Agricultural Research and Extension in Ethiopia. Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (IQQO), Ethiopia

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1 Agricultural Research and Extension in Ethiopia Tafa Jobie, Director for Crop Research Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (IQQO), Ethiopia July 2015 Milan, Italy

2 Outline Country Profile Background of Ethiopia s Agriculture Agroecology, Production Systems & Major Crops Cultivated Agricultural Research in Ethiopia: Historical Perspectives & Current Status Major Themes of Research Agricultural Extension in Ethiopia: Historical Perspectives & Current Status The Seed Value Chain & its Challenges

3 Ethiopia: Country Profile Ethiopia is situated in East Africa, bordered by Sudan, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti.

4 Ethiopia: Country Profile The western, south & Southwest parts are coffee zone Cereal belt of Ethiopia, well known in the SSA; >50% of country s wheat supply

5 Ethiopia: Country Profile Lies between 9 degrees North latitude & 38.7 degrees East longitude Surface area is about 1.2 mill sqr. Km, of which 65% is arable Population is over 80 million Altitude ranges from -126 mas (Denakel area, inf Qafar) to 4620 masl (Ras Dashen, Northwest) For the central highland plateaus, where most crops are grown, altitude ranges from 1800 to 3000 masl

6 Background: Ethiopia s Agriculture About 12 million smallholder households account for approximately 95 percent of agricultural GDP and 85 percent of employment Nearly 55 % of all smallholder farmers operate on one hectare or less.

7 Background: Ethiopia s Agriculture Agriculture in Ethiopia is the main form of livelihood for the majority of the population The agricultural sector greatly influences economic performance, accounting for about 46% of the national GDP, and over 84% of export commodities

8 Major Policy & Strategy Directions for Ethiopian Agriculture Agricultural Development-led Industrialization that aims at transforming the countries economy Commercialization of selected & strategic industrial & food security crops, in major clusters identified Diversification

9 Agro-ecology and Production Systems In Ethiopia, 33 different Elaborated Agroecological Zones (EAZs) are recognized, which are suitable for the production of diverse food, feed, fiber and stimulant crops. Classified on basis of temperature, elevation and length of crop growing period.

10 Agro-ecology and Production Systems contd About 60% of the total land Dry land; There are cool alpine to humid tropical highland areas where most small cereals (wheat, barley, tef maize etc) and legumes are produced The highlands have bimodal type of short and main rainfall patterns.

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12 The first seven agroecologies with largest share of are account for nearly 72 % of the total area Agroecology % area share A2 (Warm Arid Lowland Plains) M2 (Warm Moist Lowlands) SM 2 (Warm Sub-moist Lowlands) 9.63 M3 (Tepid Moist Mid Highlands) 8.05 SH2 (Warm Sub-humid Lowlands) 7.11 SH3 (Tepid Sub-humid Midhighlands) 6.63 SM 3 (Warm Tepid Sub-moist Midhighlands)

13 Production systems The production system is dominantly rain fed and irrigation contributes less than 5% There are two major production systems in the country 1. Crop Livestock mixed production systems a) Cereal based mixed production system b) Cash crop based mixed farming systems These areas are with better rainfall and accommodates about 70 % of the livestock and human population 2. Pastoral and Agro-pastoral production system These are areas which are dry, arid and semiarid Accommodates about 30 % of the livestock population

14 Major crops cultivated in Ethiopia CROPS Cereals Oilseeds Pulses Spices Industrial Tropical Fruits Vegetables Roots & tubers Aromatic, medicinal & bio- energy Priorities Wheat, maize, tef, sorghum, barley, rice Sesame, noug, safflower, rapeseed Chickpea, lentil, faba bean., soybean., haricot bean Ginger, cardamom, black pepper, garlic, black cumin, coriander, fenugreek Coffee, tea, cotton Mango, avocado, pineapple, banana, citrus Capsicum, green beans, onion, tomato potato, sweet potato, enset, cassava Some aromatic, medicinal & bio-energy crops (castor, jatropha)

15 Agricultural Research in Ethiopia: Historical Perspectives Relative to other African countries, agricultural research in Ethiopia is quite young. Agricultural research started with the establishment of Ambo and Jimma Colleges of Agriculture in 1947 And later the Imperial College of Agriculture and Mechanical arts (today s Haramaya University) in However, organized agricultural research activities and actual relations between agricultural research and development started with the inception of the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) in 1966 (Tsedeke et al., 2004; Efrem Bechere).

16 The National Agricultural Research System Today Since 1993, the Agricultural Research System has been decentralized into regional research centers, the former IAR still maintaining some strategic and well-built research centers for national commodity coordination. The Regional Research Institutes were soon established by proclamation to be more organized and bear more responsibility for research coordination in their respective regions.

