Method to obtain TEOS PECVD Silicon Oxide Thick Layers for Optoelectronics devices Application
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1 Method to obtain TEOS PECVD Silicon Oxide Thick Layers for Optoelectronics devices Application ABSTRACT D. A. P. Bulla and N. I. Morimoto Laboratório de Sistemas Integráveis da EPUSP São Paulo - S.P. - Brazil bulla@lsi.usp.br, morimoto@lsi.usp.br We report a method to obtain thick and uniform silicon oxide dielectric layer with effective control of the refractive index, to apply it in optoelectronics devices. TEOS PECVD silicon oxide showed a large stress that impose a strong limitation in the thickness of the deposited layer. Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) process was used to densify and relaxation of the stress in the silicon oxide layer. The process, described in this paper, use a combination of the TEOS PECVD deposition and RTA processes to obtain silicon oxide layers up to 4 µm thick. These layers were analyzed by stress meter, ellipsometry, FTIRS and RBS. INTRODUCTION In optoelectronics devices, based on silicon substrate, it is necessary a buffer layer to insulate the dielectric optical medium from the substrate [7] (when red laser is used as light source). The thickness of the buffer layer must be higher than 3 µm, in order to minimize the light absorption by the silicon substrate. Silicon oxide is widely used material as buffer layer due to its optical quality and compatibility with microelectronic processes. TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate) PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) silicon oxide, deposited in a home made cluster tool system, showed a high compressive stress [2], which cause the crack of the deposited layer (for thickness > 1.0 µm). Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) process promotes the relaxation of the stress on the silicon oxide deposited layer. This paper describe a multilayer TEOS PECVD silicon oxide deposition followed by a RTA treatment process which allow us to obtain silicon oxide layer up to 4 µm thick. The control of the refractive index of TEOS PECVD silicon oxide layer is obtained by controlling the O/Si ratio. EXPERIMENTAL Silicon substrate used for TEOS PECVD oxide deposition were p-type <100>; 5-15 Ω.cm. Table 1 shows the deposition process parameters used for each TEOS PECVD silicon oxide deposition carried out in a home made cluster tool system [1,2]. Table 1: Deposition process parameters used for each TEOS PECVD silicon oxide deposition.
2 RF power (W) 400 Temperature ( C) 360 Distance between electrodes (mm) 15 Oxygen flux (sccm) 200 TEOS flux (sccm) 40 Process pressure (Torr) 2.5 Thickness (nm) 570 RTA process, carried out after each TEOS PECVD deposition, was performed in a halogen lamps RTP furnace (Heatpulse AG Associates Inc.) at 900 C; 120 s; in N 2 ambient. The TEOS PECVD silicon oxide thickness measurements were made in a Rudolph Research ellipsometer model Auto-El-NIR3, OH bonds content was measured by FTIRS (Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy); RBS (Rutherford Back Scattering) was used to determine the deposited films stoichiometry (O/Si). The stress measurements were made in Tencor Instruments stress meter station model FLX2400 that has the possibility to heat the sample in situ until 900 C. This system obtains the stress by measuring the radius of curvature of the wafer. The radius of curvature is measured using the laser beam reflection technique. Before each TEOS PECVD deposition process, it was made a chamber wall cleaning process using a plasma of a mixture of 100 sccm CF 4 and 20 sccm O 2. This procedure ensures the same initial conditions for all deposition process. The processes sequence used to produce the silicon oxide thick layer Silicon substrates were cleaned by standard RCA process, followed by measurement of FTIR background spectrum and wafer radius of curvature. The sequence for each step of the process was the following: PECVD deposition; FTIRS; ellipsometry; stress measurement; RTA; FTIRS; ellipsometry and stress measurement. This sequence was repeated for each layer of deposited SiO 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the thickness and the refractive index of the first TEOS PECVD silicon oxide deposited layer. We made the measurements in five different points over the wafer. The average value and the standard deviation were considered as measured thickness and error respectively. Table 2: First TEOS PECVD silicon oxide layer First SiO 2 layer as-deposited after annealing Thickness (nm) ± ± 5.4 Refractive Index 1.44 ± ± 0.02 The uniformity of these as-deposited SiO 2 films is better than 97%, which is suitable for optical applications. After annealing, the film densification was ~11%. The high reproducibility of the silicon oxide deposition process [2] allows us to consider that the others layers have the same characteristics of the first one.
