In the early 1800s, German-speaking people lived in a number of small and medium-sized states as well as in Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg empire.

Transcription

1

2

3 In the early 1800s, German-speaking people lived in a number of small and medium-sized states as well as in Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg empire. When Napoleon s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states, some Germans began to call for unification. Prussia was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire

4

5 In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne. William IV refused, he did not want a throne offered by the people; from the gutter Frederick William IV

6 When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor for King William I, he united the German states under Prussian rule. Bismarck was not a nationalist even though he was the architect of German unity Through unification, he hoped to bring more power to the ruling dynasty of Prussia: Hohenzollerns

7 Bismarck was the master of Realpolitik: politics based on the needs of the state Power and what worked to keep or gain power was more important than principle First loyalty to the Hohenzollerns dynasty

8 Supported a policy of blood and iron: military might Bismarck used money collected for other purposes when the liberal legislature refused military funds. He built up the Prussian army and began an aggressive foreign policy that would lead Prussia into three wars.

9 He built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III s forces in the Franco-Prussian War of Each victory increased Prussian prestige & power and pave the way for German unity

10

11 William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich. Was persuaded to do so by princes of the southern German states & North German Confederation Wilhelm I of Germany

12

13 Year Steps Towards a German Empire Napoleon conquers and partially unifies German states 1815 As states gain freedom from French rule, people demand a unified Germany 1815 Congress of Vienna creates the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria 1830 Prussia creates an economic union called the Zollverein 1848 Frederick William IV of Prussia rejected the throne of a united German state offered by "the people" 1862 Bismarck becomes prime minister and within a decade chancellor 1862 Bismarck delivered his blood and iron speech; redirects funds towards the Prussian military 1864 Prussia and Austria "liberate" territory from Denmark 1866 Austrian-Prussian War; annexes several north German states 1870 Franco-Prussian War; humiliating defeat for France 1871 William I takes title of Kaiser of a unified Germany; Second Reich begins

14

15 This unified German government was called the Second Reich because it was heir to the Holy Roman empire Bismarck drafted a constitution with a two-house legislature: Bundesrat: upper house; appointed by rulers of the German states; veto power over the lower house Reichstag: lower house; elected by universal male suffrage Real power remained in the hands of he emperor & his chancellor

16 Germany has already established its military might. Unified Germany s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists developed new products for industrial uses. French domination of Europe had ended. Germany was now the dominant power in Europe.

17 Bismarck pursued several foreign-policy goals: Wanted to keep France weak and isolated Build strong links with Austria and Russia. Respected British naval power, did not seek to compete in that arena. This would change with imperialism Bismarck wanted to crush all opposition to the imperial state In his view their were two main threats to the new German state

18 He wanted Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that: Allowed the state control over Catholic State approval over the appointment of priests Compulsory for couples to be married by civil authority. Bismarck s moves against the Catholic Church backfired. A realist, Bismarck saw his mistake and worked to make peace with the Church.

19 Bismarck also saw a threat to the new German empire in the growing power of socialism. Laws dissolved socialist groups, shutdown their newspapers and banned meetings. Once again, repression backfired. Bismarck then changed course. He set out to woo workers away from socialism by sponsoring laws to protect them.

20 Bismarck hoped to get workers to abandon socialism as Germany became a pioneer in social reform: Health & accident insurance Old age insurance System of economic safeguards became the model for other European nations Showed that conditions for workers could be improved without the upheaval of a revolution

21 In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I.

22 Objective 3: Explain the obstacles to Italian unity and the roles Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in unification.

23 Obstacles to Italian Unity Though speaking a common language, no political unity since Roman times. Unification would be the result of a strong state and the political maneuvering of Count Camillio Cavour. At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states.

24 Obstacles to Italian Unity Invasion of Napoleon sparks national unity Nationalist revolts ( ) are suppressed Secret societies, like Young Italy (led by Giuseppe Mazzini) want to expel Austrian forces Revolutions failed, but the force of nationalism remained Language, history, economic reasons to unify

25 Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists wanted to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language. Goal: to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation Young Italy

26 The Struggle for Italy To expand his kingdom, Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia selected Cavour as his prime minister Monarchist; believed in Realpolitik Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour provoked the war and gained Lombardy This was the first war in which both sides used the new industrial technologies of railways, the telegraph and rifled weapons. The high causalities of this war led to the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross

27 Camillo Cavour Cavour reformed Sardinia s economy Improved agriculture Built railroads Supported free trade to encourage commerce Long term goal: end Austrian power in Italy

28 The Struggle for Italy By 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi (nationalist leader) had recruited a force of 1,000 Red Shirts Cavour provided weapons and access to ships Garibaldi s forces won control of Sicily and then Naples. Sardinians overran the Papal States and linked up with Garibaldi and his forces

29 Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ) was an Italian patriot and military leader who helped free the Italians from foreign rule and unify the country. He was a master of guerrilla warfare and raised volunteers beginning in 1848 to conduct daring military campaigns to overcome the rule of Imperial Austria. In 1860, Garibaldi's thousand "red shirts" took Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Thousands of volunteers then rushed to join Garibaldi's army. In August, he crossed to the mainland to march on Naples, where he was greeted by jubilant crowds singing the national anthem, now known as "Garibaldi's Hymn." After turning over the city to Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi resumed a humble life on the island of Caprera.

30 The Struggle for Italy Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel who was crowned king of Italy. Cavour officially became Prime Minister of Italy.

