ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Transcription

1 ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE METROLOGIE LEGALE DENSITY MEASUREMENT Guidance for Inspectors March 1987 BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DE METROLOGIE LEGALE 11, Rue Turgot PARIS

2 DENSITY MEASUREMENT This brochure is an adapted translation of a document issued by the prepackage control department of the Dutch metrology service, authors J.A. Dalm and P. Hogervorst. Though it is mainly intended as a guide for inspectors and technicians doing prepackage control the methods and calculations described follow such rigourous lines that the brochure may also be useful for other industrial and laboratory applications. We thank the Dutch metrology service for its collaboration as well as Mr Degavre of the Belgian metrology service for his assistance in the translation. BIML BUREAU INTERNATIONAL de METROLOGIE LEGALE 11, rue Turgot PARIS - France March 1987

3 CONTENTS page 1. Introduction Units of measurement Possible sources of error Methods of density measurement Fields of application of the methods... 6 Appendix 1. Pycnometer Plunger (gamma sphere) Line marked bottle Container filled with water to its edge Hydrometer Portable electronic densimeter Electronic densimeter for laboratory use Hydrostatic balance (Mohr s balance) Plunger method for putties TABLE - Density of air free water as a function of temperature

4 1. INTRODUCTION When the content of prepackages is expressed in terms of volume but verified by weighing it is also necessary to measure the density of the product contained. It seems in practice that methods for measuring density are frequently not well understood so that significant systematic errors occur. This brochure does not include all the existing methods for density measurement but describes those most currently used and their applications. 2. UNITS of MEASUREMENT 2.1. Volume The SI unit for volume is the cubic metre, symbol m 3. In chemical laboratories and retail transactions the commonly used unit is the litre, symbol l or L. The 12th General Conference of Weights and Measures decided in 1964 to abolish an earlier definition of the litre and to define. 1 litre - 1 dm 3 exactly. Thus 1000 litres = 1 m 3 1 millilitre = 1 cm 3. The units decilitre (dl) and centilitre (cl) are by tradition admitted as legal units in a certain number of countries. With a view of avoiding their confusion with the cubic decimetre and the cubic centimetre respectively, their use in industry and science is not recommended by inter-ternational standards organizations. The millilitre (symbol ml or ml) is, however, commonly used in laboratories and in the calculations in this brochure Density Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the product (i.e. as if it was weighed in vacuum) to its volume. The coherent SI unit for density is kg/m 3 and should normally be used for reporting density values of products. As the measurements of mass in this brochure are in grammes (g) and volume in millilitres (ml), the formulas and calculations exceptionally use the unit g/ml (which should not be confused with the unit for concentration) 1 g/ml = 1 g/cm 3 = 1000 kg/m 3 In order to avoid mistakes the units have been repeated for each formula where density values have been introduced, - 1 -

5 3. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN DENSITY MEASUREMENTS By the term "error" we mean the difference between the density resulting from the measurement and the true density. In general these errors originate from the following causes: a) Temperature difference if the density measurement is made at another temperature than 20 C and no correction to 20 C is applied b) Use of unsuitable measuring means c) Buoyancy effect in the measurement of mass d) Inappropriate sampling. THERE ARE ALWAYS REASONS TO TRY TO REACH THE BEST ACCURACY Temperature The national regulations usually prescribe that the true content of prepackages declared in units of volume shall be stated for the temperature of 20 C except for frozen or deep frozen products for which the content shall be declared for the temperature of sale, i.e. generally - 5 C and -18 C respectively. The measurement may possibly be done at a different temperature than 20 C but this requires knowledge of the volume expansion coefficient of the product concerned. where In this case the conversion may be done using the following formula: ρ = ρ t [1 + γ(t - 20)] ρ = density of the product at 20 C ρ t = density of the product at t C γ = volume expansion coefficient of the product. The temperature at the density measurement should anyway not depart too much from 20 C as the coefficient of volume expansion may not be known with sufficient accuracy. In general, no correction is applied if the temperature does not deviate from 20 C by more than ± 0.5 C. A lower temperature leads to a higher estimate of the density of the product which, if the correction is disregarded, is to the disadvantage of the filler (producer)

