Innovative Solutions for Climate Change effects on Transport Networks
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1 Innovative Solutions for Climate Change effects on Transport Networks Civil Engineer International Relations Division
2 Climate Change
3 Consequences on Transport Networks (I) Shifts in tourism & agricultural production due to increased temperature Shifts in Passenger & Freight Transport Rise in sea levels & associated increase in storm surges (frequency & intensity) Shifts in weather patterns Precipitations Coastal flooding Beach erosion Infrastructure disruption Delays, detours, cancellations Affect road safety Increase Congestion
4 Consequences on Transport Networks (II) All the above, plus : Impact on Generalized Costs of various Transport Modes Climate Change causes Large GDP Losses STRONG, EARLY ACTION NEEDED TO OUTWEIGHT THE COSTS
5 THE TARGET: Improve the Resilience of Transport Networks to Climate Change & Extreme Weather Conditions & simultaneously : Reduce Cost of Maintenance Extend Life Time of Constructions Increase Capacity
6 How? Innovative & Practical Solutions Technological Integration & Adaptation of Lessons Learnt
7 1. Road Networks (I) Classical Methods : Increase Resilience - The example of the oldest Ancient Road preserved until today is in Crete (1700 BC), 50 km long, connecting Knossos with Gortyna and the South. Huschek, S.: Grundlage des Strassenbaus, T.U. Berlin 1999
8 1. Road Networks (I.a) What engineers had found in 4000 BC was that : Multiple Layer construction, Adequate Drainage System, as well as was a prerequisite for the protection of their roads against extreme weather phenomena.
9 1. Road Networks (II) Classical Methods : Increase Resilience - Babylonians used a naturally occuring asphalt (nanoclays) to reinforce their roads. We can still see patches of the old pavement in the ancient city (installed in ~ 600 BC). - Michigan Technological University are testing nanoclays in asphalt mixtures, in order to improve viscosity, provide stiffness and resist hot weather and heavy traffic.
10
11 1. Road Networks (III) The Risk of Flooding the problem - Not only for coastal regions - Can cause damages, travel delays, bridge collapses - Huge cost consequences
12 1. Road Networks (III.a) The Risk of Flooding Innovative Approach Ex-ante information on which parts of the network are : Most vulnerable Most critical in terms of mobility/accessibility Crucial facilities (eg : hospitals) Is essential for decision - making on potential adaptation strategies
13 1. Road Networks (III.b) There is a growing body of research in the area : US DHS Science & Technology Directorate did it *** *** after Katrina : New computer software predicts how water will spread!!! (FLOOD SIMULATION TOOL) - Modeling flood inundation (eg: doom failures, levees, tides, tsunamis), predicts how water will move around buildings, bridges and roads. - Seamless web application, combining speed + sophisticated technology to visualize a flood address consequences, really fast
14 1. Road Networks (III.c) Other tools : - State-of-the Art Geospatial viewers - Real-Time information about weather - Monitoring & Information Systems (ICT) In order to : - Decide strategy - Provide Information - Dynamic Rerouting - Save Life, Time, Cost
15 2. Railway Networks (I) Whilst Rail is relatively safe, failures can have huge consequences.