31 After Cavour s death Italy would acquire Venetia French troops would withdraw from Rome because of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 For the first time since the Fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was a united land. The Struggle for Italy

32 Challenges Facing the New Nation Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature The king appointed members to the upper house, which could veto bills passed by the lower house Although the lower house consisted of elected representatives, only a small number of men had the right to vote

33 Challenges Facing the New Nation Italy s faced many challenges after unification: No sense of unity or loyalty to new nation Economic differences between North and South Many were against the government: Catholic Church: Upset about Papal States Leftist radicals: Government to conservative Socialists: Organized strikes Anarchists: abolish all governments; use violence

34 Challenges Facing the New Nation The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the government that did away with the Papal States The papacy was granted the small territory of the Vatican Popes considered themselves prisoners

35 Challenges Facing the New Nation Leftist radicals fought against what they saw as a government that was too conservative Socialists organized strikes Anarchists turned to sabotage and violence Over time suffrage was extended to more men & laws improved social conditions

36 Challenges Facing the New Nation The industrial north and the agricultural south were difficult to bring together North: rich; centers of business & culture South: rural & poor; booming population Northern region industrialized, created a population explosion that created tension Many Italians emigrated, including to the U.S.

37 Challenges Facing the New Nation Italy did develop economically, especially after 1900 By 1914, Italy was significantly better off that it was in 1861 Still, it was completely unprepared for the great war to break out in that year

38 Objective 4: Explain the impact of nationalism on the Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

39 The Hapsburg Empire Declines The Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family in Europe. Aside from Austria they acquired territories of Hungary and parts of Poland, Ukraine and northern Italy.

40

41 The Hapsburg Empire Declines Francis I and Metternich upheld conservative goals against liberal values. Government also attempted to limit industrial development, which would threaten traditional way of life. Industrial life and the problems associated with it would spring up by the 1840s.

42 The Hapsburg Empire Declines The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to coexist under one government. Reforms by Francis Joseph satisfied none of the nationalist groups in the empire besides German-Speaking Austrians. The Hungarians were especially determined to gain total self-government.

43

44 Formation of the Dual Monarchy Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a separate state with its own constitution. This new political power was known as the Dual Monarchy Austria & Hungary were separate states, each with its own constitution and parliament.

45

46 Formation of the Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria Francis Joseph was emperor of Austria & king of Hungary Two states shared ministries of finance, defense & foreign affairs but independent in all other areas.

47 Formation of the Dual Monarchy This agreement made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states. Slavic groups in the empire were especially restless. Some nationalist leaders called for all Slavic people to unite. By the early 1900s nationalist unrest often left government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social reforms.

48 The Ottoman Empire Collapses Ottomans also ruled a multinational empire There, as in Austria, nationalist demands tore at the fabric of the empire. During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged nationalist revolts (Slavs, Serbians). Other European countries seized the opportunity of a weakened Ottoman empire to take control of Ottoman lands. Wars, revolts and shifting alliances marked the Empire s collapse.

49

50 The Ottoman Empire Collapses One of the most contentious regions was the Balkans. The region became known as the Balkan powder keg. In 1914, the region would live up to this name.

51 The Ottoman Empire Multinational empire: the sick man of Europe (in decline) A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans Shifting sides based on advantage Subject peoples revolted and then fought among themselves Early 1900s, region referred to as the Balkan powder keg Explosion = WWI

52 Year 1831 Mazzini founds Young Italy Event 1849 Mazzini helps set up a revolutionary republic in Rome 1852 Victor Emmanuel names Count Camillo Cavour prime minister 1855 Sardinia joins Britain and France in the Crimean War 1859 Cavour defeats Austria and annexes Lombardy. Nationalist groups overthrow Austrian-backed rulers in northern Italian states Garibaldi and his "red Shirts" capture Sicily and Naples. He turns over both to Victor Emmanuel 1861 Victor Emmanuel II is crowned king of Italy. Cavour dies Venetia is added to Italy 1870 France is forced to withdraw troops from Rome. Italy is united Italy has improved economically.

53 Objective 5: Explain the major obstacles to progress in Russia.

54 Conditions in Russia Russia was the largest nation in Europe in size and population. It was a multinational empire that was part European & Asian. Russia had sizable natural resources but remained economically undeveloped. Tsar feared modernization would weaken absolute rule. Most Russians were serfs, who served the landowners.

55 Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs as liberals and students demanded reforms. Emancipation was an important turning point. Many serfs moved to cities to work in industry. Freeing the serfs boosted the drive for further reform. Alexander II

56 Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution Alexander III The tsar also allowed some forms of localized government and introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of repression, he was assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the throne increasing the power of the secret police and suppressing non-russian cultures.

57 Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution Reforms failed to satisfy many Russians. Liberals wanted a constitution & elected legislature. Radicals wanted even more revolutionary changes. Socialists lived and worked among the peasants to preach reform and rebellion. Had little success peasants did not understand. Many peoples were persecuted, especially Jews.

58 The Drive to Industrialize Political and social problems increased as a result of industrialization Under Nicholas II, government finally focused on economic development Revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization took hold

59 Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets. When the tsar s troops fired on peaceful protestors on Jan 22, 1905, the revolution gained power Bloody Sunday killed people s faith & trust in the Tsar Discontent erupted throughout Russia. Reforms were too little, too late

60

61 Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution Tsar Nicholas II agreed to summon a Duma, national legislature, to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma, however, after its leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed Peter Stolypin as prime minister. Arrests, pogroms and executions followed as Stolypin tried to restore order.

62 Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution Stolypin realized Russia did need reform and tried to introduce moderate land reforms. These reforms did nit go far enough Stolypin was assassinated 1911.

63 Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution By 1914, Russia remained an autocracy There remained widespread discontent throughout the empire.