6 3.2. Choice of means and methods of measurement cases: The means and methods are likely to be unsuitable in the following A) Method not suitable for the type of product. Example: Use of a plunger in products with very high viscosity. B) Means of measurement technically unsuitable (not sufficiently rigid or having other defects). Example: Poorly fitting stopper or lid of a pycnometer leading to bad reproducibility. C) Use of weighing instruments which are not sufficiently accurate compared to the other means of measurement. Example: Use of a 50 ml pycnometer with a weighing instrument having scale intervals of 1 g. D) Calibration not sufficiently accurate. Example: Use of the nominal (marked) value of a 100 ml pycnometer when the exact value is ml Buoyancy effect in mass measurements When the volume of a product is determined by measurement of mass and density it is necessary to take into account the effect of air buoyancy. This effect follows the principle of Archimedes which says that a body immersed in a fluid (gas or liquid) is submitted to a vertical upthrust equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. According to the law of equilibrium of forces the indication of a weighing instrument depends on this upthrust and the mass is consequently in most cases slightly higher than the value indicated which is a function of the volumes or mean densities of both the product and the weights used for the weighing, or for the pre-adjustment of the weighing instrument. It is not necessary to account for this difference in commercial transactions for which the result indicated by the weighing instrument is considered exact by convention (see OIML RI 33 - Result of weighing in air) However, it is important to take the buoyancy in air into account when making density measurements with high accuracy. In practice the computations are made using as density for standard weights the value ρ n = 8 g/ml and as a mean density of air ρ 1 = g/ml - 3 -

7 Using these two values one may deduce the following expression: density of product mass = apparent mass x g/ml density of product The computations in the methods of measurement described in the annexes all take into account the effect of buoyancy. (*) Note concerning the development of air buoyancy formulas. The weighing instrument, generally an electronic balance, is assumed to have been adjusted at its place of use with standard weights (mass= m n ). If the product weighed (mass = m) has a density (ρ ) which is different from that (ρ n ) of the standard weight, we have m m n mg ρ1 g = m n g' ρ1 ' g' ρ ρ n where g and g are the accelerations due to gravity which act on the product and on the standard weights respectively. For an electronic balance which is adjusted at the site of use g = g. One also assumes that the density of air is the same, i.e. ρ 1 = ρ 1. With the values ρ 1 = g/ml and ρ n = 8 g/ml one obtains m n ρ m = ρ In practice m n represents the indication of the balance (or apparent mass) corrected for possible systematic errors which may have occured after its adjustment. For a product with ρ = 8 g/ml the mass m is equal to m n n and no correction is required. In case the true volume V is known one obtains by substituting ρv for m. m ρ = n g/ml V This latter expression is currently used for measurements with pycnometers. To calculate very exactly the volume of a product from the result of weighings in air and a known density one has finally to use the following formula M V = ml ρ where, as previously, the mass indicated by the balance M is expressed in grammes and ρ in g/ml

8 3.4. Other sources of error Inclusion of air One has to distinguish between two cases: a) Inclusion of air in the product itself and thus also in the sample. For a certain number of products air is introduced by its own during various phases of production without possibility to escape; it is thus already present in these products during the sampling. b) Introduction of air into the sample during the sampling procedure. Air introduced during the sampling may in some cases escape rapidly from the product and in other cases disappear only very slowly. It may thus take hours or days before the product is fully free of air (example: shampoos). There are also cases where air remains continually in the product after its introduction, e.g. in putties. Non transparent liquids, where the presence of air is unperceptible make measurements still more uncertain. Guidance: - Density measurements shall only be made after having eliminated the air from the sample. Pouring and mixing of liquids should therefore be done smothly and with great care - For certain products air is introduced in the manufacturing process and is considered as a inseparable part of the product - If there is evidence that air is introduced after the filling procedure and that this phenomenon is only temporary (the air will not remain In the final product), it may be possible to take the samples from the vats or elsewhere before the filling Sedimentation or separation of constituents Products composed of several constituents of differing densities may have a tendency to settle non-homogeneously. The following cases are examples of causes of error in sampling: a) The sample is taken from a non-homogenous phase. The density of the sample is then different from the mean density and it is possible that the density decreases during continued filling of the prepackages. It is necessary to take this into account during sampling and - either choose a sample elsewhere in the production line, or - take a greater number of samples. b) There is separation in the sample itself. Solution: Stirr slowly or mix parts of the product just before measurement without introducing air

