Land Resource Inventory of Kumachahalli-2 Micro-watershed Chamarajanagar Taluk, Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka

Transcription

1 Land Resource Inventory of Kumachahalli-2 Micro-watershed Chamarajanagar Taluk, Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore ICAR - National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Bangalore Watershed Development Department, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore

2 CONTENTS Chapter Page Chapter Page Contributors i Available Manganese 21 How to read and use the atlas ii Available Zinc 21 Physical, Cultural and Scientific symbols used iii Available Iron 21 1.Introduction Land Capability Classification 22 2.General Description of the Micro-watershed Land Suitability for Major Crops 2.1.Location and Extent Land Suitability for Chilly Climate Cereals 2.3.Geology Land Suitability for Ragi Satellite Image Land Suitability for Sorghum Cadastral map Land Suitability for Maize Current Land use Oilseeds 3.Survey methodology Land Suitability for Groundnut 27 4.Soil Survey Interpretations Land Suitability for Cotton Surface Soil Texture Horticulture/fruit crops 4.2.Slope Land Suitability for Coconut Soil Erosion Land Suitability for Amla Soil Gravelliness Land Suitability for Cashew Soil Depth Land Suitability for Custard Apple Soil Phases Land Suitability for Guava Soil Map Unit Description Land Suitability for Jackfruit 31 5.Soil Fertility Status Land Suitability for Jamun Soil Reaction (ph) Land Suitability for Lime Salinity (EC) Land Suitability for Mango Organic Carbon Land Suitability for Musambi Available Phosphorous Land Suitability for Sapota Available Potassium Land Suitability for Tamarind Exchangeable Calcium Proposed Crop Plan (Table ) Exchangeable Magnesium Soil & water Conservation Plan Available Sulphur Conclusion Available Copper 21

3 Dr. V. R. Ramakrishna Parama Dr. A. Sathish Er. Praveen, G. S. Dr. T. Chikkaramappa Mr. H. M. Vinod Kumar Mr. N Manoj Dr. A. Sathish Er. G. S. Praveen Er. Y. Shruthi Dr. T. Chikkaramappa Ms. G. P. Geetha Mrs. P. Roshna Er. K. Raghavendra Sujala-III Project Dept. of Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore Mr. H.G.Shivananda Murthy, IFS Project Director and Commissioner, WDD Dr. A. Natarajan NRM Consultant, Sujala-III Project Dr. Rajendra Hegde Report Preparation Er. Y. Shruthi Er. K. Raghavendra Dr. Y. M. Gopala Field Work Mr. A L Basavaraju GIS Work Laboratory Analysis Mr. M S Likhith Mr. S Arasaiah Mr. P. V. Vinay Kumar Mrs. Jyothirmai Ms. D. T. Chintana Mr. G. S. Prasanna Soil & Water Conservation Er. Praveen G S Watershed Development Department, GoK Mr. Jaya Narasimha Raj, IFS Executive Director, WDD ICAR, NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore Dr. K. V. Niranjana i

4 How to read and use the Atlas The Land Resource Inventory of Kumachahalli-2 micro-watershed (Chamarajanagar taluk, Chamrajanagar district) AESR 8.2 was undertaken to provide comprehensive site- specific cadastral level information useful for farm level planning, watershed planning and integrated development of the watershed under Sujala III, Karnataka Watershed Development Project- II. This atlas contains basic information on kinds of soils, their geographic distribution, characteristics and classification. The soil map and soil based thematic maps derived from data on soil depth, soil gravelliness, slope, land suitability for various crops and land use are presented. The maps on fertility status - soil reaction, salinity (EC), organic carbon, available major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) secondary nutrients (sulphur, calcium and magnesium) micro nutrients (iron, manganese, zinc, copper and boron) are derived from analysis of soil samples collected adopting 250 m 2 grid. The atlas illustrates 44 maps and tables that depict the soil resources of the watershed and the need for their sustainable management. can refer this atlas first by identifying his/her field and survey number on the village soil map and by referring to the soil legend which is provided in tabular form after the soil map for details pertaining to his/her area of interest. The atlas explains in simple terms the different kinds of soils present in the watershed, their potentials and problems through a series of thematic maps that help to develop site-specific plans as well as the need to conserve and manage this increasingly threatened natural resource through sustainable land use management. The Land Resource Atlas contains database collected at land parcel/ survey number level on soils, climate, water, vegetation, crops and cropping patterns, socio-economic conditions, marketing facilities etc. helps in identifying soil and water conservation measures required, suitability of crops and other uses and finally for preparing viable and sustainable land use options for each and every land parcel. For easy map reading and understanding of the information contained in different maps, the physical, cultural and scientific symbols used in the maps are illustrated in the form of colors, graphics and tables The user, depending on his/her requirement, ii

