Energy Storage beyond Li-ion

Transcription

1 September 2016 Energy Storage beyond Li-ion Tim Hughes, Siemens Corporate Technology.

2 Agenda 1 Overall Landscape 2 Li-ion Roadmap 3 Advanced Flow Batteries 4 Power 2 Chemicals Page 2

3 The changing Energy Landscape Different solutions for different market stages Energy Landscape <10% 20+% 40+% 60+% 80+% Traditional mix System integration Market integration Regional autonomous system Decoupled generation and consumption Fossil (coal, gas, oil) Nuclear Renewables (mainly hydro) Fossil (coal, gas, oil) Renewables (wind, PV, hydro) Capacity markets etc. Predictable regional area generation (topological plants) Interaction of all energy carriers Efficiency LCC reduction Availability / reliability / security Decreasing spot market prices Subsidized economy Increasing redispatch 1) operation Power2Heat, CHP increasing Demand side management First storage solutions HVDC/AC overlay Regional plants, cellular grids HVDC overlay and meshed AC/DC systems Power2Chem / Stability challenge Complete integration of decentralized power generation Storage systems/ Return of gas power plants? Past Today Mid-term Long-term Page 3

4 Energy storage indispensible in future ecosystem enables customers to cope with arising challenges Future power ecosystem and customer challenges and storage opportunities Renewables Generation CHP Power to heat storage Power to chemicals Power to power On off shore wind Photo-voltaics Supply side management Distributed generation <5MW Multi-fuel capability biogas, ethanol Supply side management High temperature heat pumps Demand side management Chemical feedstock Green Fuel Demand side management Batteries Fuel cells Green Fuel Supply & demand side management Page 4

5 Future storage landscape will show segmentation along duration dimension Li-ion 1-30% vs IHS 2 nd life Li-ion 1 Flow Batteries 2 Li-ion roadmap Hydrogen + Flow Batteries Minutes Hours Days Weeks Page 5 1) 15years, 80% DoD 2) 20years, 100%DoD

6 Agenda 1 Overall Landscape 2 Li-ion Roadmap 3 Advanced Flow Batteries 4 Power 2 Chemicals Page 6

7 Lithium Sulphur is a disruptive jump with step change in energy density and synergies with Li-air Evolutionary Progression ( Si in anode à Energy density) Disruptive Jump (Different System) R&D Synergies (Li-anode passivation, novel carbon) 280Wh/kg 350Wh/kg 600Wh/kg 900Wh/kg Gen 2 (LiCoO) Gen 3 (Si Anode) Gen 4 (Li-S) Gen 5 (Li-O2) Li 15 Si 4 4Si + 15Li e - Li 15 Si 4 Incumbent Technology at scale Dominated by small number of large players Commoditised à disappearing margin Key Challenges 1. Mechanical stability of anode (large volume change during cycling 3-400%) Limited Deployment Key Challenges 1. Sulphur Cathode novel carbon sulphur materials 2. Electrolyte minimise electrode interaction 3. Li-anode passivation to avoid dendrite formation 4. Device operation to optimise operation Limited Deployment Key Challenges 1. Air Cathode novel carbon materials 2. Electrolyte minimise anode interaction and O2 3. Li-anode passivation to avoid dendrite formation 4. Device operation to optimise operation Laboratory devices Page 7

8 Technology disruption starts in the cell chemistry BUT customer value unlocked by device operation Technology developments in cell chemistry need to be translated into customer value by the BMS. This requires device level competency, embedded systems and application knowledge Material Cell Module Pack Integration Solution Battery chemistry Device Operation Application Profile Technology Disruption SOC SOH Safety Qualification Control Product Portfolio Product Design Warranty & service Customer Value Device Operation algorithms Battery Management Systems Product Definition System Integration Business Planning Page 8