3 Figure 1 shows the thickness of SiO 2 multilayers deposited by TEOS PECVD after RTA in each step. The final thickness, of the silicon oxide layer, exceed the upper limit of the ellipsometer (< 3.2 µm). Then, for the lasts steps, we extrapolate the thickness as shown in figure 1. 5 SiO 2 Layers (after annealing) 4 Thickness (µm) Layers Figure 1: Thickness of SiO 2 multilayers deposited by TEOS PECVD after RTA. Figure 2 shows the behavior of stress in function of the number of deposited layers before and after RTA. The multilayer deposition process was stopped when the film crack. The film crack occurred only during the annealing process of the ninth deposited layer, that correspond a thickness. of ~4.7 µm Stress (10 9 Dyne/cm 2 ) Compr. Tens. without RTA (last) after RTA (last) each layer ~0.52µm Layers Figure 2: Stress measurements for each layer of deposited SiO 2, with and without RTA. FTIRS measurements.
4 FTIRS was used to control the OH bond content and water present in the films [4]. These contaminants induce bad characteristic to optical properties of SiO 2 film. Its presence is associated to increase of loss in optical devices and changes of refractive index material. In the figure (3), are shown FTIR spectra of one layer. In the next depositions (layers) the same behavior were found. The OH absorption peak [6] at 960 and 1119 cm -1 was reduced by RTA. RBS measurements. RBS was used to determine the stoichiometry of SiO x films [5] and to observe the interface behavior between SiO x layers. RBS spectrum is showed in the figure 4. The stoichiometry of SiO x films was determined by fitting the RBS spectrum with the RUMP simulator [3], The O/Si ratio is 1.9/1.1. The interface between layers was not detected. F T I R (single layer) RBS (2 layers) Absorbance (a.u.) before R TP after RTP O -H cont. (a. u.) Beam He + 2.4MeV(70 ) O (SiO 2 ) Si (substrate) Si (SiO 2 ) W avenumbers (cm -1 ) Figure 3: FTIR spectra of a SiO 2 single layer, as-deposited and after RTA. Energy (KeV) Figure 4: RBS spectrum of two SiO 2 layers, after RTA. CONCLUSION We obtained SiO 2 tick films using TEOS PECVD multideposition combined with RTA. The film thickness is stress limited. The thickness limit achieve was ~ 4.2 µm with compressive stress (~1.4x10 9 dyne/cm 2 ). The refractive index of these SiO 2 films showed low variation with the process, 1.44±0.02. The O/Si ratio is 1.9/1.1 which is close to the thermal silicon oxide, and no interface between layers was detected. The OH, present into the film, was minimized by RTA. These films have good characteristics for optoelectronics devices application.
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are in debt with LAMFI/IFUSP by RBS measurements; and C. Viana for your assistence in the PECVD system. Financial support from FAPESP, FINEP, CNPq are gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] N.I.Morimoto, J.W.Swart and F.M.Yoshihiro, in Proc. X Congr. of Brazilian Microelect. Soc. Vol.1, p.341, Canela, Brazil [2] N.I.Morimoto and J.W.Swart, in Proc. V Symp. Rapid Thermal and Integrated Processing, MRS, Vol 429, p.263, San Francisco, [3] L.R.Doolittle, Nucl. Instrm. Methods B, Vol 9, p.224, [4] J.Mort and F.Jansen, Plasma Deposited Thin Films, CRC Press, [5] W.K.Chu, Backscattering Spectrometry, Academic Press, New York, [6] C.G.Madras, P.Y.Wong, I.N.Miaoulis and L.M.Goldman, in MRS Symp. Proc. Vol.356, [7] H.P.Zappe, Introduction to Semiconductor Integrated Optics, Artch House, Boston, 1995.
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