Agri-Environmental statistics and indicators within FAOSTAT

Transcription

1 Agri-Environmental statistics and indicators within FAOSTAT Robert Mayo UNECE/FAO/Eurostat Workshop on Environment Statistics (Budva, Montenegro, May 2013)

2 FAOSTAT ( Data for: Agricultural production; Forestry; Fisheries; Land use; Fertilizers, pesticides, water, etc; Emissions agriculture and Land use;

3 FAOSTAT World s central repository of national agricultural statistics data and key in: The development of environmental indicators; Assessing environmental costs and benefits; National accounts: with respect to environmental expenditures, environmental taxes and subsidies; Production and trade in environmental goods and services and hazardous substances, and resource productivity.

4 Characteristics of Agri-Environmental data Problems of scale: environmental phenomena are site specific; statistics at the country level may be not very significant in some cases (e.g. big countries like Russia, with a variety of landscapes). Different data sources: questionnaires, surveys, remote sensing, modeling, field measurements. Different data types: statistical data, geo-referenced maps, etc.

5 Agri-Environmental data Data source Pros Cons Issues Examples Questionnaires Official data Limited coverage; Different compilers. Methodologies, reliability FAOSTAT Surveys Standard methodologies Different compilers, Big projects: updates quite rare GLASOD Remote sensing Continuous monitoring, Standard methodologies, Global coverage at the pixel scale. Indirect measurements (inverse problem) Methodologies, Spatial resolution issues, Quality assessment Vegetation monitoring, LC maps. Modelling Standard methodologies, Global coverage at the pixel scale (if spatial modelling) Dependence on model limitations Model reliability Input data quality ( garbage in, garbage out ) GAEZ land suitability, GLADIS Measurements Direct measurements, Input for geostatistical processing. Quality assessment, Not uniform, coverage, Point measurements.,vary ing reliability Meteo data from stations (CLIMPAG)

6 Agri-Environmental data types Tables Generally data at country level Usually from questionnaires Geo-referenced datasets Varying spatial resolutions Vector or raster formats Possible extraction of statistics according to different subdivisions

7 Agri-Environmental databases at FAO Thematic Thematic area area Database Database Examples Examples of data of data Climate Climate Water Water Land Land &Water &Water CLIMPAG/ FAOCLIM-Net AQUASTAT Land Land and and Water Water Digital Digital Media Media Series Series Precipitation, ET, ET, Temperature, Vap.Pressure, Vap.Pressure, Wind Wind speed Average precip., precip., Tot.Renew.Water Tot.Renew.Water Res., Res., Agr.withdrawals. Global Global map map of of Irrigated Irrigated Areas, Areas, Soil Soil and and Terrain Terrain Database Database for for Southern Southern Africa, Africa, Digital Digital Soil Soil Map Map of of the the World World and and derived derived soil soil properites properites Production, harvested area, Yield for different crops Agriculture Agro-MAPS Production, ( ). harvested Large data area, gaps. Yield for different crops Agriculture Agro-MAPS ( ). Large data gaps. Length of growing period (LGP) zones of the world, Environment, land FGGD (Food Insecurity, Poverty and Environment, land Length Coefficient of growing of variation period (CV) (LGP) of length zones of growing the world, period productivity, population. Environment FGGD (FoodGlobal Insecurity, GIS Database) Poverty and productivity, Coefficient (LGP), of variation (CV) of length of growing Environment Global GIS Database) Environment, population. period Global (LGP), Change In Net Primary Productivity (1981- GEONETWORK Catalogue population. 2003); Global map of irrigated areas Environment, Global Change In Net Primary Productivity (1981- Livestock GEONETWORK Catalogue population. GLW (Gridded Livestock of the World) 2003); Livestock Global density, map of Livestock irrigated production areas systems Statistics on: production, trade, prices, land, forestry, Agricultural statistics FAOSTAT Livestock GLW (Gridded Livestock of the World) Livestock population, density, fertilizers, Livestock pesticides. production systems Forested areas, characteristics, policy, trends, Forests FRA (Forest resource assessment) Statistics management. on: production, trade, prices, land, Agricultural statistics FAOSTAT forestry, population, fertilizers, pesticides. FI Stat Statistics on : fish production, trade, fleet Fishery Forested areas, characteristics, policy, trends, Forests FIRMS FRA (Forest (Fishery resource Resources assessment) Monitoring Status and trends of fishery resources, characteristics System) management. of resources and fisheries, management measures

8 Agri-Environmental characteristics Natural ecosystems: Natural fluxes, high biodiversity, highly differentiated productivity. Controlled natural ecosystems Fisheries and forestry: Human intervention on natural fluxes via harvest control and enhancement (planting, stocking, fertilization, engineering, pest/predator control), med biodiversity, med productivity. Agroecosystems: low biodiversity and high productivity (only for the selected species) maintained through massive artificial inputs (fertilizers, work, pesticides).

