EMEP Monitoring in the EECCA region

Transcription

1 EMEP Monitoring in the EECCA region Monitoring strategy Capacity building Basic science Policy Basic science Compartment models, Synthesis Integrated assessment models Policy Kjetil Tørseth EMEP/CCC (NILU)

2 The operational system of the CLRTAP WGE WGSR Implementation Committee EMEP Assessment of effects Proposed strategies Emission data Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes CCE Critical load maps CIAM Source-receptor relationships MSC-W MSC-E CCC Critical load Stock at risk Scenarios Costs, technologies Transport fluxes Emissions Monitored data Countries

3 Observations vs. model estimates BIRKENES obs mod SO4A OSEN obs mod

4 Types of data Surface in-situ Air Quality networks Human exposure focus (high conc.), incomplete list of parameters for process understanding, site representativity highly variable, many sites Background chemical composition networks S-R relationships, trends, international framework Supersites process oriented, more complex to assess, often limited access Vertical in-situ Balloon soundings free troposphere, stratosphere Aircraft based mainly free troposhere (commercial aircrafts and campaigns) Remote sensing (active or passive), vertical profiles, total coloumn Surface based Aircraft based Satellite based Multi-media concentrations and bi-directional fluxes biota, water, soil, ice

5 More than a factor two lower than in TAR! New!

6 SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO 2 pollution biomass burning Ensemble of individual events (episodes) aggregated over three years Andreas Richter University of Bremen

7 POLDER instrument Aerosol Index March-May 1997 Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with Observations from a LIDAR POLDER is a push broom, wide field of view, multi-band imaging radiometer/polarimeter, 114-degree wide field of view, 7km x 6km footprint From Volker Mohnen

8 Tropospheric SO 2 : The global View 7 years Compared to NO 2, SO 2 columns have larger uncertainties: low signal (UV) small sensitivity to boundary layer strong interference by O 3 absorptions Andreas Richter University of Bremen 3 years

9 SCIAMACHY WFDOAS - CO columns 2004 March-April Jan-Feb July_Aug May-June Buchwitz et al 2006 University of Bremen Sept-Oct Nov-Dec

10 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition: Past and Present Millennium assessment Dentener, 2004; Galloway et al., 2004 mg N m -2 yr World population and Agricultural surface World population milions Agricul. surface milions ha Fertilizer Tgr NOx emissions Fertilizers and NOx Year

11 Objectives of the EMEP measurement programme Establish pollutant concentrations, deposition, emissions and transboundary fluxes on the regional scale, including intercontinental transport and boundary conditions for urban air quality Identify the trends with time as well as their sensitivity to European emission reductions Assess the success of international abatement strategies for atmospheric pollutants Improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical and physical processes Provide data for the validation of models Provide data which, in conjunction with models, are the basis for the assessment of environmental problems related to air pollution including comparison with effect thresholds and exposure levels Provide measurements required to assess the effects of atmospheric pollutants Serve to explore the environmental concentrations of new substances and support the development of cost-effective abatement strategies.

12 Monitoring Strategy Adopted in December 2004 Three levels approach Level 1 Basic (1st priority for new Parties) Level 2 Supersites (added to level 1 sites) Level 3 Research driven supersites Parties responsibility to implement the Strategy

13 Monitoring programme: Level 1 Main ions in precipitation and in air heavy metals in precipitations ozone PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass meteorology at ca 125 sites Level 2, supersite (joint EMEP/GAW) POPs Heavy metals in air and aerosols VOC EC/OC, OC speciation Mineral Dust PM speciation incl. gas particle ratio + all level 1 activities sites Both levels are mandatory by all Parties

14 Positive consequences Many countries have initiated national revision plans, the general impression is that most Parties intend to comply with requirements. The strategy is used as an important instrument towards the funding authorities. CCC may assist when needed. Generally large interest from research groups to get involved in EMEP measurements. A better link between the traditional monitoring community and the research groups has been established Particulate matter observations are in very good progress Support to establish EMEP level 1 sites in some EECCA countries

