PROBABILISTIC PRODUCTION COSTING OF TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINED POWER SYSTEMS UNDER GENERATION COST UNCERTAINTY
|
|
- Maximillian Chase
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PROBABILISTIC PRODUCTION COSTING OF TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINED POWER SYSTEMS UNDER GENERATION COST UNCERTAINTY P D C Wijaytunga Dept of Eectrica Eng University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka B J Cory E D Farmer C D Tembo Eectrica Energy Systems Section Imperia Coege, London ABSTRACT: A methodoogy for determining the expected production cost and reiabiity of a transmission constrained power system considering the uncertainties in the generator avaiabiities and generation costs are proposed. The method uses the group constrained muti-area representation of the transmission network with numerica convoution and is an extension to the approach in [3] to take into account generator cost uncertainties. A case study is presented with a sampe system and the resuts are compared with those obtained from Monte Caro simuation based cacuations. Key words: Group constained muti-area network mode, Monte Caro method, numerica convoution INTRODUCTION Accurate evauation of the production cost invoves the incusion of the uncertainties in the power system such as those associated with the demand eve, generation avaiabiity, the topoogy of the network and even the generation costs which are uncertain in the ong term. A these uncertainties can be readiy incuded in a Monte Caro based production cost or margina cost mode since it is a repeated performance of a deterministic cacuation under a set of simuated operating conditions [ 6]. But the computationa inefficiency in terms of time which accompanies the Monte Caro method is a major disadvantage in comparison to the anaytica probabiistic techniques for production costing (1,2]. These techniques have evoved consideraby since they werefirst introduced and arc mainy used for production costing in singe area power systems. References (3,4] discuss the use of anaytica techniques for muti-area systems and have given emphasis to the incusion of the uncertainties in generation avaiabiities. This paper presents a method of production costing in a muti-area system which is an extension to the mode presented in [3] by incuding generation cost uncertainties. approximation for a continuous distribution athough it takes a onger computation time. Therefore, depending on the computationa time requirements, the forecast generation cost distribution of each unit in the system can be discretised into severa generation cost eves with given probabiities. For the purpose of production costing, the costing period is divided into s number of time intervas corresponding to differing parts of the demand cyce or oad duration curve. The variations in individua generator costs are represented in terms of the expected mean costs for each generator and time interva, together with random components representing the cost uncertainties. In this mode the expected costs that vary between time intervas, representing variations due to fue price changes and the dependence of bidding strategy on season and oad eve. The random components, that are represented by discretised probabiity distributions, are taken to be statisticay independent. This simpification is justified because the correated cost components do not affect the merit order of the generators, or the energies produced by the generating units. Figure (1) shows a case where a given generation cost distribution is discretised into three cost eves. The vaues of C 1, C 2, C., p 1 and p 2 (p 3 = 1-(p, +p,}]) can be cacuated by equating the cumuants, k, of the origina probabiity distribution to those of the discretised distribution. This is a better way of cacuating these vaues since the cumuants represent certain aspects such as mean, variance, skew and kurtosis of the probabiity distribution. The arger the number of discrete eves the arger the number of cumuants that have to be considered to determine the unknown quantities. As can be seen in equation (1) this gives a set of non-inear simutaneous equations. Therefore it is more convenient to choose an arbitrary set of cost eves and determine the corresponding probabiities by equating the cumuants of the probabiity distributions as: GENERATION COST UNCERTAINTY In Engand and Waes the operation of the power system is now undertaken by the Nationa Grid Company(NGC), whereas other companies are invoved with generation and distribution in the system. The NGC does not have the direct knowedge of generating unit costs but ony the offer prices of the generators bidding into the common poo. In consequence, the offer prices avaiabe to the NGC contain uncertainties arising not ony from the pant avaiabities and costs but aso from the bidding strategy adopted by the generating companies. k1 = m1 k 3 m 3 -.znt k =m -3m 2 m 1 +2m~ whcrem,ith moment k 1 ith cumuant (1) When production costs are evauated for ong term generation panning in a power system, generation cost has to be considered as a quantity associated with uncertainties because of factors such as changes in fue prices and transport costs. Aso generation cost uncertainty affects the charges for the use of the transmission network and therefore it is vita to the utiites that this uncertainty is incuded in the production cost and transmission cost cacuations. When numerica convoution is used, as in this paper, for production cost computations it is important that the probabiity distributions are discretised. The higher the number of discrete eves the better is the It is assumed in this paper that the predicted generation cost distributions arc avaiabe for the anaysis. MULTI-AREA MODEL FOR THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK When the intact transmission network is used in cost cacuations taking into account the security imits of tho transmission ines, the arge number of possibe contingency constraints which any given ine can have under different operating conditions make the cacuations amost an impossibe task. Aso the inabiity of the anaytica probabiistic techniques to address the probems with the intact 379