9 4. METHODS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENT The main methods which can be used in an industrial environment are: Pycnometer (Appendix 1) Plunger (Appendix 2) Use of product container Line marked bottle (Appendix 3) Container filled with water to its edge (Appendix 4) Hydrometer (Appendix 5) Electronic portable densimeter (Appendix 6) Laboratory methods of density measurement: Electronic densimeter, laboratory type (Appendix 7) Mohr's balance (Appendix 8) Plunger method for putties (Appendix 9) 5. FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT Product Method a) Liquids without - plunger (gamma sphere) CO 2 or other gas - metallic pycnometer - hydrometer - electronic densimeter b) Products with or without CO 2 - line marked bottle in transparent but not deformable container c) Products including CO 2 - not easily measurable, in non transparent container leave CO 2 to escape then follow a) d) Viscous liquids - metallic pycnometer - electronic densimeter, laboratory type e) Putties - plunger method for putties - pycnometer with non-dissolving liquid f) Aerosol products - electronic densimeter, laboratory type - special high pressure pycnometer g) Products in several phases - container used as pycnometer and in non-deformable and non- filled with water transparent container h) Products in several phases - transfer the product into an Erlenin deformable containers mayer bottle used as pycnometer, see g) - 6 -

10 Appendix 1 PYCNOMETER DESCRIPTION Pycnometers are measures in glass or metal having a fixed volume content. The pycnometer is closed by a stopper or lid in which there is a small hole which enables air and excess of the product to be eliminated so that the quantity contained in the pycnometer is constant after completion of the filling operation. The capacity of pycnometers varies but is frequently 50 or 100 ml. The latter value or more is preferable to obtain the best accuracy. The use of pycnometers with a capacity smaller than 25 ml is not advised. Important: The exact volume contained in the pycnometer may, with respect to highest accuracy, be different from the nominal (marked) capacity. FIELDS of APPLICATION Glass pycnometers: filling with non dissolving liquids: Metal pycnometers: (screwed lid) etc.) - clear liquids without CO2 or other solutes under pressure - pasty products: putties, glues, products conditioned in deformable tubes - viscous and slightly pasty products (products for* cleaning, lacquers NECESSARY EQUIPMENT - Calibrated pycnometer as described above (the method of calibration should be known) - Weighing instrument with scale intervals of 10 mg (0.01 g) or less for a 100 ml pycnometer and 1 mg (0.001 g) or less for a 25 ml pycnometer - Weights of accuracy class M 1 - Mercury thermometer graduated in 0.1 or 0.2 C intervals - Thermostated bath - 7 -

11 Appendix 1 Fig. 1 - Pycnometers, from left to right: metal pycnometer, 100 ml glass pycnometers, 50 ml, 10 ml, 5 ml metal pycnometer, 5 ml Fig. 2 - Metal pycnometer, tissue paper used to wipe off excess product - 8 -

12 Appendix 1 PREPARATION and MEASUREMENTS A. Method without use of non-dissolving ancillary liquid Clean the pycnometer with water and alcohol. Apply a fine film of vaseline to the upper edge of the pycnometer so as to ensure tightness of the lid. Place the pycnometer and its lid on the weighing instrument and record the weighing result (M 0 ). Fill the pycnometer very carefully by avoiding the introduction of air bubbles. Also avoid as far as possible to put the product on the walls close to the location of the lid. The filling level should be such that after adjusting definitely the stopper or the lid (see below) a small quantity of the product can escape through the opening. Place the stopper or the lid loosely on the pycnometer and place the whole in a thermostatic bath operating at 20 C _± 0.2 C. Take out and dry the pycnometer after 20 to 30 minutes, rather quickly so as to avoid temperature drift. The stopper or the lid of the pycnometer is then placed or screwed firmly on and the excess of product wiped off with a suitable tissue paper placed around the stopper or around the hole in the lid. The pycnometer is then weighed (Mv), emptied, cleaned, dried and weighed again together with standard weights corresponding to an approximate value of Mv - Mo i.e. to the mass contained in the pycnometer. Record the indication Io of the weighing instrument. This last operation enables the determination of the correction to be applied to compensate for systematic errors of the weighing instrument. Note: Additional precautions may be necessary to avoid the introduction of air bubbles during manipulation of non-transparent viscous and pasty products using metal pycnometers. B. Method using filling with a non-dissolving ancillary liquid If the pycnometer is filled with a product from a tube or a pot one may avoid the introduction of air by first filling the pycnometer with a non-dissolving liquid of known density which does not mix with the product (water is many times suitable). One weighs in this case the empty pycnometer (see A) and then fills it with a small quantity (for instance 1/3) of the non dissolving liquid followed by a new weighing. The product to be measured is then introduced so as to approach the level of the lid of the pycnometer and the whole is weighed for the third time. The filling of the pycnometer is then completed using the non dissolving liquid followed by a fourth weighing. See A for the remainder of operations