5 Physical, Cultural and Scientific symbols used in the Atlas Each map in the atlas is complemented with physical, cultural and scientific symbols to facilitate easy map reading. Inset map Inset provided in each map conveys its strategic location i.e. Taluk, Subwatershed and Micro-watershed. Legends and symbols Two legends accompany each map, a map reference, which depicts geographic features and a thematic legend which portrays spatial information. Picking up the symbol and colour of a particular enables one to go to the legends to obtain the required information. Map colours Different shades of colours are used as an aid to distinguish the different classes of soils, crop suitability and other maps. Map key There are many thematic types to be differentiated on the map solely based on colour. Therefore soils and suitability types and their limitations are distinguished by colours with a combination of alpha-numeric characters. Map title Map title conveys the relevance of thematic information presented along with a graphical scale, geographical location and watershed details in text form. Soil Units The soil map may be read at different levels. The most detailed level is that of the soil phase. Soil phases are distinguished within soil series mainly based on differences in surface of soil texture, slope, gravelliness, erosion,etc. Land Management Units (LMU) Grouping of similar soil areas based on their soil-site characteristics into management units that respond similarly for a given level of management are designated as land management units Soil and plot boundaries Soil units shown on the map are represented by both the color and a numeral. The soil boundaries are superimposed on land parcel with revenue survey number boundaries to visualize its spatial extent. iii

6 Land Resource Inventory of Kumachahalli-2 micro-watershed for planning Chamarajanagar taluk, Chamarajanagar district A study by UAS, Bangalore Introduction Soil and water are the two important natural resources for Agriculture. However these are under severe pressure due to various forms of degradation and exploitation to meet the ever growing demands. Out of the total geographical area of the state (19.17 m ha) more than 70 per cent of the area is rainfed, which contributes to the production of cereals, pulses and oil seeds. The rainfed areas have major production constraints related to soil and water. Soil loss due to erosion, nutrient loss, low crop productivity, low soil fertility, low rain water use efficiency, depletion of ground water, reduction in surface water bodies etc., leads to decreased contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Produce (GDP). Soil resources are depleting over the years mainly due to soil erosion resulting in poor crop cover in majority of dry lands. This is further compounded by mono cropping which is dominant in dry land areas leaving the land fallow after the crop. In red soil areas, as a result of sheet and rill erosion, finer soil particles are eroded leaving coarser fragments on the surface which is a major constraint in performing cultural operations. In black soils, erosion result in exposure of lime nodules. Erosion also leads to loss of top soil from uplands and deposition in lowlands and valleys leading to various problems such as salinity, reduction in permeability of soil, rise in water table, development of water logged condition etc., In the process, nutrients are also lost leading to wide spread deficiency of macro and micro nutrients. Water is another important natural resource which must to be conserved in order to meet the requirement of crop, animal and human needs. Due to changing climatic conditions, the rainfall distribution, frequency and intensity of rainfall has changed over the years, making it difficult to harness water for productive purposes and thus leading to ground water depletion in many areas. Soil and water needs to be conserved by adopting scientific and site specific management. Systematic inventory and characterization of these resources in each and every parcel of land is vital to plan for site specific interventions which can help in conserving these resources. Lack of such detailed database was mainly responsible for failure of soil conservation programmes. The data base required for scientific planning at farm level can be obtained by detailed inventory, characterization and mapping of available resources like soil, crop, land use pattern, water, socio-economic status, infrastructure and marketing facilities. Presently data is available at 1:50,000 scale which is useful for planning at district or taluk level. Under the project on "Support for Improved programme integration in rainfed areas" KWDP-II SUJALA-III, land resource inventory has been made for assessment of potentials and limitations for crop production, capability of land for various purposes, land suitability for various crops, soil fertility status, location of wells and structures for water harvesting at parcel level. These information are mapped using cadastral map and high resolution satellite images. The land resource inventory is supported by hydrology and socio-economic data which helps in planning for appropriate management strategies to enhance crop productivity. To be continued. 1

