Development and First Applications of an Assessment Method for Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Wir schaffen Wissen heute für morgen Development and First Applications of an Assessment Method for Energy Storage D. Parra 2, X. Zhang 1, C. Bauer 1, C. Mutel 1, A. Abdon 3, M. K. Patel 2, J. Worlitschek 3 Presenters: Christian Bauer 1, David Parra 2 1 Technology Assessment Group, Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis, PSI 2 Energy Efficiency Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva 3 LUCCERNE, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences & Arts

2 Outline Project Overview: Teams & Tasks WP5, Task 5.1 Methodology Framework First Assessment Results for Energy Storages Power-to-Gas Battery storage Conclusions and Recommendations

3 Overview - WP5, Task 5.1 Overall Goals: Development of consistent methodology framework to assess energy storage technologies and applications Assessment of energy storage technologies and applications under SCCER-Hae (and other SCCERs) Improvement of the flexibility between power, heat and fuel Collaboration and knowledge sharing with other SCCERs Tasks by Team: Case study Electro-thermal Energy Storage Industrial applications of storage technologies Techno-economic analysis in case study Power-to-Gas Techno-economic analysis in case study batteries Techno-economic analysis in other storage technologies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in case study Power-to-Gas LCA in case study Electro-thermal Energy Storage LCA of other storage technologies

4 Methodology Reference Energy System Building/ District Industry Mobility Application(s) Storage Benefits Scenarios, market and policy trends Energy Supplies Energy Storage Energy Demands Electric Demand Heating Demand Cooling Demand Techno-economic and environmental assessment of storage technologies

5 Power-to-Gas as Storage Source: Fraunhofer ISE

6 Case Study on Power-to-Gas CO 2 from Power Plant CO 2 from Industrial Process (Cement Plant) CO 2 from Atmoshphere CO 2 Capture CO 2 Electricity Supply from Grid O 2 waste heat Compression CO 2 Biological Methanation Natural Gas Network SNG Electricity Supply from Renewable Source electricity Electrolysis H 2 PEM Electrolysis Thermochemical Methanation CH 4 Dehydration & Conditioning SNG Compression (350 or 700 bar) Alkaline Electrolysis H 2 Compression (200 bar) CNG Storage H 2 H 2 CH 4 CH 4 Storage System Boundary or any other consumption Dispenser

7 Power-to-Gas: LCA results g of CO 2 eq per MJ of Hydrogen from Electrolysis with Different Electricity Supply GHG emissions hydrogen production Power to Hydrogen vs. conventional hydrogen Production 350 Power-to Hydrogen Conventional Hydrogen Production PEM Electrolysis (Wind Supply) Alkaline Electrolysis (Wind Supply) 40 PEM Electrolysis (PV Supply) 48 Alkaline Electrolysis (PV Supply) 61 PEM Electrolysis (CH Supply) 71 Alkaline Electrolysis (CH Supply) PEM Electrolysis (ENTSO-E Supply) Alkaline Electrolysis (ENTSO-E Supply) 91 Steam Methane Reforming Coal Gasification Reforming

8 g of CO 2 eq/mj of Natural Gas Combusted Power-to-Gas: LCA results GHG emissions (Synthetic) Natural Gas combustion Power to Methane vs. conventional Swiss Natural Gas Supply Power-to-Methane 129 Conventional Natural Gas Production PEM Electrolyzer - CO2 from Wood Combustion Power Plant Alkaline Electrolyzer- CO2 from Cement Production, Grid with Hard Coal 9 PEM Electrolyzer w Wind Supply -CO2 from Wood Combustion Power Plant Alkaline Electrolyzer w Wind Supply - CO2 from Cement Production, Grid with Hard Coal Swiss Natural Gas Supply with PV Supply with Wind Supply Business As Usual

9 Power-to-Gas: LCA results kg of CO 2 eq/km Travelled Power-to-Methane for mobility Impact of electricity supply to electrolysis: GHG emissions per km travelled (CO 2 from wood combustion) Wind Supply PV Supply CH Supply European Supply (ENTSO-E) Conventional CH Natural Gas Supply