15 Status level 1 Main ions in precipitation and in air heavy metals in precipitation ozone PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass at ca 125 sites

16 New EMEP sites in the EECCA region Support from: CAPACT Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs KZ: Borovoye RO: PHARE project? MD: Leovo GE: Abastumani UA: In kind? AR: Amberd

17 New EMEP site Borovye, KZ Status; Site selected and lokal preparations in development Procurement of instruments completed Installation/training planned for start September 07

18 New EMEP site Leovo, Moldova Status; Site established summer 2007

19 New EMEP site Abastumani, Georgia Status; Site established summer 2007

20 New EMEP site Amberd, Armenia Status; Site selection visit spring 2007 Procurement of instruments ongoing New site in operation 1. Jan 2008?

21 Challenges Level 1 Some Parties have given little response. Probably due to large difficulties to find national resources, most problems in Eastern Europe Many sites lack a few parameters to get a complete measurement program of level 1 Level 2 POPs monitoring receives little attention Photooxidats receives little attention (but EU directive addressing PAHs offers assistance) Full chemical speciation of particles is difficult. It s costly and there are problems to harmonise methodology (i.e for EC/OC and mineral dust)

22 Level 2, supersites (EMEP /GAW)

23 POP passive sampler campaign Objectives: To gain new insight into the spatial patterns consistent sampling and analytical methodologies passive air samplers as a complementary measurements supporting model validation Selected POPs: PAHs PCBs, HCHs, HCB, New POPs (PBDEs)

24 QA activities in EMEP Site characterization Documentation of methods and material -detection limits, precision, accuracy, -instructions for maintenance and calibration Manual and standard operating procedures (SOPs) Lab intercalibration Co-located experiments (field comparison) Training courses Data checking and validation -e.g calculate ion balance and time trends Flagging data

25 Why QA/QC is vital Comparable measurements needed to make regional and global assessments Need methods that are easy to use, cheap and long lasting for trend analysis (changing methodology may affect the trend A harmonisation of methodology has been developed during the last 30 years and are still developing close cooperation between CCC and international experts

26 Necessary national tasks Proper siting for representative measurements Use recommended field methods for precipitation, gas and aerosols (main comp, HM, POP, PM, VOC) Use recommended lab methods Follow QA/QC procedures in field and lab Reporting of data in proper format incl information of methods, detection limits, precisions, siting information etc (so called meta data)

27 Plotting time trends Plotting annual dataset Plotting ion balance

28 Field intercomparisons, SO4 in air Estonia Spain

29 QA flags based on lab and field intercomp. SO2 NO2 SO4 SNO3 SNH4 qa flagg field lab qa flagg field lab qa flagg field qa flagg field lab qa flagg field lab AT 22-- B CH 3200 B A 33-- B CZ 12-- B A A A DE 0100 A A A 00-- A A B DK 0000 A A A 00-- A A A EE 1200 B A 6210 B A ES 32-- B B A A FI 1010 A A A A A FR 2003 B C B GB 1010 B A 5300 B A 00-- A HU B A B IE 00-- A B A LT 1000 B A 3200 B A 10-- B 1010 B A --00 A LV 5010 B A 0200 B A 22-- B 1030 B B 0210 A A NL 11-- B A NO 0000 A A 0020 A A 00-- A A A PL 0010 A A 4340 B B 01-- A A A PL B A 5200 B A 32-- B A A SE 0000 A A 1010 B A 00-- A A A SI 0031 A B A 20-- B A A SK A 5300 B A A TR 0010 A A A A A YU B

30 Training and capacity building

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32 Estimates on the annual cost for a level 1 site, in Euro max min median Overall (adm, QA, direct..) Continuously measurements: Ozone Meteorology Daily sampling: Inorganic compounds in precip Inorganic compounds in air PM2.5 (or PM10) mass Weekly sampling: Heavy metals in precipitation sum

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