Importance of multi-environment trials (MET) in plant breeding". Krishna Dev Joshi Wheat Improvement Specialist

Transcription

1 Importance of multi-environment trials (MET) in plant breeding". Krishna Dev Joshi Wheat Improvement Specialist

2 Contribution of CGIAR Research Gene discovery: to break the yield barrier and tackle emerging biotic and abiotic stresses Germplasm development Free access to; germplasm, discoveries, knowledge, information worldwide Capacity building of partners Holding the designated germplasm in trust for the benefit of international community

3 Not sure green revolution started with systematic MET? Miracle Wheat India Imported (air lifted) 1964: 200 t of Lerma Rojo 1966: t of Sonora 64 (worth $2.5 million) Pakistan imported 1966: 42,000 tons of Maxipak (PJ/GB55) Miracle rice IR & later disseminated in; Philippines and rest of major rice growing countries after agronomic evaluation at Los Banos Contributed to save billion lives

4 Why MET?? Identify representative & contrasting multitesting sites that can sample all kinds of variability in multi-environments To expose new genotypes to all kinds of variability in multi-environments over time & space ~ identify varieties with reliability of superior & stable agronomic performance To understand & manage GxE interactions in best possible ways Putting germplasm into use quickly & efficiently Feedback to breeders on their products!!!

5 International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) since 1975 & International Wheat Improvement Network (IWIN) since 1960s INGER 55,500 lines # countries =85, # collaborators= >600 IWIN # trials/year= 40 # receiving countries= 120 # collaborators = 619

6 Patterns of use of CGIAR wheat germplasm Wheat

7 Important achievements of CGIAR MET Networks 1120 rice varieties directly released from IRRI lines Collaborators in 51 countries made 20,000 crosses using INGER lines; 1129 rice lines released using IRRI germplasm (ricetoday.irri.org) 4604 varieties ~ (70% of all varieties released) bred or derived from CIMMYT & ICARDA germplasm 100 million ha covered by CGIAR related varieties (Lantican et al., in press)

8 Adoption of new crop varieties by farmers and incremental benefits accruing from those are the most important indicators of success of plant breeding & MET Rice; Each released variety contributes ~$ 2.5 million dollar to global economy (ricetoday.irri.org) Wheat; Benefits in added grain from CGIAR research: $2.8 to 3.8 billion each year (Lantican et al., in press)

9 Challenges ahead Population growth Achieving more with less Complexity due to Cropping intensification & Climate change

10 795 Million people: without enough food >2 billion more people added by 2050 Climate change will add more complexity

11 Wheat Pakistan 0.6% 0.6% 0.1% 0.7% 0.7% 2.5% 2.8% 3.1% 3.2% 4.4% 3.5% 49.3% 5.6% 5.7% 9.9% 7.2% Zardana AARI-11 C591 Chakwal-50 Punjab-11 Lasani-08 Shafaq-06 Bhakkar-02 AAS-11 AS-03 TD-01 Watan-94 FSD-08 Inqlab-91 Others Sehar-06 Ten varieties cover >87% area Sehar06 nearly 50% Average age of cultivars =12 years Close kinship among varieties released after 2000

12 Age of cultivar & varietal diversity in farmers' fields Swarna & Paijam?? not released in Bangladesh Year of release of rice varieties in the brackets. Source: Hossain et al., 2006

13 India Only 221/620 released varieties adopted ( ) Direct IRRI release: 21% Vars. Within the state: 38% Vars. From South: well adapted to many states in India & spillover to Bangladesh & Nepal 75-90% area of sampled HH covered by vars released before 1990 Drought-prone Eastern India Swarna: 39% Lalat: 20% TVs: 28% Submergence-prone Ranjit Mahsuri: 18% Mahsuri: 11% Swarna: 9% Source: Janaiah et al., 2006 Source: Pandey et al., 2012

14 Nepal Several of these (around 38%) from informal spillover from India. Source: Witcombe et al., (forth coming)

15 Important learning from SA Rice & wheat Adoption patterns Speed of varietal replacement Age of cultivar & varietal & genetic diversity on farm Yield Gaps

16 Use of MET can help closing the yield gaps Highest farm yield gaps in sub-saharan Africa and S. Asia. Pakistan: National wheat yield = 2.9 t/ha, Potential yield 6.7 t/ha; ~>120% yield gap BUT, addressing gaps = real opportunities for raising yield in farmers fields

17 To meet the upcoming challenges; responding to specific germplasm demands, efficiency & innovativeness may be the key

18 Multi-Environments to be considered for closing yield gaps efficiently Geographic environment Crop growing environment(s); Landforms, soil types, moisture regimes Crop management environment(s); Input levels, Planting time & methods Other cultural practices Socio-economic & cultural environments

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20 Crop breeding & MET: complexity due to climate change Maximum impact: developing world, smallholders in tropical or sub tropical countries Complexity in crop breeding: new diseases, insect pests and new & unpredictable epidemiology

21 Consideration of socio-economic environments for refining MET & impact Food security Maturity Quality Trade offs Higher efficiency & uptake

22 Higher yield gaps in rainfed & marginal areas Farmer Environment No/low Fertilizer Low/no Irrigation Few weeding Low yields Research Environment (RE) Fertilizer Irrigation Weeding High yields Farmer Environment Fertilizer Irrigation Weeding High yields RE Fertilizer Irrigation Weeding High yields

23 Knowledge travels before seed A participatory MET is vital for NARES for fast tracking varietal deployment & closing yield gaps by matching with farmers growing environment: a case of wheat in AIP, Pakistan