2 transmission network eads to the use of a Monte Caro based approach which is highy inefficient in terms of computing time. Moreover, even a Monte Caro based approach cannot easiy accommodate the arge number of possibe security imits for each ine. These reasons justify the use of a group constrained muti-area network mode for the transmission network in cost cacuations [3]. In this mode it is assumed that the transmission network can be divided into severa regions depending on the transmission security imits (figure 2). Each of these regions can then be assigned with group constraints (import and export imits) between the region and the rest of the system. With the import and export imits, such a system can be transformed into a mode as shown in figure 3 where a dummy node is used as a power poo. This dummy region may or may not exist in the rea system. If in the actua power system there exists a region which is connected to a the other areas and if that region's import and export imits are not binding, such a region can be seected as the dummy region. effective export imit, E 1 1 of an area i, is give by E~ = Ei +Min (Di, Ii) (4) The transformed network is shown in figure 3. Area 1 Area 2 Proba!Uty "'"'. An:!. 3 Fc'e 2 : uti-aroa mode for the transmimion network P2 PI P3 An:!. I D C2 Figure 1: Diocretioed probabiity distribution or aenntion cost Cost of Generation Nod< E 4' E 3' Determination of the boundaries of the regions and their import and export imits are outside the scope of this paper. PRODUCTION COST MODEL FOR A GROUP CONSTRAINED POWER SYSTEM In the methodoogy [3) which is used for production costing in a muti-area network mode, the first step is to transform the network into an equivaent mode by eiminating the import constraints. This is not an essentia process but is recommended because it greaty reduces the compexity of the cacuations. The transformation is carried out by importing power into each of the areas from the dummy node up to its import imit or sufficient eve to satisfy its tota area demand depending upon which of these is the smaer. The sum of a the imports to the areas gives the effective additiona oad introduced into the dummy region. After the transformation, the effective oad, IY; in an area 'i', is given by Area Area 3 Figure 3 : Transformed muti-aroa mode If it is assumed that each generator has ony one cost eve, It 1s possibe to maintain a unique merit order ist considering a the generators in the system. To determine the production cost, the generators are oaded onto the system in merit order. The probabiity distribution of power in each area can be determined by convoving the probabiity distributions of the generator avaiabiities, g(x), recursivey to the existing distribution starting with the demand distribution, -D/(x). The probabiity distribution of power, P.u in area 'i' after oading n generators onto the system is given by equation (5) when generator 'n' (g.(x)) is in area 'i' Pni (y) = J P<n-1) i (y-x) gn (x) dx (5) where D; - origina oad and I; - import imit of area 'i' and the oad of the dummy region is given by (2) (3) Negative vaues of this distribution represent the unserved demand and positive vaues give the excess power which is avaiabe for export to the dummy region subject to the export imit.if the export power probabiity density is p,,;p. for region 'i' after oading n generators, then P! (x) = Pni (x) for O<x<Ei 0 P! (x) [ J Pni (y) dy 6 (x) for x=o (6) If the dummy region actuay exists in the power system D 0 is its origina demand or ese D 0 is zero. The eimination of import constraints essentiay aters the export imits of the areas. The p~(x) CJ Pni (y) dy] 6 (x-e;) for x=ei 1!1 380
3 This export distribution, p.. E is then convoved with the existing power distribution of the dummy node to determine its new distribution. The expected unscrved energy UE.. in each area after oading n generators is given by 0 UEni T J Pni (x) xdx (7) PROGRAM DESCRIPTION Read data corresponding the generators and each area. Repace each of the generators with generating units having the decared generating capacity for each cost eve and cacuate the probabiity distribution of their avaiabiities. where T is the time period concerned. The energy contributed by each generator is cacuated as in the case of other estabished production costing methods by taking the difference in unscrvcd energies before and after oading that generator. INCLUSION OF GENERATION COST UNCERTAINTY IN THE ALGORITHM As discussed before, the cost distribution for each generator can be approximated with a discrete distribution having a few cost eves at given probabiities. This means that a given generator can reside at the corresponding cost eves with certain probabiities during the period of investigation. Additionay, this same generator has a forced outage rate which is independent of the cost eves. In the proposed method the merit order ist is prepared for the production cost cacuations assuming that there exists a generating unit with the decared capacity for each cost eve of the generator. This means that if there are three discrete cost eves assigned to a given generator, three separate generating units are assumed to be cx1stmg. If a two state avaiabiity mode is assumed for the generators, the avaiabiity of each of these generating units, Nu can be determined as foows :- where CumuaU.. Pn>babiiy 1.0 f (8) avaiabiity of the generator i cumuative probabiity of the cost eve j of generator i (figure 4) s Arrange the generators in merit order aocating a position for each of the cost eves of the generators. To oad the generators in merit order onto the system, proceed as foows: i. deconvove any previous distribution corresponding to the same generator oaded at a different cost, from the oca area ('i ') power distribution. ii. convove the distribution of the new generating unit with the oca power distribution. Determine the export power distribution of the area. To determine the new power distribution at the dummy node, proceed as foows:- i. deconvove the previous export distribution of the area 'i' from the existing dummy node power distribution. ii. convove the new export distribution of the area 'i' with the dummy node distribution. Cacuate the unserved energies in a the areas incuding the dummy node. Cacuate the expected energy production corresponding to the generator at the present cost eve by taking the difference in unscrved energies before and after oading the generating unit. Cacuate the generation cost corresponding to each generating unit. Pi j f ,-----; Pi I r---r I ~ 4 : CWnuai.. probo.biiy distribution o...,...ion oos Cj Initiay the merit order ist is formed on the basis of the cost eves of the generators. The generators are then oaded onto the system in merit order to cacuate the production cost, as previousy described. When a generator which has been aready oaded under a different cost is reached in the merit order ist, the previous probabiity distribution is deconvoved before convoving the new distribution of the generator. This ensures that the present distribution contains the probabiistic properties of the previous &. present states and represents the same generator. 10. Repeat from step 4 to step 9 unti a the schedued generators arc oaded. 11. Determine the tota production cost corresponding to each area. CASE STUDY An arbitrary system with 21 generating units and three areas has been seected for the case study. Each generator can have up to three different cost eves at given probabiities. The data corresponding to the generators are given in tabe A and those of the areas are given in tabe A2. The production cost cacuation is aso carried out for the same system after reaxing the group constraints. The resuts obtained from this system using the proposed methodoogy are compared with those obtained using Monte Caro Simuation on the same muti-area mode in Tabe I SOOO simuations are carried out for this purpose. Aso a comparison is made with the resuts obtained assuming that each generator has ony one cost eve at the average generation cost. To acheivc comparabe resuts, it was found that a conventiona 381
