Fuel Cells and Hydrogen What can they offer for our energy future?

Transcription

1 Praha, 2 to 4 April 2014 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen What can they offer for our energy future? Prof. Dr. Robert Steinberger-Wilckens Centre for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham

2 The World Needs Energy Primary Energy Consumption per Capita 2012 Tonnes oil equivalent 1 toe = 12 MWh = 43,2 GJ 4,1 3,3 7,3 annual household heating demand 1 toe 3,7 annual household electricity demand 0.75 toe 0,2 2,0 typical annual petrol consumption 0.75 toe 0,44 1,5 5,5 world average 1,8 Source: BP 2013 Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 2/44

3 OECD and non-oecd Developments Source: BP 2013 Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 3/44

4 Changes in World CO 2 Release (1990 to 2010) Data sources: BP 2013/wikipedia Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 4/44

5 Crude Oil Prices US$ / barrel Source: BP 2013 Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 5/44

6 GDP and Energy Consumption Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 6/44

7 Future Scenarios of World Energy Demand cap by increasing efficiency changing the demand for energy services ( smart & flexible grids) using renewable energy sources Source: BP 2013 Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 7/44

8 Shell World Energy Scenario ( thinkable development) unknown geothermal/ ocean solar new biomass wind hydro trad. biomass nuclear nat. gas oil coal Source: Deutsche Shell, 1999 Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 8/44

9 How Can Fuel Cells Contribute? Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 9/44

10 Discoverers of the Fuel Cell Principle Christian Friedrich Schönbein ( Sir William Robert Grove ( ) Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 10/44

11 Proton Conducting Fuel Cell Principle electrolyte ( membrane ) properties: - gas tight - electronically isolating - ionically conducting Cathode (Air) side O H e - 2 H 2 O Anode (Fuel) side 2 H 2 4 H e - Overall reaction 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O in other electrolytes: O -- ions right to left Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 11/44

12 Other Types of Fuel Cells liquid electrolytes: alkaline or phosphoric acid (AFC and PAFC) molten salt electrolytes: molten carbonates (MCFC) ceramic electrolytes: solid oxides (SOFC) Typology: Low temperature (PEFC, AFC, PAFC) 80 to 200 C hydrogen High temperature (MCFC, SOFC) 500 to 900 C hydrogen and hydrocarbons Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 12/44

13 The Beauty of Simplicity PEFC stack air supply Source: adapted from Larminie/Dicks Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 13/44

14 Competing with Batteries Source: AZ State Univ Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 14/44

15 Limiting Efficiencies 1 0,9 0,8 Carnot eta 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, η c = 1- T 2 / T 1 T 2 = 273 K eta 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, FC 1973 lim T 1 -> T1 [K] 0 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1 lim T 2 -> 0 U lim U -> U o Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 15/44

16 Fuel Cells: High Efficiency Electricity Production Efficiency /% 70 SOFC Fuel Cells PAFC GUD - Power Plant 40 Steam Power Plant 30 Diesel Engine Gasturbine 20 Spark-Ignition Engine ,1 0,5 Upper Limiting Curve: Future Technology. (Development tendency: GT / GUD: 2000 ; SOFC: 2010). Lower Limiting Curve: Actual Technology. 1 5 Power Plant Capacity / MW Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 16/ Source: adapted from Siemens graph

17 What Can Fuel Cells Do? Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 17/44

18 Energy for unlimited possibilities Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 18/44

19 Fuel Cell Vehicles Hyundai DaimlerChrysler f-cell A & B class Proton Motor MicroCab Evobus Sources: various Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Toyota RAV4L V Slide 19/44

20 Automobile: Appearance and handling GM HiWire concept vehicle GM Autonomy concept vehicle source: GM/Opel Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 20/44

21 Vehicle Efficiencies Internal combustion engine (diesel) = 0,9 = 0,18 (*) 1 PE FP ICE PE primary energy UE useful energy EG electricity generation ICE internal combustion engine FP fuel processing CH compressed H 2 (*) in driving cycle 0,16 UE (propulsion) CO 2 NO x CO H 2 HInternal 2 FC vehicle, combustion wind energy engine, grid electricity = 0,35 = 0,67 = 0,15 = 0,67 = 0,85 = 0,85 (CH) (CH) = 0,40 1 PE 1 PEG ELY ELY FP FP FCICE 0,024 UE 0,23 UE CO 2 NO x O 2 O 2 HH 2 O 2 O NO x MSR: 0,11 UE = 0,1 (LH) 0,004 UE Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 21/44

22 Fuel Cells in Aircraft emission control efficiency safety ~ 25 kw ~ kw ~ 3 kw ~ 1000 kw source: Airbus Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 22/44

23 Fuel Cells in Ships emission control efficiency safety source: Wartsila, wikipedia & Lloyd s register Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 23/44

