What role can GM technology play in Agriculture, with particular reference to oilseeds? Lorin DeBonte Cargill Specialty Canola Oils 11 Oct 2006

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "What role can GM technology play in Agriculture, with particular reference to oilseeds? Lorin DeBonte Cargill Specialty Canola Oils 11 Oct 2006"

Bernice Stephens
5 years ago
Views:

1 What role can GM technology play in Agriculture, with particular reference to oilseeds? Lorin DeBonte Cargill Specialty Canola Oils 11 Oct 2006

2 Biotechnology Platform To Accelerate New Trait Introduction Bgl II Hind III BamH I Hind III BamH I BamH I SacI BamH I Hind III BamH I Kpn I Hind III BamH I Bgl II Hind III Kpn I Bgl II A gglu-i AChi-I AbPRI AgAP24

3 Advantages of GM Technology Up or down regulate key biosynthetic pathways Tissue specific expression; seeds, roots, leaves Target gene families or individual genes Precision of regulation driven by promoters Ability to accelerate breeding generations Dominant expression Defined genetic event for identity preservation and crop quality

4 1 st Generation GM Technology Input Traits: Herbicide Tolerance Hybrid Technology Insect Management

Utilization of Herbicide Tolerant Crops Minimize impact of weeds on crop yield and grain quality Allow for early seeding opportunities reducing production risk Reduces fuel consumption with fewer

5 Utilization of Herbicide Tolerant Crops Minimize impact of weeds on crop yield and grain quality Allow for early seeding opportunities reducing production risk Reduces fuel consumption with fewer field passes for weed management Provides more crop rotation options Allows growers to use minimal till or no-till techniques Decreases soil erosion and increases fertility Use of multiple herbicide tolerance technologies minimizes the evolution of weed resistance Cost benefit to the producer

Rapid Adoption of Herbicide Tolerant GM Technology Glyphosate resistant soybeans became available in 1996 Within five years 70% of the soybeans grown in the US were glyphosate tolerant varieties.

6 Rapid Adoption of Herbicide Tolerant GM Technology Glyphosate resistant soybeans became available in 1996 Within five years 70% of the soybeans grown in the US were glyphosate tolerant varieties. Today 60% of the global soybean acres are herbicide tolerant. In 2005, 71% (157 million acres) of the 222 million acres planted were herbicide resistant varieties of corn, soybean, canola, and cotton.

7 Weed Pressure on Canola Yields Weed Pressure (per sq m) Low (20 plants) Medium (50 plants) High (120 plants) Yield 87% 74% 54% Wild oat and volunteer cereal trial study on canola by Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB

8 Rapid Adoption of Canola Herbicide Tolerance Technology by Canadian Growers Clearfield (IMI) chemistry can carry over in dry years and when over applied in field causing reduced yield in rotation crops. No carry over with Liberty or Roundup.

9 Use of HTC will increase with the continued introduction of high yielding hybrids

10 Major Suppliers of Canadian HTC Hybrids Seed Company Hybrid System Market Offer Bayer CropScience InVigor LibertyLink Monsanto Dekalb Ogura Roundup Ready Clearfield Cargill Specialty Canola Oils Pioneer Ogura Ogura Roundup Ready with specialty oils Roundup Ready Clearfield Hybrids are offer in all three herbicide systems with Liberty and Roundup making the largest category.

11 Hybrid Yield Advantage with Herbicide Tolerance Hybrid Type Yield (bu/acre) Yield Advantage (bu/acre) Additional $ Return per Acre Liberty InVigor Hybrid Roundup Hybrid Roundup Variety Assumption: $6/bu price; $15/acre HTM; $6.75/lb hybrid seed; seed 4 lbs/acre Producers with good soil and moisture conditions who manage crop inputs can increase hybrid yields. The InVigor hybrid system out yields the ogura hybrids at all production locations.

12 GM Herbicide Systems Provide Environmentally Friendly Management Replace environmentally persistent herbicides Triazine class herbicides such as Atrazine used in broadleaf and grass control can be replaced Ground and surface water detection in 25 US states times more persistent in groundwater Breakdown metabolites (deethylatrazine and deisoproylatrazine) have equal toxicity Implicated as an endocrine disruptor Classified as EPA Group C: potential human carcinogens

14 2 nd Generation GM Technology Output Traits: Oil Modification Protein Enhancement

15 Manipulate Target Genes To Engineer Structured Oils Sucrose Malate pyruvate C16-C18 saturates and monosatruates KAS FAD Fatty acid synthetase ACCase Acetyl-CoA FAT Plastid FAD FAD ELO C16-C18 sat + monounsat C16-C18 polyunsat C16-C18 Novel unsat C20-C24 very long chains Structured Oil Reduced Sats modified acyl-coas AT triacylglycerol Endoplasmic Reticulum