4 Monte-Caro method required 5000 simuations., taking over one hour of CPU time, as compared with the convoution method that required about 2 minutes. With the appication of variance reduction techniques, incuding stratified and antithetic samping, the computationa requirement of the Monte-Caro method was reduced by a factor of two. However, the reative computationa efficiency of the convoution method, as compared with the Monte-Caro technique, increases with system size and, in particuar is expected to increase in proportion to the number of generating units and the number of transmission-constrianedzoncs of the network. A further advantage of the anaytica approach stems from its abiity to take accurate account of rare events. such as overa generation deficiency. This resuts in reiabe estimates of unserved demand and ost oad probabiities. DISCUSSION As can be seen from Tabe I the production costs cacuated from the proposed method cosey foow the resuts from a Monte Caro Simuation. Whereas the cost eves of a given generator arc repaced with a singe average cost equivaent some of the generators (6, 7, 11, 12, 21) have different production costs compared to when these cost uncertainties arc considered expicity. This is mainy due to the different oading points they can assume in the merit order ist under these two scenarios. Aso it can be seen from Tabe I that some of the generators have the same production cost under both these scenarios. This is mainy because the cost uncertainty does not affect the production cost of generators higher in the merit order since they tend to generate at their maximum possibe capacity a the time. When it comes to the margina generators the oading order significanty affects their energy contribution and hence the production cost. Therefore the incusion of the cost uncertainty of the margina generators is very important in these cacuations. Th;s observation can be effectivey utiised to improve the computationa efficiency of the proposed method especiay to reduce the number of deconvoutions invoved. But it is aso important to note that the margina generators arc determined party by the import and expon constraints in the system. Therefore the identification of these margina generators in advance is not an easy task. As shown in the Tabe II, when the import and export constraints are reaxed the difference in the energy production of the margina generators under the two scenarios is considerabe compared to that of the constrained case. This is mainy because the change in the oading point of a given margina generator due to the cost uncertainty can cause a greater change in the energy production. This is as a resut of its generay arger energy contribution towards satisfying the oad outside its oca area unike in a heaviy constrained system. CONCLUSION A method to incude generation cost (or offer price) uncertainty in anaytica production cost cacuations bas been proposed in this paper. It bas been argued that the incusion of production cost uncertainty is important not ony in production cost cacuations but aso in determini:ig the margina costs especiay in a power system where these uncertainties are reativey high. 7he proposed method is computationay efficient compared to the use of the Monte Care technique since it uses convoution me.thods and for a arger system this efficiency gain can be more apparent. Moreover the Monte Caro based methods accompany an embedded uncertainty in the cacuated expected costs. Hence the accuracy of the resuts are greaty affected especiay when the variances of the interested quantities are arger. Therefore the anaytica technique proposed in the paper can be very usefu in accuratey determining the expected production costs as we as margina costs when the transmission network can be approximated with an equivaent mutiarca mode. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The financia assistance of the Trustees of Bie Feowships. Imperia Coege, London, Committee of Vice Chanceors and Principas. UK and the Nationa Grid Company, UK is gratefuy acknowedged. Tabe I : Production cost with active import & export constraints G A B c * LUO Generation with cost different between co A and Co B G Generator number A - Production cost from proposed mode (x 10' /MWh) B - Production cost with average generation cost(x 10' /M\\'1:) C Production cost with Monte Caro method (x 10' /MV/h) Tabe II : Production cost with reaxed import & export constraints G A B C * * *
5 Generation affected by import/export constraints REFERENCES 1. H Baeriaux et a, "Simuation de 'expoitatioo d'uo pare de machines thermiques de production d 'eectricite coupes a des stations de pompage", Revue Eectricite, Vo) 5, No 7, R R Booth, "Power system simuation mode based on probabiity anaysis", IEEE transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS 91, pp 62-69, Tabe A2 Data corresponding to areas Area 1 Area 2 Arca 3 Load (MW) Import Constraint (MW) Export Constraint (MW) E D Farmer, "Probabiistic production costing of transmission-constrained power systems", Oth Power Systems Computationa Conference, pp 1-6, Austria, August Fred N Lee, " A new muti-area production costing method", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vo 3, No 3, August Priyaotha D C Wijayatuoga, Brian J Cory, E Dion Farmer, "Probabiistic costing of transmission services", IEE Iotematiooa Conference on Probabiistic Methods Appied to Power Systems, pp 1-6, London Juy Priyaotha D C Wijayatuoga, Brian J Cory, "Sampe size reduction in Moote Caro based use-of-system costing", IEE otematiooa Conference on Advances in Power System Contro, Operation and Management, pp 1-6, Hong Kong, November APPENDIX Tabe A : Generator data G A B, C2, C3 P, P2, P3 R G A B Generator number capacity of the generators avaiabiity possibe cost eves ( /MWb) corresponding probabiities Area number C2 C3 P P2 P3 R
Landscape Ruggedness in Evolutionary Algorithms
Persona use of this materia is permitted. However, permission to reprint/repubish this materia for advertising or promotiona purposes or for creating new coective works for resae or redistribution to servers
More informationO R A C L E H Y P E R I O N E N T E R P R I S E P E R F O R M A N C E M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M
O R A C L E H Y P E R I O N E N T E R P R I S E P E R F O R M A N C E M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M O R A C L E H Y P E R I O N S T R A T E G I C F I N A N C E, F U S I O N E D I T I O N R E L E A S
More informationThe Demand for Currency versus Debitable Accounts: a Reconsideration
The Demand for Currency versus Debitabe Accounts: a Reconsideration Bounie D., A. François and N. Houy October 2, 2007 Abstract Payment choice modes based on transaction sizes (TS modes) induce strong
More informationAn Improved Approach to Offshore QRA
An Improved Approach to Offshore QRA Brian Bain 1 and Andreas Fack 2 1 DNV Energy UK 2 DNV Energy Norway QRA is now an estabished method used wordwide for the evauation of risks on offshore instaations.