24 Electrical On-Board System Architecture with APU +24/28 V DC Loads cabin heating C SOFC APU 120 C air conditioning MMLCR=SOFC + - Vehicle Battery biogas 60% CH4 40% CO2 ÚJV Řež no gas processing high electrical efficiency >50% Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 24/44

25 Added Value fuel cells allow for new possibilities of use - in electric vehicles - in off-grid situations - in replacing batteries for - more personal independence - higher efficiencies and safety - environmental benefits - fuel flexibility Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 25/44

26 Residential Fuel Cell Units BAXI PEFC 1 kw e /1.7 kw th η el = 32% Integrated boiler HEXIS SOFC 1 kw e /2 kw th η el = >30% Integrated boiler Viessmann / Panasonic (PEFC) Vitovalor 300-P 700 W el, 20 kw th Junkers / Aisin Seiki (Kyocera, SOFC) Cerapower FC 700 W el, 25 kw th Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 26/44

27 Bloom Energy: Adobe, e-bay & Wal-Mart 100 and 200 kw units >150 installed (partly in clusters ) decentralised electricity generation, grid stabilisation & backup partly running on bio-fuels high subsidies (>50%) Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 27/44

28 Efficiency and Efficiency Chains Average Electricity Grid PE UE EG primary energy useful energy electricity generation 1 PE EG 0,35 UE CO 2 NO x Gas Engine CHP 1 PE CHP CO 2 NO x 0,6 UE heat 0,3 UE electricity η total = 90% reference case 0,65 PE condensing boiler 0,86 PE electricity grid = 1,51 PE Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 28/44

29 Fuel Cell Efficiency Chains PE UE FC FP primary energy useful energy fuel cell fuel processing Natural Gas PEFC Residential System 1 PE η = 0,85 FP CO 2 η = 0,95 FC H 2 O 0,34 UE electricity reference case 0,46 UE heat 0,48 PE 0,97 PE = 1,45 PE cond. boiler electricity grid Natural Gas SOFC Residential System η = 0,85 0,35 UE heat 1 PE FC 0,50 UE electricity H 2 O CO 2 reference case 0,37 PE 1,43 PE = 1,80 PE cond. boiler electricity grid Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 29/44

30 CO 2 Reduction and Electrical Efficiency ST Sterling Engine ICE Honda IC Engine PEFC SOFC Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 30/44

31 CO 2 Reduction and Total Efficiency ST Sterling Engine ICE Honda IC Engine PEFC SOFC Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 31/44

32 CO 2 Reduction and CO 2 Footprint g/kwh ST Sterling Engine ICE Honda IC Engine PEFC SOFC Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 32/44

33 Consumer to ProSumer ST Sterling Engine ICE Honda IC Engine PEFC SOFC Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 33/44

34 Cautious Interpretation - results depend on the comparison reference: * single user choice * next replaced unit of electricity - carbon footprints of grids will generally reduce in years to come * GHG saving benefits will dwindle * other functions of fuel cells will increase in importance (grid stability, fuel flexibility etc.) Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 34/44

35 Environmental Benefits fuel cells can reduce - CO 2 emissions from energy conversion - other emissions from electricity generation - fossil primary energy consumption adding - increased energy efficiency - more flexible energy markets - use of various different fuels - safer grids and homes Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 35/44

36 What Can Hydrogen Do? Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 36/44

37 Storage Needs for Wind Energy Vattenfall High Voltage Grid Feb Power [GW] load wind energy prediction pumped hydro Germany wind power date -> requirement ~1 000 GWh Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 37/44

38 HyWindBalance Wind-Hydrogen Balancing Power and Storage PLANET Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 38/44

39 Effective Power Balancing wind power power produced with HyWindBalance Day ahead -forecast Rated wind power Electrolyser Fuel cell PLANET MW 230 MW 230 MW Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 39/44

40 Wind - Hydrogen Infrastructure Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 40/44

41 Hydrogen - Plug-in - Hybrids - hydrogen tanks ~4 kg / vehicle - corresponds to several TWh of storage capacity - vehicle has sufficient range and is extremely flexible due to dual fuel - potential for long-term storage Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 41/44

42 Including External Costs all cost as of 2007 from - state of the art technology quotes consumption data from - actual tests ext. costs 17,47 Internal costs / market price H 2 3:2 ext. costs 3:1 Diesel 5,12 PLANET Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 42/44

43 Summary - fuel cells can contribute significantly to the goals of increasing the efficiency of energy use - they increase economic stability by de-coupling from volatile energy markets and reducing energy imports to the EU - they need to be carefully crafted and suited to application, though - hydrogen and fuel cells will together serve to increase the use of renewable energies and indigenous energy sources - together they reduce carbon dioxide emissions by de-carbonising transport Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 43/44

44 Thank you for your attention! and thanks to everyone in ChemEng, the College and especially my group for the superb support I am experiencing here! Czech Hydrogen Days 2014 Slide 44/44