Chapter 9: Food & Agriculture

Transcription

1 Reading Guide Chapter 9: Fd & Agriculture Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate? 1. When d gegraphers and ther scientists believe that the agricultural revlutin began? Why d they believe this? 2. Briefly describe factrs that led t the agricultural revlutin. a. Envirnmental factrs b. Cultural factrs: 3. Summarize the agriculture hearths belw (dates, specific crps r animals, diffusin, etc.): Suthwest Asia: Sub-Saharan Africa: East Asia: Latin America: Central and Suth Asia: 4. That agriculture had multiple means that, frm earliest times, peple have prduced fd in ways in different. Frm what des this diversity derive? 5. Read pages and cmplete the table belw with pertinent infrmatin. Subsistence Agriculture (mstly in LDCs) Cmmercial Agriculture (mstly in MDCs) Purpse f Farming % f farmers in labr frce Use f machinery Farm size 6. Explain hw and why the number f farmers in the United States has declined ver time. Key Issue 2: Why D Peple Cnsume Different Fds? 7. Hw des the typical farmer in the United States differ frm the mst typical US citizen? 8. The variatin in fd cnsumptin arund the wrld is a result f what three factrs? Explain each, dn t just list them

2 9. Shade in the wrld map abve using 3 different clrs fr the three leading cereal grains cnsumed arund the wrld. (make sure t include a key) What ther crps make up the largest share f dietary energy in Venezuela and Sub-Saharan Africa? (in the reading) 10. Describe the differences in cnsumptin (kcal/persn/day) in develped cuntries versus less develped cuntries. 11. One f the mst fundamental differences between develped and develping regins is the primary surce f. Describe the differences. Key Issue 3: Where is Agriculture Distributed? 12. Study Figure 9-13 and Figure 9-14 n pages Discuss the relatinship between climate and agricultural regins. Aside frm climate, what ther tw factrs explain agricultural differences in areas f similar climates? 13. Identify where the fllwing types f agricultural regins that predminate in develping cuntries: intensive subsistence, wet-rice dminant pastral nmadism intensive subsistence, crps ther than rice dminant shifting cultivatin plantatin 14. Identify where the fllwing types f agriculture regins that predminate in develped cuntries: mixed crp and livestck Ranching dairying mediterranean grain cmmercial gardening 15. Explain hunter-gatherer scieties. 16. Hw many peple still survive by hunting and gathering tday? Give examples.

3 17. Explain hw and why pastral nmadism is declining. 18. Hw many peple practice shifting cultivatin? Where? 19. What are the tw distinct features f shifting cultivatin? 20. Hw lng can cleared land typically supprt crps? When is the land mst prductive? 21. Cmplete the fllwing chart with ntes n the fllwing characteristics f shifting cultivatin. Crps f Shifting Agriculture Ownership/Use f Land in S.A. Future f Shifting Cultivatin 22. Explain plantatins in the US befre and after the Civil War. 23. Describe the characteristics f intensive subsistence farming. 24. Where is duble-crpping cmmn, why? Where is it NOT cmmn, why? 25. Describe wet rice nt dminant agriculture in Asia. 26. Take ntes in the chart n characteristics f fish prductin, fish cnsumptin, and verfishing. Fish Prductin Fish Cnsumptin Overfishing 27. Summarize Sustainability & Our Envirnment: Asian Carp and Chicag s Ecnmy. 28. Farmers accunt fr percept f the U.S. labr frce, but arund percent f U.S. labrers wrk in fd prductin and services related t agribusiness SUCH AS

4 29. Mst farms are wned by, but mst ther aspects f agribusiness are cntrlled by. 30. Hw is large-scale grain prductin like ther cmmercial farming ventures in develped cuntries? 31. What is the mst imprtant crp grwn and WHY? 32. Which cuntry is the number ne grain prducer in the DEVELOPED wrld? What abut the tp tw verall? 33. Where is large-scale grain prductin cncentrated in the United States? 34. Where des Mediterranean agriculture dminate? Discuss the climate. 35. What types f crps are prduced with Mediterranean agriculture? 36. Where is cmmercial gardening and fruit farming lcated in the US? Why there? 37. What types f crps are prduced here? 38. Where is mixed crp and livestck farming the mst cmmn type f cmmercial agriculture? 39. A typical mixed crp and livestck farm devted nearly all land area t but derives mre than f its incme frm the sale f, such as. 40. Explain hw mixing crps and livestck helps distribute the wrklad mre evenly thrughut the year. 41. Respectively, (maize) and are the mst imprtant crps in the U.S. mixed cmmercial farming regin. Explain why. 42. What determines the use f land in develped cuntries? 43. Why d gegraphers use the vn Thunen Mdel?

5 44. What tw csts des a farmer cmpare when chsing an enterprise? 45. What types f prducts d dairy farms lcated far frm cnsumers typically prduce and WHY? 46. Which cuntry is the wrld s largest prducer, per capita, f dairy prducts? Why d they nt sell a lt f fresh milk? 47. Describe the distinctive features f dairy farming that have exacerbated the ecnmic difficulties. 48. Describe three ways in which ranching has changed in the last 50 years. Key Issue 4: Why D Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges? 49. Histrically, hw has wrld fd prductin increased? What d scientists believe tday? 50. Hw has urbanizatin cntributed t reducing agricultural land? 51. Explain the impact f GIS in preserving agricultural land in Maryland. 52. Cmpare desertificatin and excessive water. Make sure t include the amunt f land affected by each. 53. Cmplete the chart belw with ntes abut imprving agricultural prductivity. Intensificatin by Subsistence Farmers The Green Revlutin Inc. Prductivity: Cmmercial Farmers 54. Describe Ester Bserup s cntributins. Hw did subsistence farmers increase the supply f fd? (2 steps) 55. Califrnia s limited water supply cmes frm tw main surces: 56. Briefly describe Califrnia s drught crisis. 57. In the U.S. Midwest, farm fields are mre likely t be damaged by than by drught. Explain.

6 58. Describe several f the benefits f genetic mdificatin. 59. Despite these benefits, ppsitin t GMOs is strng fr several reasns: 60. Describe the histry f glbal fd trade. 61. Wh are the tp fur imprters f fd? Wh is the largest exprter f grain? 62. Describe glbal trade patterns. 63. Describe the rle f the drug trade in glbal trade, including ccaine, herin, and marijuana. 64. Where is the biggest increase in demand in develped cuntries? What d critics say? 65. Explain what happened in the Hrn f Africa and the Sahel t increase the threat f famine. 66. Discuss the distributin f undernurished peple. 67. Describe rganic farming. 68. Which cuntry has the largest share f the wrld s rganic farms? 69. What are the five mst pesticide-ridden fruits? The five cleanest prduces? What features differentiate the tw grups? 70. Describe the three agricultural plicies the U.S. gvernment has designed t imprve the financial psitin f farmers. 71. Why is there supprt fr high farm subsidies in Eurpe? Why is there backlash? 72. What is the irny in wrldwide agricultural patterns?