13 Appendix 1 COMPUTATION Method A where: Mp ρ = g/ml V ρ = density of the product at 20 C Mp = apparent mass of the product M v M 0 + C where C = M 0 + additional standard weights - I 0 V = volume of the pycnometer at the temperature of measurement Note: Values used for density of air g/ml and for weights 8.0 g/ml Method B m m1 ρ = m1 m0 + m3 m V ρ L g/ml where : m 0 = weighing result (apparent mass) of empty pycnometer m 1 = pycnometer + partial filling with ancillary liquid m 2 = pycnometer + partial filling with ancillary liquid + product m 3 = pycnometer + completed filling with ancillary liquid + product ρ L = density of the ancillary liquid at the temperature of measurement

14 Appendix 1 Example of calculation using method A Empty pycnometer Fully filled pycnometer Weighing of empty pycnometer and 130 g of standard weights Correction of the weighing instrument m I 0 M 0 = g M v = g I 0 = g C = g True capacity of the pycnometer V = ml ( ) ρ = = g/ml Calibration of a pycnometer The volume of the pycnometer is V = ρ where: w M n ml V = volume of the pycnometer at the temperature of measurement M n = weighing result (apparent mass) of the water contained in the pycnometer ρ w = density of water (for instance at 20 C: g/ml) The density of air during the weighing is assumed to be g/ml

15 Appendix 2 PLUNGER (GAMMA SPHERE) DESCRIPTION The plunger is a sphere usually made from chromium plated brass fixed to a rod the length of which can be adjusted by rotation. It is available in two sizes: 100 and 10 ml (see Figure 3). The 100 ml model has a rod with line divisions to indicate depth of immersion. The use of the 10 ml model is not advised on account the rather high relative error due to surface tension of the liquids to be tested. The approximate value of the surface tension of these liquids should however also be known when using the 100 ml plunger. FIELDS of APPLICATION Clear and slightly viscous liquids with or without CO 2 or other solutes. Because of the ease of cleaning the spherical plunger is particularily recommended for use with lacquers, paints and similar products of medium viscosity. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT - Calibrated (and certified) plunger - Weighing instrument with scale intervals smaller or equal to 10 mg (0.01 g) and a weighing capacity of 800 g or more for tests with a 100 ml plunger - A set of weights class M 1 - Mercury thermometer with scale intervals of 0.1 or 0.2 C - A beaker of 500 or 600 ml - A support for holding the plunger - A thermostatic bath

16 PREPARATION and MEASUREMENTS Appendix 2 The plunger and the beaker are first cleaned. Fill then the beaker with the product until it is possible to immerse completely the sphere to the foreseen depth (for instance 300 ml). Avoid introduction of air during this operation. Place the beaker and the plunger in the thermostatic water bath set to 20 C ± 0.2 C for 20 to 30 minutes and then dry them externally as required. Place then the beaker on the balance and weigh (M 0 ) or tare if this is possible. Bring the plunger carefully into the liquid until approaching the line mark on the rod (for instance down to 5 mm from the liquid level). Turn the lower part of the rod by maintaining the upper part and bring the line mark so as to be slightly below the level of the liquid. Again turn slightly the rod to bring it upwards so as to form a good meniscus (Figure 4). The meniscus should be fully formed so as to enable to know and compute correctly the influence of surface tension on the density measurement. Read the balance at this moment and record the value (M v ). Finally, with a view of eliminating possible systematic errors of the balance, place the beaker with its liquid,but without the plunger, on the balance and add an amount of standard weights corresponding to an approximate value of the difference M v M 0 and record the indication I 0. Fig. 3 - Spherical plungers 100 and 10 ml Fig