7 The database developed under the project for Harve sub watershed was compiled and utilized for preparation of plan for watershed developmental activities. The plans developed were conservation plan indicating measures to conserve soil and water in the sub watershed, crop plan indicating various crops/cropping system options related to Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and livelihood enhancement of landless labours in all the micro watersheds of Harve sub watershed. The data contained in this report forms the basis for preparation of Net-plan and Detailed Project Report (DPR) which is undertaken by the Agriculture Department, Chamarajanagar, District. The Harve sub-watershed is located in outer boundary of Chamarajanagar Taluk of Chamarajnagar District and a part of microwatershed shares the boundary of Gundlupet Taluk with an extent of 5368 ha. The Harve sub watershed is situated at ' 60 to north latitude and to East longitude. The Harve sub-watershed is situated in Agro Climatic Zone No.VI of Karnataka (Southern dry zone) at about 18 km from Chamarajnagar town. 2

8 LOCATION AND EXTENT Kumachahalli-2 micro-watershed (Harve sub-watershed, Chamarajanagar taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located at North latitude '' and '' and East longitude ' 31.95''and '' covering an area of about 407 ha bounded by Kumachahalli, Lakkuru, Shyanadrahalli and Hooradhahalli villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 8.2: The micro-watershed is located in Central Karnataka plateau, hot, moist, semi-arid eco-sub region, Southern Plateau and Hill Region. Agro-climatic Zone Southern Dry Zone The Agro Climatic Zone No.VI of Karnataka (Southern dry zone) extends over all the four taluks (Chamarajanagar, Kollegal, Gundlupet and Yelandur) of Chamarajanagar district and four districts of Mandya, Mysore, Tumkur and Hassan. The total geographical area of the zone is about 17,39,430 ha of which 9,54,487 ha is gross cropped area and 8,18,947 ha area is net cropped area with 3,22,589 ha under irrigation. Most of the zone is at an elevation of m MSL in major areas, in remaining areas m MSL. Average annual rainfall of the zone ranges from to mm. The major soils are Red Sandy loams and in remaining areas, pockets of black soils. The main cropping season is Kharif. 3

9 Climate and Hydrology Harve sub-watershed has one telemetric rain gauge monitored by KSNDMC since 2014 which is located in Sagade village. The historical rainfall data analysis is made by using the data obtained from the rain gauge available at Harve hobli located next to sub-watershed. Annual average rainfall of Harve sub watershed is 769 mm with 40 events of average runoff causing rainfall. The quantum of rain water available for percolation/infiltration, evapotranspiration, storage and runoff in the sub-watershed can be estimated by summing up the estimated values of each microwatershed. Minimum and Maximum temperature observed in the sub-watershed is 16.4 o C and 34.5 o C with a minimum and maximum relative humidity of 69 per cent and 95 per cent, wind speed minimum of 8.8 Km/h and maximum of 14.1 Km/h and PET minimum of 106 mm/year and maximum of 165 mm/year. Source: KSNMDC Rainfall The average annual rainfall of the Harve sub-watershed is 769 mm. The annual rainfall trend is almost same except in few years gone beyond the average. The highest and the lowest rainfall are 1286 mm during the year 2015 and 364 mm during The rainfall spread is as follows 36 per cent occur as pre-monsoon, 39 per cent as south-west monsoon and 25 per cent as north-east monsoon. 4

10 GEOLOGY Geology - Karnataka state The geology of Karnataka lay widespread in 5 major eras, namely the Archean, Proterozoic, Mesozoic and the Ceonzoic. The geology of Karnataka is largely confined to the two oldest eras; the Archean and the Proterozic. The rest of the great periods from Cambian to recent are hardly represented but for minor sediments of recent age exposed along the coastal margin to the West. A substantial part of North Karnataka is covered by Deccan trap, representing phenomenal outburst of volcanic activity at the dawn of the Cenozoic era.. Dyke intrusion in Kumachahalli-1 micro-watershed of Harve Sub-watershed Geology Chamarajanagar The soils of Harve sub-watershed are developed over granite gneiss in majority of the area followed by schist. In mid part of sub-watershed, intrusions of dyke are observed in kumachahalli-1 micro-watershed. The different rock types observed in the sub-watershed are quartz and feldspar which are identified with the help of Cartosat and Resourcesat II merged imagery, geology map and field traversing. The sub-watershed is mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of precambain age. The rock formation in Harve subwatershed falls in two groups which are amphibolitic, metapelitic, schist and migmatites and the other granodiorites. A fairly wide area of the sub-watershed consists of amphibolitic metaphyllitic schist. Amphiboles are major minerals and it is composed mainly of green, brown or black amphibole minerals and plagioclase feldspar. Amphiboles are usually a member of hornblende group and it also contains minor amounts of other metamorphic minerals like biotite, epidote, garnet, quartz, kyanite etc. 5