16 2. Railway Networks (II) : the problem Climate Change consequences : Scouring of bridge foundations due to flooding Heavy rainfall induced landslides Can Cause : Critical elements of the rail network (bridges, tunnels, earthworks) risk of failure Results in : Loss of Life Replacement cost (in M ) Line closures (loss of capacity) can last for months
17 2. Railway Networks (III) : SmartRail The SMARTRAIL research project, performed by EURNEX, 3 Research Institutes & 5 universities, proposes a framework for infrastructure operators to ensure : Safe Reliable Cost Efficient Sustainable operation of railway networks, through a holistic approach : State-of-the Art Infrastructure Inspection Assessment of Infrastructure Rehabilitation Technologies Whole-Life-Cycle Cost Analysis scenarios
18 2. Railway Networks (III.a) : SmartRail Elements Required : An embedded sensor network State of the art Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) A suite of low-cost remediation measures that are region-specific
19 2. Railway Networks (III.b) : The SmartRail project How it works? (i) Monitoring establishes current condition (ii) SHM defines reliability/safety (iii) Remediation required? (iv) LCA quantifies cost and benefit
20 2. Railway Networks (III.c) : SmartRail Monitoring and Inspection Network of embedded sensors Instrumented slope Site chosen instrumentation installation imminent NDT testing to investigate slopes Identifying bridge scour Assessment & Modeling Probability-based approaches Use of sensor data to analyze current state
21 2. Railway Networks (III.d)
22 2. Railway Networks (III.e) : SmartRail Remedial measures for steep slopes
23 2. Railway Networks (IV) Conclusion : The Innovative SMARTRAIL models will allow the Infrastructure Manager to make rational decisions best use of the limited funding long-term maintenance of the rail infrastructure networks.
24 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (I) : the problem Rise of Sea level Extreme weather conditions Coastal flooding Storm surge Wind surge Waves jd Coastal flooding
25 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (II) : The case of Greece km of Shoreline More than ports & shelters Relatively small rise in Sea Level anticipated Wind Surge Wave surge Coastal Flooding
26 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (III) The Ancient Inland Ports KOTHONES Protected basins, connected with the sea through narrow channels. Ancient Greeks drove their ships there, in order to protect them against weather & piracy. Falasarna in the west coast of Crete and Lehaion in Korinthos, Peloponese had such establishments.
27 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (IV) Beach flooding / erosion : a (bad) lesson learnt In the case of engineering constructions against wave surge (breakwaters, seawalls, gabions), their own hydrodynamic behavior affects the wave environment, often causing : In the case of engineering constructions against wave surges (breakwaters, seawalls, gabions), their own hydrodynamic behavior affects the wave environment, often causing : Erosion or alluviation Beaches to dissipate, rendering them useless to beachgoers Inappropriate measures, in many cases, have solved coastal erosion locally but exacerbated erosion problems at other locations, up to tens of km away. Better assessment & design is required
28 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (V) Coastal Engineering the Past Starts with the development of ancient civilizations - together with the origin of maritime traffic (perhaps before 3500 BC). Harbour works were built by hand, often in a grand scale.
29 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (VI) Coastal Engineering the Future 21 st Century : Need sustainable means for dissipating wave energy & protecting coastal development : Coastal Management Coastal Zones Monitoring : wireless sensor networks can be deployed to set up a coastal erosion monitoring system, scaled accordingly Video-based Monitoring Event-Warning Systems (tsunami, storm surge, close floodgates) Shoreline Mapping (dynamic nature)
30 3. Ports & Coastal Areas (VII) Catalunians did it : Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) have developed a method for evaluating the vulnerability of coastal regions to the impact of storms!!!
31 Conclusions : Early Action Holistic Approach Increases Capacity Extends Life-Time of Constructions Safe & Reliable Transport Saves Money Whole-Life Cycle Analyses Integrate Successful Practices Climate Parameters in Design Innovation & Technology Early Warning Systems New tools for Strategic Planning Dynamic addressing of Cl. Ch. consequences
32 Policy Adjustment Measures (I) Definition of Functionality : - Operational? - Safe? (According to criticality, in order to determine the respective strategy) Future Design : - Integrate Climate Change parameters - Develop Networks in safe areas Promote Practical Innovative - Reduce Cost, Solutions in order to : - Optimize Transport Decide Strategic - Move economic & Transport Land Use : activities away from vulnerable areas, especially in future design
33 Policy Adjustment Measures (II) Integration among Sectors / Between Nations Decide Strategic Land Use & Networks : Move economic & Transport activities away from vulnerable areas, especially in new design. Foster the European Model Law for Coastal Management (UNEP) as a guideline Climate Change Observatory : Transport oriented
34 Any Questions?
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