Key Elements. Capabilities, assets (natural, social, human, financial and physical) and activities required for a means of living.

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1 Seasonal Livelihood Programming(SLP) for effective Response: Case of C/FFA in Kenya Regional FSNWG, Dec 13, 2012 Nairobi 14/12/2012

2 Livelihood: Key Elements Capabilities, assets (natural, social, human, financial and physical) and activities required for a means of living. Seasonality: Characteristic of time series that relates to understanding the time in which different events occur that will affect or impact on livelihood systems in typical, bad and good years. Seasonal livelihood programming: The approach, or way in which seasonal and livelihood aspects are combined to identify the most appropriate and complementary range of interventions throughout the year, taking into account what programmes can be conducted when, by whom, and for which objectives.

3 Combining Seasonality and Livelihoods in Resilience Building programming Different rationales for different objectives Assets creation/ resilience building will be more effective and greater success is ensured Participation in C-FFA programmes will not have negative impacts on livelihoods Different population groups would be able to access programmes at different times based on gender, and/or labour availability and existing workload Different C-FFA interventions could improve livelihoods and reduce hardships faced by women and girls. Different transfer modalities can be employed

4 Turkana County-TYPICAL YEAR Volli Carucci (ODXP) Rome, May 2012

5 Kitui: Typical Year Kitui County - Typical Year Months October November December January February March April May June July August September Rain seasons Short Rains - Mbua ya Nzwa (Main Season) High amounts, good distribution in time and space Long Rains - Mbua ya Uiwa (low amounts, poorly distributed) Dry season Very hot period Very hot, dry and windy Cold season Cold and dry Pasture Plenty of pasture Pasture depleted faster in the lowlands where there is plenty of livestock Land preparation 2nd land preparation Main land preparation and early planting. Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season Especially green grams & cowpeas Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main Rivers like Athi, Tana Vegetables: main crop cultivated Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables Maize MAIN HARVEST Minor harvest Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pigeon peas Sorghum and millet Sorghum and millet Cotton Fruits (Mangoes) Mangoes Maize Highest prices - when farmers are buying seeds for planting Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production Pulses (Beans, cowpeas,) High Prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production High prices Pulses (Greengrams) Highest Lowest Highest Pulses (Pigeon peas,) Highest - Lots of pigeon peas is exported to Mombasa thus creating scarcity in the local market Lowest Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest Cotton Highest Woodlots Poles, timber harvested Cattle Prices - peak Shoats & Poultry Peak Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees Honey sales Peak - production because of water avialability Peak prices Services (Transport - Bodaboda) Business volume good - Transport increases leading to festivities Milk sales Meat sales Christmas Easter Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes Maize, Beans Pigeon peas Small business trade Volumes high in major towns Skilled labour waged - seasonal - artisans, carpenters, etc though skilled they have no full time jobs Unskilled labour Maid services Watchmen, messengers, cooks Labour demand (men) Terrcing, bricks, Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding Access to markets No problem accesing markets Calving for cattle Cattle calving Kidding and lambing Kiddind lambing Kidding and lambing Milk availability Because there's plenty of pastures and water Livestock sales Livestock prices High - Leading to holidays High- Leading to Easter holidays Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle Livestock vaccination Livestock vaccination Chicken diseases Newcastle Newcastle Newcastle Pigeon peas Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsstoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB, Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids, Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation Charcoal burning High prices - less engaged Lowest prices - mass production Veterinary services and medicine School fees and related expenditure Drugs and medical assistance Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings, Circumcision Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs Harvesting expenses Best time for women Less labor/ Some food left from harvest Best time for men Less challenges, fees paid, plenty of food after harvest Malnutrition Related to water shortage Water access High scarcity Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities Human diseases Malaria, typhoid, dysentry Food prices (Maize) High Prices Food prices (Pulses) High Prices Hunger gap Moderate Moderate Assistance types Protection: Labor/ food Resilience/development: Labor based cash programs Protection: Labor/ food Development