17 COMPUTATION Appendix 2 M p π d ρ = σ V g V g/ml ρ = density of the product at 20 C in g/ml M p = apparent mass of the liquid displaced by the plunger (= M v - M 0 + C) where C is the correction determined by M 0 + additional standard weights I 0 V = volume of the plunger in ml at the temperature of measurement g = local acceleration due to gravity (for example 9.81 m/s 2 ) d = diameter of the plunger rod in mm σ = surface tension of the product in N/m π = Note: It is desirable to know as exactly as possible the value of the surface tension, otherwise errors of the order of g/ml may typically be introduced using the 100 ml sphere. The formula uses, for the density of air,the mean value g/ml and,for the standard weights, 8.0 g/ml Example of calculation using a 100 ml plunger: Measurement of the density of a paint Weighing: beaker with paint with plunger M 0 = g M v = g without plunger but with 100 g of standard weights I = correction M I 0 Volume of plunger (according to C = 0.05 g certificate) V = ml Surface tension σ = 0.04 N/m Diameter of the plunger rod d = 3 mm ρ = = g/ml Calibration of the plunger The volume of the plunger is calibrated by immersion in a liquid of known density

18 where: The exact volume of the plunger is obtained from V = π d σ M + g ( ρ ) [ 1+ ( t 20) α ] ml c V = volume of the plunger at 20 C in ml c v Appendix 2 M = apparent mass of the liquid displaced by the plunger (weighing result corrected for systematic balance errors) in g t = temperature of the measurement in C d = diameter of the plunger rod in mm g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s 2 α v = coefficient of cubic expansion of the material of the plunger in K σ c = surface tension coefficient of the liquid used for calibration expressed in N/m ρ c = density of the liquid at the temperature t and expressed in g/ml The liquid most frequently used is distilled water for which σ c N/m and ρ c = g/ml at 20 C Method for volatile products Volatile liquids mdy evaporate too quickly for using the normal method described. Measurements can in this case still be made by putting the support of the plunger on the balance (see Figure 5). Attention: In this case the positive sign of the surface tension component in the formulas must be changed to minus sign. Fig

19 Appendix 3 LINE MARKED BOTTLE DESCRIPTION This method uses the container of the product. The principle is basically the same as that of the pycnometer with the difference that the volume of the container or bottle (up to the line mark) is initially unknown. The container must a) not be deformable b) be transparent at the location of the line mark c) have a diameter at the location of the line mark (neck) which is small (not more than 35 mm). The marking of the line and the levelling of the liquids must be done carefully to avoid serious errors. FIELDS of APPLICATION - drinks containing CO 2 - non homogenous products - volatile products EQUIPMENT NECESSARY - Non-deformable and transparent bottle filled with the product to be measured - Weighing instrument with suitable capacity and having scale intervals of 10 mg for containers up to 500 ml and 100 mg for others - Thermostatic bath - Black marker, water resistant

20 PREPARATION and MEASUREMENT Appendix 3 Select a filled bottle from the production line having if possible a high level of liquid and place it in a thermostated bath at 20 ± 0.2 C during 20 to 30 minutes. Place the bottle on a horizontal surface and trace with the marker a thick vertical line crossing the level of the liquid and trace (or scratch) a horizontal line with a ball point pen across the vertical line at the location of the meniscus while observing the bottom line of the meniscus by transparency (Fig. 6). Then weigh the bottle and record the result (M v ). Empty the bottle and clean it by suitable means, then fill it with distilled water up to a level which is slightly below the horizontal line. Measure the temperature of the water in the bottle (t). Place then the bottle on the horizontal surface and fill it up to the correct level of the line mark. Close the bottle and weigh it (M w ). Empty then the bottle again and dry it completely before weighing together with its capsule or lid (M t ). If necessary one can determine and take into account the systematic errors of the weighing instrument by making separate measurements using standard weights approaching the indications M v, M w and M t for which the corrections designated as C v, C w and C t apply, see the example of computation below. Fig. 6 - Marking of level

21 Appendix 3 COMPUTATION ρ = The general formula for the line marked bottle method is M p ( ρ ) g/ml w + M n ρ = density of the product at 20 C in g/ml ρ w = density of water at t C in g/ml M p = apparent mass of the product in g = (M v + C v ) - (M t + C t ) M n = apparent mass of water in the bottle in g = (M w + C w ) - (M t + C t ) Example for a bottle containing a carbonated drink: Bottle + product + capsule Bottle + water + capsule Empty bottle + capsule Indication for g of standard weights Correction Indication for 1930 g standard weights Correction Indication for 930 g of standard weights Correction M v = g M w = g M t = g g C v = g g C w = g g C t = g Temperature of water t = 17.4 C Density of water according to Table (page 31) at t = 17.4 C ρ w = g/ml ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ρ = = g/ml