More informationStreamflow Prediction Based on Least Squares Support Vector. Machines
Streamfow Prediction Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machines Nian Zhang nzhang@udc.edu Chares Wiiams chares.wiiams4@udc.edu Esther Ososanya eososanya@udc.edu Wagdy Mahmoud wmahmoud@udc.edu University
More informationConsiderations for Layer of Protection Analysis for Licensed Plant
Considerations for Layer of Protection Anaysis for Licensed Pant Jo Fearney Senior Consutant, Aker Kvaerner Consutancy Services, Aker Kvaerner, Ashmore House, Stockton on Tees, TS18 3RE, UK E-mai: jo.fearney@akerkvaerner.com
More informationChapter 2 Understanding the PMBOK Guide
Chapter 2 Understanding the PMBOK Guide Chapter Summary This chapter examines: The PMBOK Guide is a guide rather than a methodoogy and the difference is expored. This section aso summarizes some important
More informationCOMPOSITE FLOORS - II
24 COMPOSITE FLOORS - II 1.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the basis for design of composite foors using profied deck sheets adopting the equations described in the chapter on composite foors - I
More informationSA grid code compliance for medium-high voltage renewable power plants
SA grid code compiance for medium-high votage renewabe power pants by Sanjeeth Sewchurran, Jay Kaichuran, and Sandie Maphumuo, ethekwini Eectricity Renewabe energy with its short ead times has become an
More informationCover page. Title: Collapse Mechanisms of Composite Slab Panels in Fire. Authors: Anthony Abu Verotiana Ramanitrarivo Ian Burgess
Cover page Tite: Coapse Mechanisms of Composite Sab Panes in Fire Authors: Anthony Abu Verotiana Ramanitrarivo Ian Burgess ABSTRACT The identification of tensie membrane action as a sustainabe, high-capacity
More informationANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CORE METRICS FOR MODERN SOFTWARE PROJECTS
Internationa Journa of Information Technoogy and Knowedge Management Juy-December 2009, Voume 2, No. 2, pp. 277-281 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CORE METRICS FOR MODERN SOFTWARE PROJECTS K. P. Yadav* & Raghuraj
More informationIndexing and Retrieval of Degraded Handwritten Medical Forms
Indexing and Retrieva of Degraded Handwritten Medica Forms Huaigu Cao, Faisa Farooq and Venu Govindaraju Center for Unified Biometrics and Sensors (CUBS) Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University
More informationCollaborative Practical Oriented Independent Variable Pitch Control Strategy for Wind Power Generation
doi:10.21311/001.39.9.26 Coaborative Practica Oriented Independent Variabe Pitch Contro Strategy for Wind Power Generation Lei Feng, Zhihong Jiang, Yang Liu, Quanyong Sun, Pengfei Lv Schoo of Eectrica
More informationThe importance of carbon capture and storage technology in European refineries
storage technoogy in European refineries This artice describes the importance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in meeting future emission targets. It presents an evauation of the costs of retrofitting
More informationStatistical Assessment of Changes in Bird Certification Rules for Aero-Engines Through Time
University of Nebraska - Lincon DigitaCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincon 2011 Bird Strike North America Conference, Niagara Fas Bird Strike Committee Proceedings 9-2011 Statistica Assessment of Changes
More informationUsing Multiple Regression Analysis to Develop Electricity Consumption Indicators for Public Schools
Using Mutipe Regression Anaysis to Deveop Eectricity Consumption Indicators for Pubic Schoos CorJitz NO&I, Lund Institute of Technoogy, Sweden Jurek Pyrko, Lund Institute of Technoogy, Sweden ABSTRACT
More informationA NEW GRAVITY MODEL WITH VARIABLE DISTANCE DECAY Müge Sandıkcıoğlu 1, Özden Gür Ali 2, Serpil Sayın 3
Internationa Conference 20th EURO Mini Conference Continuous Optimization and Knowedge-Based Technoogies (EurOT-2008) May 20 23, 2008, Neringa, LITHUANIA ISBN 978-9955-28-283-9 L. Sakaauskas, G.W. Weber
More informationA Comparison of Design, Construction and Dynamic Performance of Timber Floors in the UK and Finland
Napier University Schoo of Engineering and the Buit Environment Centre for Timber Engineering Merchiston Campus 10 Cointon Road Edinburgh EH10 5DT 26 November 2007 Revised: June 2009 A Comparison of Design,
More informationIndustrial Extrusion
Industria Extrusion The Best Twin-Screw Design for Powder Coating Baker Perkins manufactures a comprehensive range of twin-screw extruders specificay for powder coating production, from the MPX19 for sma
More informationOptimal Distributed Generation Allocation and Load Shedding for Improving Distribution System Reliability
Optima Distributed Generation Aocation and Load Shedding for Improving Distribution System Reiabiity A. S. A. Awad 1, T. H. M. EL-Fouy 2, and M. M. A. Saama 1 1 Eectrica and Computer Engineering Department,
More informationDefense Does Not. Spends on Software
-._._..._-..... -._.. -- _.._... _,.......,..-. ---_..-.- _._.. --..-. -. -. -.--...-_- _.^...-.-..-.._-.-.- _....- -..- *IIy IV) 1 3 4.0 i * EMBEDDED COMPUTER SYSTEMS Defense Does Not Know How Much It