9 Linking Policy and Environment External Factors Food demand Preference, Trade, Technology Market Responses Prices-inputs,crops- Organizational set-up AGRICULTURAL POLICY Land Use and Management 1.Land use choices 2. Crop Choice 3. Management practices (fertilizers, pesticides, rotations) Environmental Outcomes Degradation of ecosystem functions - productivity, diversity, Natural resource status Fish & Forest Management 1. Harvest control 2. Enhancement (stocking, plantation, pest control, engineering) Urbanization Pollution, Wastages, Degradation of natural ecosystems ECONOMIC POLICY Natural Factors Climate change, Productivities, Natural hazards, Biosecurity

10 Agri-environmental Indicators An agri-environmental indicator is a summary measure, combining raw data, used to describe the state of the environment, a risk to the environment, a change in the environment, or a driving force behind such a change, that can be attributed wholly or in part to an agricultural activity or activities. from OECD 2000

11 Statistics Agri-environmental Indicators: Policy relevance Example: European directives requiring Agri-Environmental Indicators. Eurostat 2011 Policy relevance: need to monitor the impacts of agriculture on the environment and the environmental performance of the agricultural sector.

12 Agri-environmental Indicators International activities on Agri-environmental indicators in the last 15 years Institution Area N. of indicators First set Latest set References OECD OECD countries Environmental performance of Agric. At a glance Eurostat/EE A/JRC EU EEA Environmental indicators: typology and overview. European Commission Communication from the Commission.

13 FAOSTAT Agri-Env Indicators Dataset developed following as much as possible the EUROSTAT and OECD frameworks. At the moment 25 indicators are available, plus a complete new domain on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Emissions. Data are from FAO databases and from external sources (e.g. IEA, IFOAM).

14 FAO collaboration and international methodology UN/UNECE, World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and other agencies in carrying on this work; Framework of the Development of Environment Statistics(FDES); System of National Accounts (SNA); The Central Framework for System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA).

15 FAOSTAT Agri-Env Indicators Domain Subdomain Indicator title Indicator definition Responses Land N Fertilizers consumption/arable land&permanent Crops Environmental Commitments Protected area as % on total area Organic Agriculture Organic Agriculture (% of total agricultural land) Fertilizers Mineral Fertilizers Consumption P Fertilizers consumption/arable land&permanent Crops N+P (total nutrients) consumption/arable land&permanent Crops Pesticides Pesticide Consumption Pesticide use by Ha Arable land&permanent Crops Area equipped for irrigation Area equipped for irrigation/arable Land and Permanent Crops Energy Energy use Share of agricultural energy consumption on the total energy consumption Agricultural land use change Agricultural land use change compared to the previous year Share agricultural land Agricultural Area/Land Area Driving Forces Land Share Perm.Crops on AgrLand Cropping patterns Share Perm.Pasture on AgrLand Share arable land on AgrLand Conservation agriculture Conservation agriculture area as % of cultivated area Livestock Livestock patterns Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Poultry total density Pigs share on total livestock Cattle share on total livestock Poultry share on total livestock Sheep share on total livestock Air & Climate Change Ammonia emissions Share of agricultural ammonia emissions on total ammonia emissions Water Water use in Agriculture Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total water withdrawal Pressures Soil Soil Erosion Average Soil Erosion Average Soil Degradation Energy Bioenergy Share of bioenergy on total renewable energy production State Soil Soil Quality Average carbon content in the Topsoil

16 FAOSTAT Agri-Env Indicators

17 FAOSTAT Agri-Env Indicators

18 FAOSTAT Agri-Env Indicators

19 FAOSTAT GHG emissions database

20 Some Domains within FAOSTAT

21 Fertilizers use issues Run off the land due to heavy rainfall/erosion; Leaching into groundwater; Escape in the form of gas into atmosphere.

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24 Statistics Fertilizers consumption: patterns per region FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION TO ARABLE LAND RATIO 1980/ / kh/ha World Developed Economies in transition Developing Latin Am & the Caribb. Near East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa E. Asia, South E. Asia & China South Asia Africa Latin America Caribbean Asia Oceania Australia and New Zeal.

25 FAOSTAT: Pesticides page

26 Pesticides use issues Overuse and abuse of pesticides at many places E.g.: cotton, vegetables, rice; Highly toxic products: Some countries are lagging behind in phasing out high incidence of accidental and self poisoning; Food safety and other public health risks (residues); Environmental risks ; Market access Pesticide residue requirements are increasingly important in trade; Pesticide quality (Illegal trade in pesticides; counterfeit products; some countries lack sufficient quality control); Obligations under international instruments.

27 Pesticides consumption (hundreds of tonnes, 2008)

28 Indicator: Pesticides average usage (tonnes /Ha agricultural area, 2008 ) As seen in the previous slide, China is the biggest consumer of pesticides. However, to evaluate the environmental impact it is important to consider the actual average usage (an AgriEnv Indicator).

29 The world s forests 31% OF TOTAL LAND AREA 4,000,000,000 ha

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31 Net change = Σ(gain) - Σ(loss) : -8.3 million ha/year : -5.2 million ha/year

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33 Capture Fisheries and aquaculture production in the world

34 Statistics Status of world marine stocks % Non-fully exploited Fully exploited Overexploited

35 Statistics Agri-Environmental statistics at FAO: the ESS website

36 Further information and acknowledgements Further information available at: FAO Statistics : FAOSTAT : Land, Fertilizers and Pesticides: FAOSTAT : Emissions - Agriculture: Acknowledgements: The input of Dominic Ballayan, Giorgia De Santis and Simona Mosco is very much appreciated in preparing this presentation.