24 On farm participatory MET 10.8% Female M ale 89.2% 17 varieties 300 t seeds # # Paired plot Demos PVS trials Variety & agronomic trials Basic seed production Village-based seed production & provisioning : basic seed was produced mostly at private seed company farms & with few farmers

25 Chagai Washuk Panjgur Kech Gwadar Hunza Nagar Chitral Ghizer Gilgit Diamir Skardu Upper Dir Swat Kohistan Ghanche Astore Bajaur Agency Lower Dir Shangla Batagram Neelum Charsadda Mansehra Buner Peshawar Mardan Abbottabad Muzaffarabad Swabi Khyber Agency Haripur Bagh Hattian Nowshera Kurram Agency Poonch Disputed Territory Hangu Kohat Attock Mirpur Islamabad Kotli Fr Bannu Karak Rawalpindi North Waziristan Agency Bhimber Chakwal Mianwali Jhelum Gujrat Lakki Marwat M. bhauddin South Waziristan Agency Tank Khushab Hafizabad Sialkot Sargodha Gujranwala Narowal Dera Ismail Khan Sheikhupura Sheerani Fr D.i.khan Bhakkar Chiniot Hafizabad Zhob Faisalabad Lahore Jhang Killa Saifullah Layyah Kasur Musakhel Toba Tek Singh Killa Abdullah Pishin Okara Ziarat Sahiwal Loralai Dera Ghazi Khan Khanewal Harnai Pakpattan Quetta Barkhan Muzaffargarh Vehari Mastung Sibi Multan Lodhran Kohlu Bahawalnagar Nushki Kachhi Kalat Rajanpur Dera Bugti Bahawalpur Kharan Nasirabad Jhal Magsi Rahim Yar Khan Jaffarabad Jacobabad Kashmore Usta Muhammad Shikarpur Ghotki Qambar Shahdadkot Khuzdar Larkana Sukkur Naushahro Feroze Dadu Khairpur Shaheed Benazirabad Awaran Las Bela Sanghar Jamshoro Matiari Tando Allah Yar Hyderabad Mirpur Khas Umerkot Karachi City Tando Muhammad Khan Badin Tharparkar Thatta Moderate to highly food insecure 63 districts Balochistan: 12 Gilgit-Baltistan:6 ICT: 1 KP: 14 Punjab: 18 Sindh: public & 13 private sector partners

26 Fast tracking transfer of genetic gains AS-2000 AAS-11 A paired plot comparison of AAS-11 (new) & AS-2000 (old) in Pothwar region, Punjab. Each variety roughly tested approx. by 500 farmers (TPEs); very high utilization of GxE interaction

27 Findings: Acceptance & uptake of new wheat varieties by collaborating farmers Y ield m or e than existing S am e as existing W or se than existing W illing to gr ow Not gr owing S aved seed % of the respondents ( n= 603) on average saved 6.62 manuds (=265 kg) per household = sufficient to cover around 20,000 ha next year Not saved seed 11/17 variety liked Respondents (%) 1~3 HH = 30,000

28 23-113% yield increase Closing yield gaps through varietal deployment in multienvironments of far flung areas, rainfed ecologies with smallholder farmers in (n = 603) Official data: Punjab Development Statistics 2013

29 Learning IN ONE SEASON-17 wheat varieties, 9060 TPEs (smallholder farmers) evaluated for; Agronomic performance, trade-offs between grain & straw yields & other traits Post harvest qualities & overall preferences Results (all released varieties) X 6 varieties were disliked 5 outstanding 6 need one more season feedbacks Outcome of one season testing already paid >70% of the total project cost =$ 1 million

30 Wheat Pattern of use of CGIAR germplasm

31 Resource efficiency & innovativeness How about categorizing countries based on their research & infrastructural capability & then devising the type of germplasm to be shared? Countries needing CGIAR parents Countries needing semi-finished products Finished products Identifying METs as HUBS: Identifying highly contrasting cross-cutting MEs (R-W systems) equipped with GIS-based & other important data Sharing phenotyping platform/hubs: CGIAR centres and with NARES

32 A Global Phenotyping Network Targeted at Traits Prioritized by WHEAT Partners Precision phenotyping, faster breeding progress Use by global community of wheat breeders Foster decentralized NARS-led breeding Operating costs from 500 K 1 M / year / platform Yield Sept DW WW Heat Drought Rusts Yield Heat Drought YR, LR FHS, Sep YR Heat Drought H-Fly LR-DW Blast Multiple Disease Resistance Heat Rust Septoria Ug 99 Yield (IN+PK) Heat Dry (IN) Heat Humid (BD) Drought (IN) Yield FHS Yield

33 Use of MET to fast track technology pipeline: Up to 22 years in some cases to release Adoption lag: 6-8 years Technology Generation takes a number of years to fill the pipeline Technology use if the misery of the poor be caused not by the laws of nature but by our institutions, great is our sin Charles Darwin

34 Thank you for your interest! Acknowledgements Thousands of farmers Dozens of partners CIMMYT team USAID for providing funds IRRI for the Photo Credits (top left to bottom right): Julia Cumes/CIMMYT, Awais Yaqub/CIMMYT, CIMMYT archives, Marcelo Ortiz/CIMMYT, David Hansen/University of Minnesota, CIMMYT archives, CIMMYT archives (maize), Ranak Martin/CIMMYT, CIMMYT archives. opportunity