More informationSWOT Analysis. Copyright 2016 The Open University
SWOT Anaysis Copyright 2016 The Open University 2 of 16 Monday 26 February 2018 Contents SWOT Anaysis 4 1 When to use a SWOT anaysis 5 2 Exporing the environment of a project 6 3 The four components of
More informationSimulation-Optimization Model For Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation
Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS Int. Conf. on EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING, Lisbon, Portuga, June 16-18, 25 (pp384-391) Simuation-Optimization Mode or uzzy Waste Load Aocation M. SAADAT POUR, A. ASHAR, O. BOZORG
More informationPredicting Daily Heating Energy Consumption of Rural Residences in Northern China Using Support Vector Machine
Predicting Daiy Heating Energy Consumption of Rura Residences in Norern China Using Support Vector Machine P.L. Yuan, L. Duanmu and Z.S.Wang Schoo of Civi Engineering Daian University of Technoogy, Daian,
More informationIQ ASSURED. Delivering Building Energy Management
IQ ASSURED Deivering Buiding Energy Management A BEMS can efficienty contro as much as 84% of your buiding s energy consumption but, to do so, it must be working effectivey The Buiding Energy Management
More informationLiability Data Reporting: Lessons Learned from the 2016 data collection process and changes for the 2017 LDT template and collection process
1/31/2017 Fifth Industry Diaogue Liabiity Data Reporting: Lessons Learned from the 2016 data coection process and changes for the 2017 LDT tempate and coection process Dominique Laboureix, Member of the
More informationPegasus CIS (4.01) Guide to enhancements
Pegasus CIS (4.01) Guide to enhancements PEGASUS CIS (4.01): GUIDE TO ENHANCEMENTS Pegasus CIS provides companies operating in the construction industry an unparaeed eve of contro over every aspect of
More informationExact Algorithms for Integrated Facility Location and Production Planning Problems
Exact Agorithms for Integrated Faciity Location and Production Panning Probems Thomas C. Sharkey, 1 Joseph Geunes, 2 H. Edwin Romeijn, 3 Zuo-Jun Max Shen 4 1 Department of Industria and Systems Engineering,
More informationPart DECIDING WHICH MARKETS TO ENTER
II Part DECIDING WHICH MARKETS TO ENTER Introduction to Part II After considering the initia phase (Part I, The decision whether to internationaize) the structure of this part foows the process of seecting
More informationPROGRESS IN THE ADAPTIVE FORECAST MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS. Marin ANDREICA 1 Mădălina Ecaterina POPESCU 2 Dragoş MICU 3
PROGRESS IN THE ADAPTIVE FORECAST MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS Marin ANDREICA 1 Mădăina Ecaterina POPESCU 2 Dragoş MICU 3 ABSTRACT In times of economic instabiity a cautious and adaptive forecast
More informatione-profit Monitor Analysis Drystock Farms 2012 Teagasc e-profit Monitor Analysis Drystock Farms 2012
e-profit Monitor Anaysis Drystock Farms 2012 Teagasc e-profit Monitor Anaysis Drystock Farms 2012 e-profit Monitor Anaysis Drystock Farms 2012 CONTENTS Drystock Farms 2012 Introduction 1 Catte farms -
More informationDeep Hole Drills Deep drilling from 10xD to 3000 mm with classic gun drills and spiral-fluted tools EB100 EB 80 ZB 80 EB 800 RT 100 T solid carbide
2011 Deep Hoe Dris Deep driing from 10xD to 3000 mm with cassic gun dris and spira-futed toos EB100 EB 80 ZB 80 EB 800 RT 100 T soid carbide RT 0 micro-precision dris Contents Singe-futed gun dri EB 100
More informationImprovement in One Day Strength in PPC to Increase the Customer Satisfaction and Sustain/Improve Brand Value
Improvement in One Day Strength in PPC to Increase the Customer Satisfaction and Sustain/Improve Brand Vaue Key words: Portand Gypsum Pozzoana Cement, Baine, Compressive Strength, Abstract In the present
More informationEast Asian Trading Ships
EAST ASIAN TRADING SHIPS East Asian Trading Ships BTheme Tami Kaiser-Poge Cary Academy PURPOSE Each student wi work with a partner as an owner of an overseas shipping company with one cargo ship in East
More informationSERVICE QUALITY - THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
SERVCE QUALTY - THEORETCAL OVERVEW Kaidas. M.G Financia services marketing: A study on marketing practices of banks in Keraa on service quaity dimensions Thesis. Department of Commerce and Management Studies,
More informationWhen is the price right? 1
Austraian Agricutura and Resource Economics Society (AARES) 51 st Annua Conference 13-16 February 2007 Rydges Lakeand Resort, Queenstown, New Zeaand When is the price right? 1 Mary-Ann Franco-Dixon 2,
More informationBEHAVIOR RESPONSES AND CONTROL MODELING BASED CASCADED PID CONTROLLER SCHEME FOR COMBUSTION OF A UTILITY BOILER
BEHAVIOR RESPONSES AND CONTROL MODELING BASED CASCADED CONTROLLER SCHEME OR COMBUSTION O A UTILITY BOILER A.Sewin Mich Priyadharson 1 1. Asst.Prof/EIE Dept, Vetech Dr. RR & Dr. SR Technica University,
More informationVariable speed wastewater pumping