22 Appendix 4 CONTAINER FILLED WITH WATER TO ITS EDGE DESCRIPTION This method, like that of the line marked bottle, uses the product container as a pycnometer but with a lid made from methylmethacrylate ("Plexiglass" or "Perspex") in which a small hole defines the level. The container must a) not be deformable b) have a flat edge c) be so designed that air cannot be entrapped after complete filling. This method is much less accurate than the preceding ones but still valid for certain applications. FIELDS of APPLICATION Containers completely filled containing water: inhomogeneous products such as soups, drinks containing fruit, paint in several phases, etc. Important: Water must not modify the molecular structure of the product itself. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT - Container or non-deformable bottle with flat upper edge of such shape that air cannot be entrapped during filling with water - Weighing instrument with a scale interval equal to or less than 10 mg for containers with a capacity smaller than 500 ml and 100 mg (0.1 g) for containers of 500 ml or more. - Lid made of glass or methylmethacrylate ("Plexiglass" or "Perspex") with a hole at the centre (see Figure 8) - Thermometer with scale intervals of 0.1 or 0.2 C - Thermostatic bath

23 PREPARATION and MEASUREMENTS Appendix 4 Take a closed container from the production line and put it for 20 to 30 minutes in the thermostated bath set at 20 ± 0.2 C. Open the container and grease the edge with vaseline to affect a seal for the special lid. Put the container on the balance as well as the lid (separately) and weigh the whole (M p ). Add water at 20 C to the container up to 5 mm from the edge, adjust the lid on the container so that its opening is in the centre and place the whole on the balance. Add water carefully to the defined level (see Figure 9) without introducing air bubbles under the lid. If such are present tap slightly on the lid and complete the filling. Record the indication of the new weighing (M s ). Empty, clean and dry the container carefully and lightly grease the edge. Weigh the empty container together with the lid (M t ). Fill the container with distilled water until about 10 mm from the edge and measure the temperature of the water (t). Adjust the lid on the container, place the whole on the balance, complete the filling with water and record the indication of the balance (M w ). Determine if necessary the corrections for the weighing instrument using standard weights of approximately the same values as the indications M p, M s, M t and M w ; The corresponding corrections are designated C p, C s, C t and C w. Fig. 8 - Lid of plexiglass (perspex) Fig. 9 - Adjustment of liquid level Fig. 7 - Use of special lid on bottle or can (container used as pycnometer)

24 Appendix 4 Fig Weighing of container, product and lid (M p ) Fig Adjustment of level with water and weighing (M s ) Fig Weighing of empty container and lid (M t ) Fig Filling with water, adjustment of lid and weighing (M w )

25 Appendix 4 COMPUTATION The general formula for the density in this case is ρ = where: M M p t ( ρ ) g/ml w + M p M t + M w M s ρ = density of the product at 20 C in g/ml ρ w = density of water at t C in g/ml M p ' = M p +C p M s ' = M s +C s M t ' = M t +C t M w ' = M w +C w EXAMPLE Tomato soup in 1 l container Opened container with product and special lid M p = g Container with lid product and additional water M s = g Container with lid,entirely filled with water M w = g Empty container with lid M t = g Indication for 950 g of standard weights g Corrections C p and C w = 0.08 g Indication for 1000 g standard weights g Correction C s = 0.05 g Indication for 95 g of standard weighty g Correction C t = g M p = g M s = = g M w = = g M t = = g Temperature of water t = 17.8 C Density of water at t = 17.8 C according to Table ρ w = g/ml ρ = = ( ) g/ml