6 Kitui: Bad year KITUI County - Bad Year Months October November December January February March April May June July August September Rainy season Mbua ya Nzwa (Short Rains) Mbua ya Uiwa -(Long Rains) Dry season Very hot dry season Very hot, dry and windy season Cold season Cold and dry Pasture Pasture availability No pasture Peak in pasture availability Land preparation Second preparation Main land preparation Planting (Rain fed) All crops - main season (Still planting as they hope for rain) Green grams & cowpeas Offseason planting (Irrigated) Planting of vegetables along valleys of main seasonal rivers. Decreases some. Vegetables main crop as market offering better prices Weeding (Manual) Major crops Vegetables Maize No harvest Minor Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greegrams Beans, cowpeas, greengrams Pegion peas Sorghum and millet Cotton Fruits (Mangoes) Harvest of mangoes: For consumption and income Pigeon peas No crop Maize High prices Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all of it is from local production Pulses Beans, cowpeas, greengrams, pigeon peas Highest Lowest prices - plenty in the market immediately after harvest, all oflowest High prices Sorghum and millet Highest Lowest Cotton Highest Woodlots Poles, timber harvested Cattle Prices - peak Cattle Prices are extremely low - poor body condition Prices - peak, less livestock will be available in the market as farmers hold onto their stocks with the hope that rains will come Shoats Prices are high (peak) - due to festivities i.e. XLowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Low - depleted farm residue leads subsequent decline in body conditions Poultry Peak sales - XmaLowest - Lowest - as more people sell them to pay for school fees Easter Lowest - Most affected by Newcastle disease Donkey Prices - high Remittances Peak - due to hunger, farm inputs, festivities and school fees Honey sales High prices - limited availability Low - production as a result of lack of water Peak prices - high because of limited availability Sand harvesting Peak - Less food. This is a coping strategy Services (Transport - Bodaboda) Milk sales Prices are high Price High - Imports from nearby Meat sales Christmas Easter Sale of crop products Pigeon peas Mangoes sales peak Maize, Beans Pigeon peas Small business trade Small businesses increase to cope with failed rains High in major towns Unskilled labour More unskilled labourers available for a longer period i.e. herdsman, househelps etc. Labour demand (men) Men are engaged in farming and other activities though not as intensive during a typical year. Terracing, brick making Labour demand (women) Land preparation, planting, paddocking, reseeding. Though engaged they have 3 hours to spare for other tasks every day Construction (localised) Sand available (brick making) Market access Markets remain operational though local farm produces reduce. In addition the level of business remains good Calving for cattle However, there is high abortion and mortality for calves Kidding and lambing Milk availability Milk availbale but in low quantities Livestock sales School fees Peak - Distress sales Livestock prices Low prices High High Low: animals weak Livestock diseases CCPP, CBPP, Newcastle High prevalence Livestock vaccination Preventive vaccination Chicken diseases Newcastle Fowl pox, Fowl typhoid, Newcastle - Its cold and Newcastle dry, this is brought Newcastle about during bird migration Pests and diseases (Irrigated) Vegetables most affected by aphids, intensity increases Cowpeas, Greengrams, Beans Aphids, army worms Maize Squirrels, Guinea fowlsstoke borer Headsmut Storage pests: weevils, GGB, Sorghum and millet Weaver birds Weaver birds and queleur Fruits (Mangoes) Fruit flies Powdery mildew Wild life menace Baboons, snakes Elephants in areas that border the Tsavo East national park Migratory pests Quelier birds Army worms Worms Peak infestation Peak infestation Deworming done Veterinary services and medicine School fees and related expenditure School fees and clothing Drugs and medical assistance Water borne diseases Elder get sick Entertainment and celebrations Christmas Easter Weddings/ Circumcision/Rituals Agriculture expenditure Farm inputs, though they will be constrained Mangoes - harvesting Food expenditure peak Most expenditure, prices are high, food preferences change for festivities Charcoal burning High prices - less people involved in burning since most people are engaged in farming activities. High demand in external market i.e. Nairobi etc Lowest - mass production Resource based conflict (Somali) Fight over scarce water and pasture Worst time for women Weather is extremely hot and distances to water sources increases Women fetch water far away Malnutrition No food/ no milk/ no vegetables Water access Water access bad High scarcity (rivers/ pans dry) Negative coping Strategies Worst time women Lack of cash in the household Worst time for men Worst time men School fees demands Men must bring some food to HH Human diseases Malaria, Typhoid, dysentry, water borne diseases Food prices (Maize) Prices are high - due to high demand for seeds and food - they use seeds for food as well. However, the prices stabilizes but remains high after rains the demand drops a bit Food prices (Pulses) Hunger gap Onset of hunger gap. The little food received from available harvest is rationed. Reduction of number of meals, ration sizes and quality. Negative coping strategies. Some food from minor harvest Assitance types Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food Protection: Labor based/ Food Development

7 Using SLP findings for FFA Linking shocks, targeting, and livelihoods: Exposure to shocks and relevance to assistance objectives and targeting Refining targeting criteriafor population groups Livelihood seasonality and programme entry points Identifying intervention rationales and programmes types Building rationales and priority times for interventions Determining programme activities and timing Considerations when identifying FFA programmes Positioning of FFA in broader programming Sequencing programmes Synthesizing programmes into national level planning Complementarities and coordination

8 Turkana- Response Options Volli Carucci (ODXP) Rome, May 2012

9 Lessons Learnt SLP helps in anticipating shocks, planning for timely immediate response and long term development activities. Facilitates consultative participatory (with communities +partners) in problem identification, analysis, and planning action, monitoring and evaluation of activities. Gender mainstreaming in development; choice of activity commensurate with availability. Promotes ownership of the projects and sustainability Helps in identification of possible milestones in community resilience building and sustainability. Creates a basis for pasrtnership based on comparative advantages of the partners to address underlying challenges in the communities.