells Pseudomorphic Growth and Strain Relaxation Strain Compensation Device Results 110 List of Acronyms 113 References 114
4 Contents XI GaAs Substrates for High-Power Diode Lasers Georg Müller, Patrick Berwian, Eberhard Buhrig and Berndt Weinert Selection of the Growth Mcthod Important Features of GaAs Crystal-Growth Methods Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) and Vapor-Controlled Czochralski (VCZ) Techniques Thermal Stress and Dislocation Density Methods of Directional Solidification: Gradient Freeze and Bridgman Variants Physico-Chemical Features of the VGF Technology for the Growth of Si-Doped Low-EPD GaAs Single Crystals Discussion of VGF Variants Important Chemical Reactions in the VGF Growth of Si-Doped GaAs VGF Furnace Concepts Preparation of Starting Materials and Procedure of VGF Growth Numerical Modeling for VGF-Process Optimization Principles and Strategy of the Numerical Modeling Optimization of VGF-Growth Equipment Optimization of Growth Runs by Inverse Modeling Crystal and Wafer Propcrtics Wafering Elcctrical Characterization and Silicon Doping Optical Characterization by Infrared and Photoluminescence Mapping Residual Dislocations Conclusion 166 List of Symbols 167 List of Acronyms 168 References 169 High-Power Broad-Area Diode Lasers and Laser Bars Götz Erbcrt, Arthur Bärwolff, Jürgen Sebastian and Jens Tomm Epitaxial Waveguide Structures for High-Power Diode Lasers The Large Optical Cavity (LOC) Concept Technology for Broad-Area Diode Lasers and Laser Bars Processing of Contact Windows Processing of Mesa Structures Metallization Laser-Bar Preparation Facet Coating 194
5 XII Contents 3. Behavior of High-Power CW Diode Lasers Inrluence of Heat on Laser Performance Simulation of Tcmperature Distribution Recent Results 213 List of Symbols 216 References 218 Properties and Prequency Conversion of High-Brightness Diode-Laser Systems Klaus-Jochen Boller, Bernard Beier and Richard Wallenstein Beam Quality The Diffraction Parameter M Measurement of the Wavefront Single-Stripe Diode Lasers High-Power Diode Lasers Diode Amplifiers AlGaAs Diode-MOPA Systems Diode-MOPA Systems Based on InGaAs Nonlinear Prequency Conversion with High-Brightness Diode-MOPA Systems Second-Harmonic Generation Diode-Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillators Summary 256 List of Symbols and Abbreviations 257 References 259 Tapered High-Power, High-Brightness Diode Lasers: Design and Performance Michael Mikulla Introduction Theoretical Background BPM Simulations Epitaxial Layer Structures Comparison of LMG and LOC Structures Broad-Area Diode Lasers with LMG Layer Structures Fabrication of Tapered Devices Experimental Results Tapered Laser Oscillators Tapered Laser Amplifiers Tunable High-Brightness Diode-Laser Systems Tapered Diode-Laser Arrays Manufacturability 284
6 Contents XIII 9. Conclusion 285 List of Symbols 287 References 287 Cooling and Packaging of High-Power Diode Lasers Peter Loosen Basic Properties of Micro-Channel Coolers for High-Power Diode Lasers Manufacturing and Flow Dynamics of Cu Micro-Channel Coolers Packaging of Diode-Laser Bars 297 List of Symbols 300 References 301 High-Power Diode Lasers for Direct Applications Uwe Brauch, Peter Loosen and Hans Opower Introduction (Hans Opower) Incoherent Bcam Combining (Peter Loosen) Properties of High-Power Diode Lasers for Direct Applications Beam Quality of Incoherently Combined Beams Technical Devices Beam Collimation Aperture Fillhig and Stacking Accuracy Applications Discussion and Perspectives Coherent Beam Combining (Uwe Brauch) Coherence Properties of Semiconductor Diode Lasers Combining of Diffraction-Limited Beams Phase Coupling and Beam Combining of Single-Longitudinal-Mode Lasers Prospects and Limitations of Coherent Beam Combining 360 List of Symbols 362 References 364 New Concepts for Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Andreas Tünnermann, Holger Zelhner. Wolfram Schöne, Adolf Giesen and Karsten Contag Fundamental Concepts of Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Thermal Considerations Fiber Lasers Laser-Active Waveguides Double-Clad Fiber Lasers Pump-Radiation Absorption in Double-Clad Fibers 378
7 XIV Contents 2.4. High-Power Laser Operation Fiber-Laser Emission in the Visible Spectral Region Thin-Disk Laser Design Considerations Numerical Simulation of the Thin-Disk Laser Results and Discussion Conclusion 403 List of Symbols 404 Referenccs 405 Index 409
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