17 Agricultural Research in Ethiopia is conducted by: Federal Research Institute/EIAR Regional Research Institutes /RRIs Higher Learning Institutions/HLI

18 Distribution of Research centers

19 Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Centers Bako Agr.Mech.RC OARI HQ 1. Haro Sabu 2. Bako 3. Adami Tulu 4. Mechara 5. Fedis 6. Sinana 7. Bore 8. Yabello 1. Fiche 2. Nekemt 3. Bedele 4. Ziway 1. Bako 2. Asela 3. Jima Holeta Ziway OARI Centers Region Zonal Boundary Main Road

20 Currently, more conducive environment is being created for research as an apex body, The National Agricultural Research Council (NARC) has been established to coordinate research and resource follow in the entire research system of the country. The NARC is now planning to transform the Ethiopian Agricultural Research by taking countries which are more advanced in Agricultural Research (Brazil, South Africa, India et c.) as benchmark The various research institutes & HLI will be part of the NARC, creating better synergy as well as human and capital capacity to stand in a better position to deliver improved agricultural technologies, Agricultural Research Federal Research Institute National Council of Agri Research Regional Research Institutes HLI

21 Organization at the grass root level: research centers At research centers, research is conducted by case teams. Cereals Case Team Pulses & Oil Crops Case Team Horticultural Crops Case Team Coffee & Spices Case Team Each case team is composed of multi desciplinary researchers to deliver complete package of technologies to the extension system Breeder Agronomist Pathologist Entomologist Weed scientist Agricultural Economist Extensionst

22 Major Themes of Research

23 The release of improved cultivars Higher grain yield Better quality Pest resistance Yield advantage to existing best cultivars Stability & genetic uniformity For food Industrial quality To major diseases Insects weeds

24 Monitoring & Management of Crop Pest Diseases Insect pests Weeds Cultural Host plant resistance Chemical Biological Integrated (IPM)

25 A Capse- in-point of crop management intervention is the battle against wheat rusts The epidemics of yellow & stem rusts is becoming recurrent since In 2010, there was severe out break of yellow rust, devastating a popular Mega variety, Kubsa In 2013, there was sever out break of stem rust, devastating another popular Mega variety, Digelu In 2014, sever out break of stem rust occurred again devastating same Digelu variety, and in 2015, there is probability that outbreak can occur. Hence, recently the outbreak of wheat rust epidemics has become a recurrent phenomena Foto Stem rust: by Wubshet, 2014, Sinana Foto yellow rust: by Tafa, 2014

26 Source: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa Office

27 Yield Losses of Bread Wheat Mega Variety, Digelu due to Stem rust, 2013 (Bekele et.al) District Kebele Farmers fields Yield losses (%) Lowest highest Mean Gassera Koloba Sarara Koloba.sa ada Denmbel Agarfa Ambentu Ali Sheneka Elani Sinana Ilu Sanbitu KolobaTemona Suleman

28 1000-Kernel weight reduction levels of bread wheat variety Digalu in three stem rust epidemic districts of Bale zone, Meher season, 2013 (Bekele et al.) 1000-Kernell weight reduction (%) District Kebele Farmers fields Lowest highest Mean Gassera Koloba Sa raara Koloba.sa ada Denmbel Agarfa Ambentu Ali Sheneka Elani Sinana Ilu Sanbitu K.T.Suleman

29 Agronomic studies Optimum fertilizer rate recommendations Cropping system, tillage system etc.. Planting time, seed rate

30 Socioeconomic and Extension Research Farming system surveys and characterization Constraints identification and ranking according to priorities for intervention Adoption rate and status of agricultural technologies and practices Impact and feedback assessment

31 Training is usually offered to farmers, DAs & Experts on the use of improved technologies Theoretical training & planning for season Land preparation The choice of varieties, fertilizers (DAP, Urea), splitting Seed distribution Management of diseases, weeds, insects Field level practical training: Practical training for producers, experts & DAs joint evaluation of overall field performance at different crop stages Seed production techniques Roughing out off types & mixtures Avoiding mixture of different varieties up on harvesting & storing Post harvest: seed inspection at lab (testing physical purity, mixture, germination % etc) & statement of confirmation for use

32 Research Centers can play prominent roles in Agricultural value chains to enable the production and marketing of high quality grain and seed As we are moving to industrialization and as the situation demands, Agricultural Research Centers have currently began to actively involve in grain & seed quality assuring of industrial commodities (the durum wheat, malt barley, oil c crops etc..), in a value chain spinning from seed to grain or production to marketing. This includes the rendering of service to farmers, farmers cooperatives and other institutions to test quality parameters of industrial crops in an effort to serve as third and independent party between producers and industries.