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14 SURVEY METHODOLOGY Sequence of activities leading to LRI Traversing the watershed using cadastral maps and imagery as base Identifying landforms, geology, land use and other features Selecting fields representing land units Opening profiles to 2 m depth Studying soil and site characteristics Grouping similar areas based on their soil-site characteristics into land management units Preparation of crop, soil and water conservation plan Socio-economic evaluation The required site and soil characteristics are described and recorded on a standard proforma by following the protocols and guidelines given in the soil survey manual and field guide. Collection of soil samples from surface (250m grid intervals) and representative pedons from selected fields covering most of the management units are analyzed for macro and micro-nutrients. Further processing of data in GIS lab are carried out to generate various thematic maps for each of the study area. 9

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21 Mapping unit description of kumachahalli-2 Micro-watershed, Sl. No Management Unit 1 HDHbB2g2 2 HDHbC2g2 3 HDHcB2g2 4 HDHhB2g1 5 KMHcB1g1 6 KMHhA1g1 7 KMHhB1g1 8 KMHiA1 9 KMHiA1g1 10 KTHbB2g2 11 KTPcC2g2 12 LKRbA1g1 13 LKRbB1g1 Description Moderately deep, well drained, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Moderately deep, well drained, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on gently sloping land, slope 3-5 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Moderately deep, well drained, derived from granite gneiss, Sandy loam, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Moderately deep, well drained, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent with slight erosion Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Deep, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on very gently sloping land, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on gently sloping land, slope 3-5 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on nearly level lands, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on very gently sloping lands, slope 1-3 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel Area (ha) To be continued 16

22 14 LKRbB2g2 15 LKRcA1g1 16 LKRcA1g2 17 LKRcB1g1 18 LKRcB2g2 19 LKRcC2g2 20 LKRcC3g2 21 LKRhA1 22 LKRhA1g1 23 LKRhB1g1 24 LKRhC2g1 25 SNHhA1 26 SNHhA1g1 27 SNHiA1g1 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, loamy sand, occurring on very gently sloping lands, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel 21 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on nearly level lands, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 22 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on nearly level lands, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 2 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on very gently sloping lands, slope 1-3 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 72 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on very gently sloping lands, slope 1-3 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel 30 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on gently sloping lands, slope 3-5 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel 15 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy loam, occurring on gently sloping lands, slope 3-5 per cent, severe erosion with per cent gravel 7 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on nearly level lands, slope 0-1 per cent with slight erosion 8 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on nearly level lands, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 9 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on very gently sloping lands, slope 1-3 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 14 Moderately shallow, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on gently sloping lands, slope 3-5 per cent, moderate erosion with per cent gravel 7 Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent with slight erosion 4 Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay loam, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 12 Deep, derived from granite gneiss, sandy clay, occurring on nearly level land, slope 0-1 per cent, slight erosion with per cent gravel 4 Miscellaneous land 11 Others 9 Total

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38 Proposed Crop Plan for Kumachahalli-2 Micro-watershed based on soil-site crop suitability assessment LMU No LMU I Series / Mapping unit numbers Hooradhahalli (Hdh): HDHbB2g2 HDHbC2g2 HDHcB2g2 HDHhB2g1 1 to 4 (57 ha) (Depth: cm) Crops proposed Survey Number Field crops Horticulture crops Hooradhahalli: 74, 75, 79, 76, 80, 78, 77, 81. Kumachahalli: 41, 45, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 Shyanadrahalli: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 77, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,118, 119 Suggested crops: Ragi, Maize, Sorghum, Chilly, Groundnut, Field bean, Cowpea Intercropping: Sorghum + Cowpea (1:2) Sorghum + Field bean (1:2) Sorghum + Soybean (2:4) Ragi + Black gram or Green gram (4:1) Ragi + Field bean (4:1) Maize + Redgram (2:1) Cropping sequence: Maize -Cowpea Perennial component : Custard apple, Amla, Guava, Cashew Intercrops: Ground nut, Field bean, Cluster bean, Cowpea, Green gram, Black gram, Maize, Ragi. Vegetables: Tomato, Cabbage Suitable interventions Mulching, Suitable conservation practices (Conservation furrow, Agronomic measures, Trench cum bunding, Crescent bunding with catch pit etc), Drip irrigation wherever possible To be continued. 33