10 kg of CO 2 eq/km travelled Power-to-Gas: LCA results Power-to-Methan for mobility Impact of CO 2 source on GHG emissions: GHG emissions per km travelled Fuel Combustion Methanaton and Fuel Processing CO2 Capture Electrolysis (with PV supply) Conv. Natural Gas Production CNG Dispense Road Passenger Car Maintenance Passenger Car Life Cycle Emissions -0.2 CO2 from Atmosphere Capture, with Waste Heat CO2 from Wood Post Combustion CO2 from Natural Gas Post Combustion CO2 from Lignite Post Combustion CO2 from Cement Production with CH Grid Supply Conventional CH Natural Gas Supply

11 Levelised cost (CHF/MWh) Power-to-Gas: techno-economics Capacity ratio Impact of price condition on levelised cost and capacity ratio Alkaline electrolyser cell Polarisation curve LCOES alkaline LCOES PEM Capacity ratio PEM electrolyser cell Parameter Stack cost Degradation Durability Stack efficiency Stack 0.2 consumption 470 (CHF/kW) 2 μv/h hr kwh/nm Alkaline (CHF/kW) 5 μv/h hr kwh/nm PEM Electricy wholesale price (CHF/MWh) 3

12 Power-to-Gas: techno-economics (a) System efficiency and (b) levelised cost as a function of the electrolyser rating (a) Levelised value and (b) internal rate of return as a function of the value proposition for power-to-hydrogen system of 1 MW

13 Battery: techno-economics Electricity Schematic prices for representation the single, double of a battery and dynamic storage tariffs system compared for a single this home. analysis. 3 kwp Parameter PbA Li-ion Maximum charge current (A) Maximum discharge current (A) 0.2 C 0.4 C 3 C 3 C SOC Storage medium cost (CHF/kWh) Battery is only charged from the PV system

14 Battery: techno-economics Performance results: (a) battery self-consumption; (b) round trip efficiency; and (c) equivalent full cycles Economic results: (a) levelised cost; (b) levelised value; ( c) internal rate of return (a) Levelised cost and (b) internal rate of return of a 8 kwh Li-ion battery performing PV energy time-shift as function of the variation of several parameters

15 Conclusions & Recommendations Power-to-gas Alkaline electrolysers offer better levelised cost (93.4 CHF/MWh-1 MW system). PEM drawbacks: degradation and initial cost. P2M increases the levelised cost by % regarding P2H. Optimum wholesale price condition for alkaline (43 CHF/MWh) and PEM (46 CHF/MWh) electrolysers was stablished. A value proposition including several applications is necessary to create positive economic benefits for P2G (IRR>0). In P2H, the type of electricity supply in electrolysis will to a great extent determine the GHG emissions of hydrogen production. In P2M, CO 2 obtained from a biomass origin or atmosphere with efficient capture process will largely reduce the GHG emissions of the system. Both P2H and P2M could perform better than conventional technologies, but with certain restrictions on the sources of electricity and CO 2 supply. LCA results depend on allocation procedures and system boundary definitions further analysis.

16 Conclusions & Recommendations PV coupled battery systems Li-ion batteries (500 CHF/kWh) reduce the levelised cost by 15% in comparison with PbA systems (200 CHF/kWh). The maximum levelised value goes up to 0.36 CHF/kWh but the minimum levelised cost is equal to 0.98 CHF/kWh with the dynamic tariff in Geneva The maximum levelised value goes up to 0.30 CHF/kWh and the minimum levelised cost is equal to 0.46 CHF/kWh with the simple tariff in Geneva. A dynamic tariff increases the discharge value and this should be considered for future value propositions

17 Outlook Further refinement of integrated assessment methodology Global sensitivity analysis Multi-criteria decision analysis Assessment of further storage technologies: other battery technologies, compressed air storage, etc. Coupling of storage devices with heat and electricity supply Extension of system boundaries in order to identify optimal application of specific storage technologies for different purposes and at different scales (CH-perspective)

18 Thank You! Questions?