WHITE PAPER Variabe speed wastewater pumping November 2013 Variabe speed wastewater pumping During the ast 10 15 years the industry has seen a significant increase in the adaptation of variabe drives (VFD
More informationEnergy Performance Certificate
3 Harequin Road Sieby LOUGHBOROUGH Leicestershire LE12 7UR Dweing type: Date of assessment: Date of certificate: Reference number: Tota foor area: Mid-terrace house 09 November 2007 09 November 2007 9547-1831-6293-0503-2641
More informationProcess costing. Chapter 8. Real world case 8.1. Discussion points
Chapter 8 Process costing Rea word case 8.1 This case study shows a typica situation in which management accounting can be hepfu. Read the case study now but ony attempt the discussion points after you
More informationFight Last Click and see the Whole Picture
Fight Last Cick and see the Whoe Picture November 2017, EyeForTrave Amsterdam Maria Gomez Bada Anaytics & Data Insights, Goba Marketing mbada@homeaway.com 1 Agenda Marketing Attribution Googe Anaytics
More informationFramework of Reputation Aggregation Management for Service-Oriented Business Ecosystems
Framework of Reputation Aggregation Management for Service-Oriented Business Ecosystems Le Xin Tsinghua Nationa Laboratory for Information Science and Technoogy, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University
More informationCUSTOMS SELF ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IMPORTER PART II APPLICATION
Canada Customs and Revenue Agency Agence des douanes et du revenu du Canada 3URWHFWHGZKHQFRPSOHWHG CUSTOMS SELF ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IMPORTER PART II APPLICATION The Customs Sef Assessment (CSA) program
More informationPROGRAM PLANNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY
Proceedings of the 7 Winter Simuation Conference S. G. Henderson, B. Bier, M.-H. Hsieh, J. Shorte, J. D. Tew, and R. R. Barton, eds. PROGRAM PLANNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY Kabeh Vaziri Pau Carr Linda Nozick
More informationEnergy Prices and the Laws of Supply and Demand
Energy Prices and the Laws of Suppy and Demand Summary: By using the aws of suppy and demand, students demonstrate how the marketpace sets energy prices and show how these prices change. Objectives Students
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Computer Science 83 (2016 )
Avaiabe onine at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 83 (2016 ) 994 999 Internationa Workshop on Big Data and Data Mining Chaenges on IoT and Pervasive Systems (BigD2M 2016) Towards
More informationInternational Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation. Why use an Accredited Laboratory?
Internationa Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Why use an Accredited Laboratory? What factors shoud you consider when choosing a aboratory? When seecting a aboratory to fufi your testing, caibration
More informationMultivariate statistical analysis for priority area localization in air quality management plans
Mutivariate statistica anaysis for priority area ocaization in air quaity management pans C. Trozzi & R. Vaccaro Techne Sr., Via N. Zabagia 3, 00153 Roma, tay Abstract n the paper the methodoogy estabished
More informationApplying the sub-sector analysis in practice: FAIDA s experiences in Northern Tanzania
Author: John Bet Editor: Maya Artist: Roy DTP: Hannah 3rd Draft #11 Appying the sub-sector anaysis in practice: FAIDA s experiences in Northern Tanzania SUB-SECTOR ANALYSIS BEFORE AFTER L ike many other
More informationInter-vehicle Communications for Merging Control
Inter-vehice Communications for Merging Contro Takeshi Sakaguchi tsuya Uno Sadayuki Tsugawa Mechanica Eng. Lab. University of Tsukuba Mechanica Eng. Lab. IST, MITI Graduate Schoo IST, MITI Namiki 1-2,
More informationReport #4 Agri-Environmental Indicators Report Series. Environmental Sustainability of Canadian Agriculture
Report #4 Agri-Environmenta Indicators Report Series Environmenta Sustainabiity of Canadian Agricuture Environmenta Sustainabiity of Canadian Agricuture: Agri-Environmenta Indicator Report Series Report
More informationVariable speed wastewater pumping
WHITE PAPER Variabe speed wastewater pumping June 2015 Variabe speed wastewater pumping During the ast 10 15 years the industry has seen a significant increase in the adaptation of variabe drives (VFD
More informationVariable speed wastewater pumping
white paper Variabe speed wastewater pumping June 2015 Variabe speed wastewater pumping During the ast 10 15 years the industry has seen a significant increase in the adaptation of variabe drives (VFD
More informationOnline Sensors. Remote Sensors - the online link between your machines and ultimate reliability
Onine Sensors Remote Sensors - the onine ink between your machines and utimate reiabiity Onine Sensors Monitor machine wear Cut costs Extend oi ife Avoid critica faiure The requirement for on-ine machinery
More informationScouts of the World Award YOUTH PROGRAMME
1 Scouts of the Word Award YOUTH PROGRAMME Introduction The Scouts of the Word Award chaenges a young peope, Scouts and non-scouts, to think about goba issues and act upon them in their oca community.