26 Appendix 5 HYDROMETER DESCRIPTION The hydrometer has a cylindrical body made from glass. Its lower part which is immersed in use, is filled with ballast material and the upper part which is partially immersed in use has the form of a narrow graduated tube. The method of operation is based on the principle of Archimedes, the plunging depth depending on equilibrium between the weight of the hydrometer and the upthrust force determined by the weight of the displaced liquid. There are various types of hydrometers: - with or without incorporated thermometer - of various accuracies: 0.02 to g/ml - different ranges (depending on accuracy). The most commonly used type for the measurement of density in the field of prepackage control in Europe (with "e"-mark) is a hydrometer without incorporated thermometer and with an accuracy of g/ml. Because of the narrow range of each hydrometer (0.05 g/ml), nine hydrometers are necessary to cover the range from to g/ml. The correct use, or adjustment, also depends on the type of product to be measured: if the liquid is transparent the reading can be taken on the line determined by the bottom of the meniscus (see Figure 15); if this is not the case it is necessary to take the reading at the top of the meniscus. It is also necessary to take into account the surface tension of the liquid to be measured which must be known with respect to the liquid used for the calibration of the hydrometer. A weighing instrument is not required. FIELDS of APPLICATION Non carbonated liquids, liquid products with low viscosity and in a homogeneous phase. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT - Certified hydrometer, accurate to g/ml for the products concerned, - Mercury thermometer with scale intervals of 0.1 or 0.2 C, - Cylindrical container of sufficient height and not too narrow, - Thermostatic bath,

27 PREPARATION and MEASUREMENTS Appendix 6 The glass cylinder and the hydrometer must first be carefully cleaned. The glass cylinder is filled with the liquid to be measured without introducing air bubbles. Place the cylinder with the product and the hydrometer in the thermostatic bath to obtain a uniform temperature of 20 C. Lift the hydrometer and drop it very gently so that it floats freely and vertically in the product. Take several readings of the equilibrium position, each time after producing a small vertical movement. The readings are taken using either the bottom line or the top of the meniscus depending on the type of liquid and the calibration. COMPUTATION The density of the product is ρ - reading + correction factor in g/ml The correction factor is stated individually in the certificate of calibration of each hydrometer. Fig Hydrometer in use Fig Reading of meniscus for transparent liquids

28 PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DENSITY METER Appendix 6 DESCRIPTION Electronic density meters are commercially available which have scale intervals of g/ml in density and 0.1 C in temperature and which may be suitable for density measurements of prepacked products. Their principle is based on the measurement of the natural frequency of a U-shaped glass tube which has a constant volume at a given temperature. This frequency is related to the mass of the tube and thus to the density of the product contained in it. The display indicates density directly in g/ml. This type of instrument may not include temperature control but can allow temperature to be taken into account by computation. The incorporated thermometer can be accurate to 0.5 C and the density indication to g/ml. It is generally necessary to use the instrument within the following operating ranges: - the density of the product should be within the range of 0.7 to 1.2 g/ml - the operating temperature should be within + 10 to + 30 C. The instrument may be used in two ways: - with an incorporated rubber suction bulb - with external plastic syringes. The first method is not advised as it may easily introduce air bubbles leading to errors in the measured density values. The small sample quantity required has a low thermal capacity and its temperature is therefore rapidly adjusted to the ambient temperature as indicated by the instrument. As the volume expansion coefficient of the products is generally not known it is preferable to operate at the temperature of 20 C. Important: As glass is fragile, it is necessary to avoid pressure in the U- tube as well as heavy and viscous products. FIELDS of APPLICATION According to the manufacturer's specifications, and generally: non viscous liquids which do contain neither air nor carbon dioxide and for which the density lies in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 g/ml

29 NECESSARY EQUIPMENT Appendix 6 - Portable electronic density meter which is calibrated (certified) and adjusted before measurements - Distilled water for this adjustment - Plastic syringes, capacity 2 ml - Suction bulb or aquarium pump - Mercury thermometer with 0.1 or 0.2 C scale intervals - Installation requirements in accordance with manufacturer's instructions PREPARATION Control the calibration of the density meter every time before use, or at least once at the beginning of each day of use. Use a syringe for injecting distilled water as specified by the manufacturer, after having eliminated any air bubbles. Wait the time specified by the manufacturer. Read the density and the corresponding temperature. If the density differs from that indicated in the Table 1 by more than g/ml the instrument shall be adjusted using the device provided therefore. Then empty the measurement cell, rinse with alcohol and dry it. The zero indication without product shall be or or g/ml. Otherwise start the calibration operation again. Fig Filling of a portable electronic density meter using a plastic syringe