16 Opportunities for New Oil Profiles through GM Technology Cotton, Soybean, and Canola are all amenable to the introduction of new genes to modifying the lipid pathway in seeds. Near term GM modified oil targets include Reduction of saturates High oleic Omega 3 fatty acids: DHA, EPA, Stearidonic Structured triglycerides: nutrition and function Expect to see new oil modifications in the market in

17 Making Bio-Lubricants in Oilseeds O O O O O O Heterogeneous Chain Length Oils Advantages: -High oxidative stability -Good low temperature properties -Low friction coefficient 20:1 18:1 22:1

18 3 rd Generation GM Technology Input Traits: Stress Tolerance Nitrogen Utilization

19 Coupling of Genomics with Gene Cloning to Improve Productivity G107 RZ543 RG1028 ME7_4 RM220 RG400 R1944 EM15_8 G359 RG140 ME2_12 RG532 C955 R2630 RZ444 EM15_2 C45 EM18_10 ME6_4 L1087 ME6_1c ME9_9 EMP3_4 EAAM17_6 ME8_3 RG811 ME2_16 WG110 RG345 RG957 R2417 RM212 C813 ME4_18 EM11_11 RG109 ME10_14 CDO345 RZ909 RM14 2 R1843 ME2_7 EMP2_7 ME4_17 RG437 ME10_18 C106 RG171 EM14_4 RZ386 RG157 R26 EMP2_8 RM263 R3393 RZ58 EM13_3 RG158 C1408 C1419 EM11_10 EM18_13 TGMSP2 ME9_7 K706 ME2_4 R3128 ME6_3 3 RG104 EM11_9 CDO20 RG409 RG224 ME8_1 C563 RZ313 EM18_9 EM17_1 C63 RG369 EM19_4 EM13_1 R2170 RZ672 RG913 ME7_6 EM11_2 RZ403 ME2_18 EM18_1 EM11_6 RZ598 EM19_11 RZ474 C746 ME8_2 CDO122 RM55 RG EM16_3 RG190 EM15_3 RM261 RZ602 ME6_9 ME10_13 ME2_5 RG396 RG908 ME6_10 RG449 ME7_7 EMP3_1c EM17_6 RZ69 EM14_5 ME2_13 EMP2_2 ME10_11 ME4_9 RZ565 EMP3_10 ME9_4 C335 EM18_18 RG163 RG939 RG476 RG214 RG620 C107 Osmotic adjustment Root penetration index Penetrated root thickness Basal root thickness Total root dry weight Root pulling force Penetrated root length Penetrated root dry weight

20 Improving Tolerance To Abiotic Stress Changing climatic conditions will reduce the assurance of a consistent global oilseed supply More extreme fluctuations in moisture and temperature are occurring during cropping seasons Changes in water tables and irrigation requirements are increasing soil salinity With increasing demand from oilseeds to meet food and biodiesel global supply needs creating near zero seed reserves, oil shortages will be more likely GM technology can help to mitigate reduction in crop yields and/or loss.

21 GM Technology Improves Tolerance To Abiotic Stress Next generation of biotech oilseed crops will be engineered for stress tolerance to Salt Cold Drought Will be accomplished by targeted manipulation of the signal transduction pathway for each stress coupled with specific expression systems.

22 GM Technology: Improves Salt Tolerance Salt Tolerance Manipulation of ion transporters for the plasma and vacuolar membranes to maintain cytoplasmic homeostasis of ion flow. Salt stress triggers the calcium signals which activate the efflux controller SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) complex down regulating the ion flux transporters Over expression of vacuolar ion transporters in Brassica (Zhang, 2001) and Arabidopsis (Shi, 2003) resulted in improved salt tolerance

GM Technology: Improves Salt Tolerance Zhang, Hong-Xia et al. (2001) Proc. Natl.

24 GM Technology: Cold and Drought Tolerance Cold and Drought Tolerance Plant tolerance to cold and drought is mostly under transcriptional control and the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) Regulation is divided by development Seed maturation and seedling development Later plant development Numerous trascriptional cascades have been identified under low temperature and dehydration Global regulators of cold and drought stress are found in soybean and canola.

25 GM Technology: Cold and Drought Tolerance CBF genes involved in cold and drought tolerance were introduced into canola under constitutive expression using a 35S promoter. References: Jaglo, K.R., et al (2001) Plant Phys. 127: ; Zhang, J.Z., et al (2004) Plant Phys. 135:

26 Trends and Opportunities with GM Technology in Oilseeds Increased crop yields with hybrid technology and herbicide tolerance Increase opportunity for minimal and no-till farm practices reducing energy costs New oil profiles for food and industrial applications Increase oil production per acre Minimize production risk with stress tolerance Increase available nitrogen utilization Continue to provide growers with sustainable crop options

27 Thank you!

DELIVERING A SYSTEM FOR HIGHER YIELD IN CANOLA

DELIVERING A SYSTEM FOR HIGHER YIELD IN CANOLA System of Solutions Come Together in Our Pipeline Development Process Monsanto s R&D Pipeline Designed to Address Farmers Challenges Increase Yield Impact