39 LMU No LMU II Series / Mapping unit numbers Kumachahall i (Kmh): 5-9 (38 ha) KMHcB1g1 KMHhA1g1 KMHhB1g1 KMHiA1 KMHiA1g1 Kethahalli (Kth): 10 (7ha) KTHbB2g2 (Depth: cms) Crops proposed Survey Number Field crops Horticulture crops Kumachahalli: 34, 36, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 95, 96, 97, Lakkuru: 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143,144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157, 158, 159, Shyanadrahalli:1, 102, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 2, 5 Kumachahalli: 68, 69, 70, 38. Shyanadrahalli: 11, 10, 12 Suggested crops: Sorghum, Ragi, Groundnut, Maize, Red gram, Cotton, Chilly, Cowpea, Field bean Intercropping: Sorghum + Red gram (2:1) Ragi + Red gram (8 : 2) Groundnut + Red gram (8 : 2) Ragi + Black gram (4:1) Ragi + Field bean (4:1) Maize +Redgram (2:1) Cropping sequence: Maize -Cowpea Perennial component : Guava, Custard apple, Amla Mango, Tamarind, Jamun, Sapota, Jack Intercrops: Ground nut, Cluster bean, Cowpea, Green gram, Maize, Ragi. Vegetables: Tomato, Cabbage, Suitable interventions Mulching, Suitable conservation practices (Conservation furrow, Agronomic measures, Trench cum bunding, Crescent bunding with catch pit etc), Drip irrigation wherever possible 34

40 LMU No LMU III Series / Mapping unit numbers Kethanapura series (Ktp): 11 (8 ha) KTPcC2g2 Lakkur series (Lkr): 12 to 24 (257 ha) LKRbA1g1 LKRbB1g1 LKRbB2g2 LKRcA1g1 LKRcA1g2 LKRcB1g1 LKRcB2g2 LKRcC2g2 LKRcC3g2 LKRhA1 LKRhA1g1 LKRhB1g1 LKRhC2g1 (Depth: 50 to 75 cm) Crops proposed Survey Number Field crops Horticulture crops Kumachahalli: 82, 83, 86, 85, 87. Shyanadrahalli: 114, 115, 113, 116 Hooradhahalli: 74, 79, 76, 80, 84, 78, 83, 81, 82, 77, Lakkuru: 155,154, 157, 156, 161, 158, 160, 165, 130, 128, 131, 129, 264, 125, 126, 127, 124, 115, 123, 122, 135, 133, 159, 132, 130, 131, 129, 227, 221, 218,219, 220, 228, 156, 161, 158, 163, 172, 265, 159, 160, 164, 165, 170, 128, 169, 171, 172, 265, 165, 170, 169, 264, 287, 265, 264, 263, 261, 260, 259, 229, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 222, 221, 220, 218, 217, 181, 179, 178, 177,176, 175,174,173, 172, 171, 170, 169, 168, 167, 166, 165, 164, 163, 162, 161, 160, 159, 158, 157,156,155, 154, 153, 152, 151, 150, 143, 140, 138, 137, 136, 135, 130, 129, 128, 127, 123, 122, 121, 120, 119, 116, 115, 114. Shyanadrahalli: 22, 25, 19, 26, 23, 21, 30, 29, 28, 27, 15, 13, 20, 14, 31, 57, 24, 23, 21, 30, 110, 109, 108, 107, 13, 20, 14, 31, 35, 34, 33, 59, 57, 32, 58, 56, 37, 36, 64, 63, 7, 11, 17, 18, 12, 19, 16, 2, 21, 8, 9, 1, 20, 14, 60, 10 Kumachahalli: 34, 35, : 41, 67, 36, 40, 37, 70, 41, 40, 69, 35, 34, 39, 38, 31, 33, 26, 28, 44, 45, 43, 29, 42, 30, 32, 96, 64, 65, 77, 76, 66, 75 67, 74, 68. Thammadahalli: 256, 543, 542, Devalapura: 32, 33, 34, 109, 35, 31, 30, 36, 29, 100 Kanchanahalli : 177, 249, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, Suggested crops: Ragi, Groundnut, Field bean are moderately suitable, Maize, Sorghum, Chilli, Cotton are marginally suitable Intercroppin g: Ragi + Field bean (4:1) Ragi + Cowpea (4:1) Perennial component: Custard apple, Amla, Ber, Noni Intercrops: Horse gram, Cowpea, Green gram, Black gram, Horse gram. Suitable interventions Mulching, Suitable conservation practices (Conservation furrow, Agronomic measures, Trench cum bunding, Crescent bunding with catch pit etc), Drip irrigation wherever possible 35