30 MEASUREMENTS Appendix 6 Fill two or three syringes with the sample product. Eliminate the air by tapping while holding the syringe needle upwards. Measure the ambient temperature with a separate thermometer. The ambient temperature shall preferably be between 19.5 and 20.5 C, however density measurements can still be made if this is not the case. One can distinguish between three situations: A. The ambient temperature is comprised between 19.5 and 20.5 C B. It is lower than 19.5 C C. It is higher than 20.5 C Case A. The product can be introduced directly in the density meter using a syringe. Wait until the temperature indicated by the instrument does no longer vary. Then read the density to g/ml. Repeat the operation using the second syringe. In case of doubt use the third syringe for confirmation of result. Case B. The same procedure as for A, after having first placed the syringe in a stream of water at for instance 25 C, making the injection and then leaving the temperature to drop to 20.0 C as indicated by the thermometer of the instrument. Case C. The same procedure as B but by cooling first the sample in a stream of water at for instance 15 C. In the three cases the measurement of density is made by direct reading of the instrument and valid for the temperature of 20 C. After each measurement, clean the measuring cell of the density meter with water and alcohol and dry it using the suction ball or the aquarium pump. Fig, 17 - Cleaning of the electronic density meter

31 Appendix 7 ELECTRONIC DENSITY METERS FOR LABORATORY USE These types of density meter which are of higher accuracy than the portable type also use the natural frequency of a tube filled with the product to be measured. They may incorporate temperature regulation or require the use of an external thermostatic bath. Some types may withstand higher pressures, up to 10 bar, and thus enable density measurements of aerosol products. FIELDS of APPLICATION These instruments allow measurements on all products whether liquid or pasty but which do not contain air bubbles or CO 2. For the correct use of the instruments it is necessary to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Appendix 8 HYDROSTATIC BALANCE (MOHR's BALANCE) (for LABORATORY USE ONLY) The operation of this balance is based on the principle of Archimedes. The balance weighs a plunger hanging on a fine metallic wire. The plunger is usually a cylinder with a volume from 1 to 10 ml. The difference between the result of weighing in air and the result of weighing in the liquid enables the determination of the density of the liquid. In the so-called MOHR's balance the plunger is previously balanced in air so that the amount of weights added to reestablish equilibrium in the liquid furnishes directly density values in g/ml. Commercial Mohr f s balances of this type with direct reading do usually not allow to reach high accuracy (at best about g/ml) though the principle when adapted on an analytical balance may, subject to problems with surface tension, enable measurements to g/ml on thermostatically controlled liquids. For application and operation follow the manufacturer's instructions

32 Appendix 9 PLUNGER METHOD for PUTTIES Principle: The sample of the product is immersed in a liquid with known density. The difference between weighing in air and in the liquid enables to calculate the density. NECESSARY EQUIPMENT -Beaker, capacity 600 ml -Distilled water at 20 C -Thin brass or copper strips -Nylon or metal wire (for instance fishing line 0.18 mm) -Balance equipped for hydrostatic weighing scale interval 1 mg (0.001 g) or smaller -Support for the balance so as to allow weighing below its pan -Small platform support, adjustable in height, for the beaker. MEASUREMENTS (Fig. 18 to 21) a) Attach the metal strip to the wire and suspend it under the balance. Take the balance reading for the strip in air - M 1 b) Place the beaker half filled with water at 20 C under the balance so that the metal strip is fully immersed. Take the reading of the balance with the strip in water - M 2 c) Remove the metal strip from thebeaker, dry it and cover it carefully with the putty lengthwise. Remove the beaker and weigh the product and the strip in air - M 3 d) Bring the beaker under the balance and weigh the product and the strip fully immersed in water - M 4 Correct, if necessary, the readings M1 through M4 for systematic errors of the balance. COMPUTATION M M1 ρ = M M M + M 3 ( ρ ) g/ml 3 + w where: ρ = density of the product at the temperature of measurement ρ w density of water at the temperature of measurement (from Table) Note: If the product to be tested dissolves in water, use another reference liquid (methanol or methyl-ethyl-ketone(mek) for silicon putties)

33 PLUNGER METHOD FOR PUTTIES Appendix 9 Fig Weighing of strip in air (Ml) Fig Weighing of strip in water (M2) Fig Weighing in air of strip covered with putty (M3) Fig. 21 -Weighing in water of strip with putty (M4)

34 Appendix 9 DENSITY OF AIR FREE WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE Values are expressed in kg/m 3. To obtain values in g/ml divide by (From a paper by H. Wagenbreth and W. Blanke published in PTB-Mitteilungen No.6, 1971, p )