More informationSoC Design Flow & Tools: Introduction
SoC Design Fow & Toos: Introduction Jiun-Lang Huang Graduate Institute of Eectronics Engineering Department of Eectrica Engineering Nationa Taiwan University 1 Contents Moving to SoC Design Design Methodoogies
More informationA Hierarchical Artificial Neural Network for Gasoline Demand Forecast of Iran
Int. J. Humanities (202) Vo. 9 (): (-3) A Hierarchica Artificia Neura Network for Gasoine Demand Forecast of Iran A. Kazemi, M.R. Mehregan 2, H. Shakouri. G 3, M.B. Mehnaj 4, E. Asgharizadeh 5, M.R. Taghizadeh
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.oc] 26 May 2018
Product-Cosing Approximation for Nonparametric Choice Network Revenue Management Thibaut Barbier a,, Migue Anjos a, Fabien Cirinei b, Gies Savard a arxiv:1805.10537v1 [math.oc] 26 May 2018 a Department
More informationBidding strategy analysis of virtual power plant considering demand response and uncertainty of renewable energy
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution Research Artice Bidding strategy anaysis of virtua power pant considering demand response and uncertainty of renewabe energy ISSN 1751-8687 Received on 17th
More informationLandscape Irrigation Management Program IS005 Quick Answer
Landscape Irrigation Management Program IS005 Quick Answer Copyright (2003) Regents of the University of Caifornia Created on November 15, 2003 Revised June 1, 2004 R. L. Snyder, Biometeoroogy Speciaist
More informationLeadership for Improving Quality and Safety
1 Leadership for Improving Quaity and Safety Leadership for Improving Quaity and Safety Board eadership is a critica ingredient to achieving better, safer care and governing boards can choose to be either
More informationSolar Roof Top in Thailand
Soar Roof Top in Thaiand Presentation outine 1 Soar potentia in Thaiand 2 Technoogy and system overview 3 The project deveopment process Soar Systems in Thaiand - Opportunity and Market Deveopment 4 5
More informationPresentation Outline
Sector-Based Approach for Post-2012 Ned Heme, President Center for Cean Air Poicy EU-China Seminar Towards a Goba Carbon Market 14-15 November 2005 Beijing, China Presentation Outine Sector-based approach»
More informationPopulation balance modeling of biopolymer production in cellular systems
Preprints of the 9th Word Congress The Internationa Federation of Automatic Contro Cape Town, South Africa. August -9, Popuation baance modeing of biopoymer production in ceuar systems André Franz Robert
More informationRole: Sales Manager Name: Sample SM Candidate Date: 26 June 2012
Roe: Name: Saes Manager Sampe SM Candidate Date: 26 June 2012 :: Introduction This Saes Taent Assessment report is designed to hep you understand the candidate s potentia fit to the seected roe. This report
More informationAn Op&miza&on and Monte Carlo Planning Approach for High Penetra&ons of Intermi;ent Renewables
An Op&miza&on and Monte Caro Panning Approach for High Penetra&ons of Intermi;ent Renewabes Eaine K. Hart and Mark Z. Jacobson INFORMS Annua Mee>ng, Aus>n, TX November 8, 21 STANFORD UNIVERSITY AT M O
More informationOrganization Self-Design of Distributed Production Systems
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 1992 123 Organization Sef-Design of Distributed Production Systems Toru Ishida, Les Gasser. and Makoto Yokoo Abstmct4rganiz&ion
More informationA Measure for Sequence Similarity Based on Dual Nucleotides and Information Discrepancy
The Fourth Internationa Conference on Computationa Systems Bioogy (ISB2010) Suzhou, China, September 9 11, 2010 Copyright 2010 ORSC & APORC, pp. 72 80 A Measure for Sequence Simiarity Based on Dua Nuceotides
More informationDEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS OF THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SECTOR IN POLAND
ALS Advanced Logistic Systems DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS OF THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SECTOR IN POLAND Jerzy Szkutnik Częstochowa University of Technoogy Abstract: The report presents the main probems
More informationPractices for Improving Quality and Safety
2 Practices for Improving Quaity and Safety Practices for Improving Quaity and Safety The capabiity of boards and board quaity committees to function effectivey and to move appropriatey between fiduciary
More informationBitcoin, Blockchain and the Future of Payments
Bitcoin, Bockchain and the Future of Payments Leiani Doye SVP Product Management Apri 2016 doye@usdataworks.com 1 2 WHAT EXPERTS SAY A word with different and new money wi be a different and new word.
More informationThe role of Independent Reviewing Officers (IROs) in England
Research summary 11 March 2014 The roe of Independent Reviewing Officers (IROs) in Engand Heena Jeicic, Ivana a Vae and Di Hart, with Lisa Homes from the Centre for Chid and Famiy Research, Loughborough
More informationOptimal Model and Algorithm for Multi-Commodity Logistics Network Design Considering Stochastic Demand and Inventory Control
Systems Engineering Theory & Practice Voume 29, Issue 4, Apri 2009 Onine Engish edition of the Chinese anguage journa Cite this artice as: SETP, 2009, 29(4): 176 183 Optima Mode and Agorithm for Muti-Commodity
More informationResearch on Knowledge Gap Recognition Mechanism of Virtual Industry Cluster
Research Journa of Appied Sciences, Engineering and Technoogy 5(14): 3810-3816, 2013 ISSN: 2040-7459; e-issn: 2040-7467 Maxwe Scientific Organization, 2013 Submitted: October 17, 2012 Accepted: December
More informationProgressive Design-Build
Progressive Design-Buid Progressive Design-Buid Design-Buid Procured with a Progressive Design & Price A Design-Buid Done RightTM Primer 1 Progressive Design-buid Progressive Design-Buid Design-Buid Procured
More informationESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY KOMBAI MICRO WATERSHED A CASE STUDY
Internationa Journa on Appied Bioengineering, Vo., No.1, Juy 008 ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY KOMBAI MICRO WATERSHED A CASE STUDY 5 1 3 4 Ramasubramaniam K., Pugazhendi V.,
More informationPresentation Outline
Sector-Based Approach: Overview & Lessons from Country Anaysis Jake Schmidt, Internationa Program Manager Center for Cean Air Poicy Diaogue on Future Internationa Actions to Address Goba Cimate Change
More informationCareer Development Check List
+ Resources Career Deveopment Check List Simpe To Do List Presentation Check List Stakehoder Anaysis Risk Register Risk Profie Gantt Chart Appraisa Interview Check List Negotiation Check List Option Appraisa