33 For example, with the capacity created by Agricultural Value Chains Project in Oromiya (AVCPO) of Durum wheat, Sinana Agricultural Research Center is playing a vital role in durum wheat value chain, including the service provision to other research centers which are embarking in the durum wheat value chain. Variety Moisture Gluten % Protein Zelene Index content % Ejersa Bakkalcha Dirre Tate Toltu Obsa Ude

34 Agricultural Extension in Ethiopia: Historical Perspectives Began in 1931, with the establishment of Ambo Agricultural School, but not do extension work in the sense of the term that we understand today (Belay, 2003) Limited extension activities began with establishment of Ministry of Agriculture in 1943 Real extension work began in early 1950s with the establishment of the Imperial Ethiopian College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Now Haramaya University. Since 1963, the Ministry of Agriculture overtook the mandate of extension work

35 The current Agricultural Extension System in Ethiopia The current extension system pursued by Ethiopian Government is the Participatory Demonstration & Training Extension System. In this approach, the aim is to transfer full package of agricultural technologies & practices (cultivar, pesticide, fertilizer, better cultural practices etc ) of specific commodities.

36 Extension activates are responsibility of regional agricultural bureau which are fully responsible in the planning, execution, monitoring and evaluation of extension programs. The extension directorate of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture has the task of coordinating inter-regional extension work, providing policy advice on nationwide agricultural extension issues, advising regional bureau of agricultural in the areas of extension management and administration, developing extension training materials and organizing training programs in agricultural extension for regional extension personnel

37 Research-Extension-Farmers Linkage The Research-Extension-Farmers Linkage is ensured by Agricultural Development Partners Linkage Advisory Council (ADPLAC). ADPLACs are organized at all levels from the federal level through regional agricultural bureaus down to zonal, Wereda and finally Kebele level. Key members are: Bureau (offices) of Agriculture (Chair) Research Institutes/centers(Secretary) Seed Enterprises Cooperative Agency (offices) Local administrators Farmers Primary Cooperatives Unions Farmers Higher Learning Institutions NGO, who work on agricultural development

38 Key Roles of ADPLAC Meet annually or twice a year to review past achievements and plan for joint extension works and technology delivery in the immediate season. Sort out unaddressed bottlenecks, emerging challenges to agricultural production to bring to the attention of research & extension system. Provide feed back on the performance of adopted agricultural technologies and practices such as the performance of a specific crop cultivar in the face of major diseases.

39 At the very grass root level, the smallest administrative unit, Kebele, Development Agents (DAs) are responsible for the extension work at farm level and to provide overall technical guidance to the farmers. Ethiopia has one of the densest agricultural extension systems in the world, with one DA for every 476 farmers (ATA).

40 Farmers Training Center (FTCs) FTCs are central to Ethiopia s extension system and serve as an entry point to field level extension delivery, by providing training, technology demonstration, and other services. Each FTC, supported by at least three development Agents (DAs), plays a vital role in ensuring a bottom up extension approach. Currently, there are close to 11,000 FTCs, of which 4,924 (or 45%) 4 have functional demonstration plots on which they are conducting trainings (source: ATA).

41 The Seed Value Chain High quality Early Generation Seed (EGS) i.e. breeder, pre-basic & basic seed are usually produced by research centers; Seed producers take over and produce series of Certified seeds. Informal (local, farmers ) seed system covers over 70% of supply Formal seed system covers less than 30% of supply Until recent time, the main actor of the formal seed producer had been the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE) but recently, the seed system, like the research system, has been decentralized and regional seed enterprises (OSE, ASE, TSE, SRSE) are playing significant role in the formal seed supply chain. Most of the Seed Enterprises do not have enough land to produce sufficient certified seed. However, Oromia Seed Enterprise, by support of the regional government, has acquired well over 25,000 ha of land in the major cereal belt of Ethiopia, Arsi and Bale. Thus, OSE is supposed to significantly improve the supply of certified seed.

42 Challenges in the Seed Value Chain Comparison of area coverage (ha) by the informal & formal seed system during Total 2005/ / / / /10 Informal 10,821,810 11,427,794 11,927,093 12,010,042 10,136,744 Formal 447, , , , ,231 % Informal % Informal Source: Abebe Atilaw & Lijalem Korbu

43 Challenges in Seed Insufficient supply of EGS seed by the research centers Mismatch between demand assessed and the supply Inefficient marketing system Low level of involvement of the private sector

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