41 LMU No LMU IV Series / Mapping unit numbers Shyanadrahal li (Snh): 25 to 27 (21 ha) SNHhA1 SNHhA1g1 SNHiA1g1 (Depth: cm) Crops proposed Survey Number Field crops Horticulture crops Kumachahalli: 26, 28, 29, 31, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 57, 59, 62, 63, 88, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99. Shyanadrahalli: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 121 Suggested crops: Ragi, Groundnut, Red gram, Sorghum, Chilli, Maize, Cotton Intercropping: Sorghum + Red gram (2:1) Ragi + Red gram (8 : 2) Groundnut + Red gram (8 : 2) Cropping sequence: Maize -Cowpea Green gram- Fodder Sorghum Perennial component : Custard apple, Amla, Jamun, Cashew, Guava, Sapota Intercrops: Groundnut, Cowpea, Green gram, Black gram, Maize, Ragi. Vegetables: Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Bhendi, Cluster bean, Suitable interventions Mulching, suitable conservation practices (Conservation furrow, Agronomic measures, Trench cum bunding, Crescent bunding with catch pit etc), Drip irrigation wherever possible 36

42 Soil and water conservation measures No. Soil Phase Area (ha) Slope Texture Erosion Gravelliness (%) Priority In situ conservation measures 1 HDHbA1g % loamy sand Slight III CB/TCB 2 HDHbB2g % loamy sand Moderate II CB/TCB 3 HDHbB2g % loamy sand Moderate II CB/TCB 4 KTHbB1g % loamy sand Slight II CB/TCB 5 LKRbB1g % loamy sand Slight II CB/TCB 6 LKRbB1g % loamy sand Slight II CB/TCB 7 LKRbB2g % loamy sand Moderate II CB/TCB 8 TDHbB2g % loamy sand Moderate II CB/TCB 9 KTHcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 10 KMHcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 11 KMHcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 12 LKRcA1g % Sandy loam Slight III CB/TCB 13 LKRcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 14 LKRcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 15 SNHcB1g % Sandy loam Slight II CB/TCB 16 KMHhA1g % Sandy clay loam Slight III CB/TCB 17 LKRhA1g % Sandy clay loam Slight III CB/TCB 18 SNHhA % Sandy clay loam Slight - III CB/TCB 19 SHNiA1g % Sandy clay Slight III CB/TCB 20 HDHiC1g % Sandy clay Slight I CB/TCB CB: Contour Bund TCB: Trench cum Bund 37

43 CONCLUSION The Loamy sand and sandy loam soils represent and per cent of the area covering 348 ha.. Larger part of watershed has moderately shallow soils (50-75cm) accounting for 250ha (61.3%) followed deep soils ( cm) in per cent area. The majority of the area is gravelly soils (56.64 %) to very gravelly soil (37.64%). The land has very gentle slope (1-3%) in 331 hectares area (81.30%), slight erosion is noticed in 349ha (85.77%). The ph of soils varied from neutral to moderately alkaline. The majority of the area is slightly alkaline (54.99%) and moderately alkaline (40.54%) and need to be reclaimed with gypsum and organic matter. The organic carbon content is medium in range, high in available sulphur (97.88%) and deficient in iron per cent of area is Application of FeSO 4 is recommended for iron deficient soils along with organic matter and fertilizer for better crop yields and soil sustainability. 38