More informationPrice movements and the definitive changeover to the euro
Price movements and the definitive changeover to the euro Germaine BRUDIEU Marie-Christine ERNOULT Thierry LACROIX Division Prix à a Consommation Phiippe GALLOT Syvain HECK Fabien TOUTLEMONDE Division
More informationAmerican National standards institute/ steel deck institute
American Nationa standards institute/ stee deck institute NC - 2010 Standard for Non-Composite Stee Foor Deck 1. Genera 1.1 Scope: A. This Standard for Non-Composite Stee Foor Deck, hereafter referred
More informationApproved baseline and monitoring methodology AM0076
Approved baseine and monitoring methodoogy AM0076 Methodoogy for impementation of fossi fue trigeneration systems in existing industria faciities I. SOURCE, DEFINITIONS AND APPLICABILITY Sources This baseine
More informationFast Implementation of Pixel Purity Index Algorithm
Fast Impementation of Pixe Purity Index Agorithm Antonio Paza a,b Chein-I Chang b a Computer Science Department, University of Extremadura, Avda. de a Universidad s/n,0.07 Cáceres, Spain; b Remote Sensing
More informationA review by the performance measurement practice July Performance Frameworks and Board Reporting
A review by the performance measurement practice Juy 2009 Performance Frameworks and Board Reporting Our vision is to hep the nation spend wisey. We promote the highest standards in financia management
More informationVariable speed wastewater pumping
WHITE PAPER Variabe speed wastewater pumping November 2013 Variabe speed wastewater pumping During the ast 10 15 years the industry has seen a significant increase in the adaptation of variabe drives (VFD
More informationChapter 8: Slip. Introduction
OHP 1 Mechanica Properties of Materias Chapter 8: Sip Prof. Wenjea J. Tseng ( 曾文甲 ) Department of Materias Engineering Nationa Chung Hsing University wenjea@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Reference: W. F. Hosford
More informationExecutive Summary of Research and Strategic Marketing Recommendations For The Expansion of Passenger Rail Service Along the Corridor
Maine State Library Maine State Documents Transportation Documents Transportation 7-25-2003 Executive Summary of Research and Strategic Marketing Recommendations For The Expansion of Passenger Rai Service
More information2008/1. Evaluating the impact of average cost based contracts on the industrial sector in the European emission trading scheme
2008/1 Evauating the impact of average cost based contracts on the industria sector in the European emission trading scheme Giorgia Oggioni and Yves Smeers CORE DISCUSSION PAPER 2008/1 Evauating the impact
More informationarxiv: v1 [cs.ai] 18 Jun 2015
Smart Pacing for Effective Onine Ad Campaign Optimization Jian Xu, Kuang-chih Lee, Wentong Li, Hang Qi, and Quan Lu Yahoo Inc. 7 First Avenue, Sunnyvae, Caifornia 9489 {xuian,kcee,wentong,hangqi,qu}@yahoo-inc.com
More informationCEQA Portal Topic Paper. Thresholds of Significance. What Is a Threshold of Significance?
CEQA Porta Topic Paper What Is a Threshod of Significance? Threshods of Significance CEQA requires a Lead Agency to determine the significance of a environmenta impacts (Caifornia Pubic Resources Code
More informationAssembly Instructions
Assemby Instructions GENERAL Optoeectronic semiconductor devices can be mounted in any position. Connection wires may be bent provided the bend is not ess than 1.5 mm from the bottom of the case. During
More informationMathematical modeling and parameters estimation of anaerobic fermentation processes
Mathematica modeing and parameters estimation of anaerobic fermentation processes I.S. Simeonov Bioprocess Engineering 1 (1999) 377±381 Ó Springer-Verag 1999 Abstract In the paper some probems of the mathematica
More informationRefined Execution Cost Estimation for LTL Load Plans
Refined Execution Cost Estimation for LTL Load Pans Aan Erera, Michae Hewitt, Martin Savesbergh, Yang Zhang Schoo of Industria and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technoogy Abstract A oad pan
More informationPV Power Plant Project Development and Implementation in Southeast Asia. Renewable Energy Asia Exhibition 6th June, 2012
PV Power Pant Project Deveopment and Impementation in Southeast Asia Renewabe Energy Asia Exhibition 6th June, 2012 Presentation outine 1 The PV project deveopment process 2 Key components of a PV farm
More informationEarly Assessment of Classification Performance 1
Eary Assessment of Cassification Performance Boštjan Brumen, Izidor Goob, Hannu Jaakkoa, Tatjana Wezer, Ivan Rozman University of Maribor, Facuty of Eectrica Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics
More informationafrica adaptation programme An insight into AAP and Country project Profiles
africa adaptation programme An insight into AAP and Country project Profies January 2010 AAP COUNTRIES About the Programme The Africa Programme (AAP) has been designed to support the ong-term efforts of
More informationOptimal design of Sewer network using Cellular Automata
SCIREA Journa of Hydrauic Engineering http://www.scirea.org/journa/hydrauic November 17, 2016 Voume 1, Issue1, October 2016 Optima design of Sewer networ using Ceuar Automata M. ROHANI PhD Student, Schoo
More informationSedex Members Ethical Trade Audit (SMETA) Best Practice Guidance
Sedex Members Ethica Trade Audit (SMETA) Best Practice Guidance Version 4.0 May 2012 (Repaces V. 2.2. Sept 2010 ). This BPG covers both a 2-Piar SMETA audit and a 4-Piar SMETA audit which incudes the 2
More informationCentral government s management of service contracts: Supporting private sector case studies DECEMBER 2008
Centra government s management of service contracts: Supporting private sector case studies DECEMBER 2008 Centra government s management of service contracts: Supporting private sector case studies 2 Centra
More informationSimulating environmental tracer transport in unsaturated-saturated porous media
38 Caibration and Reiabiity in Groundwater Modeing: From Uncertainty to Decision Making (Proceedings of ModeCARE 25, The Hague, The Netherands, June 25). IAHS Pub. 34, 26. Simuating environmenta tracer
More informationImpact of financial conditions on optimum multipurpose hydro plant design
Water Resources Management III 343 Impact of financia conditions on optimum mutipurpose hydro pant design J. Lopes de Ameida Department of Civi Engineering, Coimbra University, Portuga Abstract The design
More information