Unit 7 Expansion of Europe

Transcription

1 Unit 7 Expansion of Europe

2 I. Agricultural Revolution (17 th & 18 th Century) A. Before 1. Peasants and artisans life were same as Middle Ages a. Most people battles hunger and lacked sufficient clothing and decent housing i. Subsistence farming b. Famine, poor, no mobility, gleaning

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4 B. Agriculture in % of western Europe s population were farmers; higher % in Eastern Europe a. Netherlands was the exception Why? 2. Was: a. common land b. poor 3 crop rotation idea some good land/some bad c. animals grazed on common land d. villagers got wood in the forest e. village nucleated

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6 So What??? This is an inefficient system and only produced enough food to feed you and your family (Subsistence farming) Towns were growing, the people in towns need to eat more food needed No food imports because of wars England was fighting France and could not import.

7 3. Low Countries and England lead the way a. Increased production - Increased crop and animal yields could feed more people b. New Methods of cultivation - Crops were grown on wastelands and uncultivated common lands c. Selective breeding of livestock - Led to better, bigger, and healthier livestock

8 d. Cornelius Vermuyden Dutch engineer - Drainage was later used in England - reclaim 40,000 acres of fenland - nothing without work

9 e. Charles Townsend pioneer crop rotation - English ambassador to Netherlands - saw Dutch use nitrogen rich crops to replenish soil no need for fallow ground - Empiricism and scientific method

10 f. Enclosure system - strips combined into fields - field boundaries hedges, walls, fences - common land enclosed - no right to cut wood in forests - Farmers had blocks of land and built farm house near land.

11 What does the map say???

12 g. Bad news / Good news Small/individual farms were bought or taken away and enclosed by rich Small had to pay for fences Small had to buy oxen No grazing land for cows Small no glean or get wood Small sold plots = had to rent or work for someone else Unemployed (Scotland) Riots Big farmer had more political strength to pass enclosure laws Farming more efficient Experiment without village approval Could get cheap labor More money to reclaim more land More FOOD

13 h. New inventions = more food + more unemployment? - Was done by hand - large farms = more $ = buy better equip = more $ - Jethro Tull Seed drill rows, + germination, less rot, not need as much seed - Jethro Tull Horse drawn cultivator - Iron Plow Charles Newbold

14 - Reaper Joseph Boyce (GB) Cyrus McCormick (US) Threshing Machine

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17 i. Selective Breeding Robert Blakewell Produce better animals Better offspring More meat, milk, wool, soap, candle tallow, fertilizer 1710 ave. wt cow = 168 kg 1795 ave. wt cow = 363 kg

18 k. Don t forget the Columbian exchange Potato Corn

19 C. Effects of Agr. Rev 1. Ag production increased 2. Cost of food dropped 3. Increased prod of food helped create rapid population growth 1. Improved food transit due to better roads and canals 1. Help with famines in other areas 2. Better diet = stronger immune system 3. More births, women marry at a younger age 4. Plague began to disappear why? Food, quaranteen, better water supply, drain swamps, less war, better sewers 4. Large farms dominate ag. Farming is big business

20 5. Women lose a chance to make money 6. Small farmers decline 7. Farmers move to cities 8. City population increases 9. From European Population increases from 120 million to 190 million 10. GB

21 II. The Growth of Rural Industry

22 A. Supplemental Income Cottage Industries: Putting-Out System

23 A Lace Maker

24 B. Steps of the Putting-Out System/Cottage System

25 1. Changes a. John Kay Flying Shuttle b. Family affair c. Corruption and mistrust d. Pay was awful for women why??? i. But some money, some power e. Industrious Revolution What?

26 C. Advantages of the Putting-Out System 1. Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes. Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible. 2. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a role in industrialization itself. 3. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

27 D. Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System?? When demand rose this system proved inefficient. Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output. (worked at home at leisurely pace/partied! This dilemma eventually led to the factory system All the workers were under one roof w/ supervision of a foreman Water or steam power could easily be applied there.

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29 Gin Lane William Hogarth 1751

30 Beer Street William Hogarth 1751

31 Apprentices at Their Looms William Hogarth, 1687

32 Population Density: 18c Europe

33 European Urbanization:

34 Emancipation of the Peasantry to 1812

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36 Enclosed Fields

37 British Raw Materials

38 18c British Port

39 The Growth of England s Foreign Trade in the 18c

40 18c English Nouveau Riche : The Capitalist Entrepreneur

41 F. Guild System What are they? Were they good or bad? What happened to them? Women?