9 Agenda 1 Overall Landscape 2 Li-ion Roadmap 3 Advanced Flow Batteries 4 Power 2 Chemicals Page 9

10 Flow Batteries with Engineered molecules at early stage but offer high disrupt potential Increasing Disrupt Potential Vanadium Chemistry Alternative Chemistry Engineered Molecules Zn/Br (aqueous electrolyte) Commercial (Redflow) Polymer Based (aqueous electrolyte) All Vanadium (aqueous electrolyte) Commercial (Gildermeister, TK, Sumitomo, Rongke) Fe/Cr (aqueous electrolyte) Commercial (Enervault) Polyoxometallate (aqueous electrolyte) All Vanadium (aqueous electrolyte mixed acid) Commercial (PNNL license) Fe/Fe (aqueous electrolyte) Commercial (ESS Oregon) Organic (quione based systems) Br/polysulfide (aqueous electrolyte mixed acid) Commercial (Innogy ) Metal complexes (aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte) Research (Univ. Jena) Research (Sandia, Newcastle Uni) Research (Harvard, Univ Oxford) Research (Univ.Oxford, Lockheed ) Page 10

11 Engineered Molecules offer disruptive opportunity for costs of both electrolyte and stack Goal Reduce electrolyte costs by using low cost materials Reduce electrolyte costs by increasing cell voltage Reduce stack costs by increasing power density (increase cell voltage & charge transfer) Reduce stack costs by decreasing membrane material cost. Polyoxometalate RFB Mega-ions containing multiple transition metal redox centers (use molecules containing 3 19 Me atoms à 6 38 e- per molecule) Symmetric Organic RFB Organic molecules with low cost metallic or non metallic redox centers with a symmetric redox transfer mechanism Fast Electron Kinetics (1000 x VRB), Low membrane integrity Higher cell voltage (for non-aqueous) Fast Electron Kinetics No membrane requirements Higher cell voltage Organic electrolyte (no-me) 9,10-diphenylanthracene Waste product of coal & petrol mining/refining DPA precursor: $3/kWh 12 Page 11

12 Agenda 1 Overall Landscape 2 Li-ion Roadmap 3 Advanced Flow Batteries 4 Power 2 Chemicals Page 12

13 The chemical industry faces significant challenges The chemicals industry is a vital part of modern life e.g. Fertilisers for food, steel processing, plastics and so on. It is dependent on hydrocarbons for raw materials and energy for production. The chemical industry therefore faces significant challenges: Growing carbon emissions Finite resources Security of supply for both energy and raw materials These large challenges represent an opportunity through electrification of the chemical industry. Page 13

14 The existing chemical industry emissions conflict with initiatives to avoid climate change Chemical Industry Emissions 1255 MT/yr CO 1 2 è 4% world total 2 1.1TW 1 è 8.2% world total 2 Climate Act Requirements UK target of 80% cut in emissions by 2050 EU wide target of 40% cut in emissions by 2030 Opportunity: carbon free synthesis of chemicals powered by renewable energy Ammonia: 1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the production of ammonia. 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas. Top 10 Chemicals / Processes: 1) Steam cracking 2) Ammonia 3) Aromatics extraction 4) Methanol 5) Butylene 6) Propylene FCC 7) Ethanol 8) Butadiene (C4 sep.) 9) Soda ash 10) Carbon black Page 14 1) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector IEA2009 2) Key World Energy Statistics IEA2014

15 Ammonia is an important chemical with a commodity market value of EUR100bn/year Ammonia A gas, produced by the chemical industry. Over 80% of ammonia is used in the fertiliser industry. Demand for fertiliser, as shown in the graph (including projected growth to 2018), is growing at +3%pa 1. Current production levels of Ammonia are about 180m t/year. The commodity value is /t, leading to a commodity market value of over 100bn/year Production today uses the Haber-Bosch process and relies on natural gas as a feedstock. Global fertilizer nutrient consumption Page 15 Million MT Source: World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

16 With renewable energy, the ammonia cycle is carbon free N 2 from air Water Renewable Electricity + + = Electrochemically Produced Ammonia Page 16

17 Opportunity exists in technology for ammonia synthesis and power conversion N 2 from air Water Renewable Electricity + + Ammonia Synthesizer Technology Electrochemically Produced Ammonia Ammonia Power Conversion Technology Ammonia Storage Technology Page 17

18 Decoupling Green Energy: green ammonia synthesis and energy storage system demonstrator Being built at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near Oxford, UK. Project 50% supported by Innovate UK (UK government funding agency). Evaluation of all-electric synthesis and energy storage demonstration system by Dec Page 18

19 Site layout Hydrogen electrolysis and ammonia synthesis Combustion and energy export Nitrogen generator Gas store, including ammonia tank Wind turbine and grid connection Control room Page 19

20 Contacts Tim Hughes Page 20