Status of Bacterial Wilt and its Management in Central America. Marco Arevalo IPDN-AGROEXPERTOS DAKAR, SENEGAL, MAY 2014

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1 Status of Bacterial Wilt and its Management in Central America Marco Arevalo IPDN-AGROEXPERTOS DAKAR, SENEGAL, MAY 2014

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3 CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

4 GUATEMALA FACTS --- MULTICULTURAL-MULTILINGUAL CENTER MAYAN CULTURE SPANISH + 25 LOCAL LANGUAGES --- LARGEST ECONOMY CENTRAL AMERICAN REGION POP. 15 MILLION GDP $ 50 BILLION (2013) PER CAPITA ANNUAL INCOME $ AGRICULTURE 25% GDP, 75% EXPORT EARNINGS 50% LABOR FORCE --- TRADITIONAL EXPORTS COFFEE, SUGAR CANE, BANANAS, CARDAMOM

5 GUATEMALA FACTS --- NON-TRADITIONAL EXPORTS FRESH FRUITS, MANGO, MAIZE, POTATOES, MELONS TOMATOES, BERRIES, SNOW PEAS, GREEN BEANS, MINIVEGETABLES 500% GROWTH LAST DECADE --- LEADER NON-TRADITIONAL AG EXPORTS CENTRAL AMERICA --- MOST ADVANCED CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRY WITHIN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR --- CENTER OF ORIGIN MANY IMPORTANT CROPS: MAIZE, TOMATO, PEPPER, AVOCADO, VANILLA

6 IPM CRSP ACTIVITIES Participatory IPM Networking Institution Building IPM CRSP IPM Collaborative Research Support Program Research- Technology Development Private Sector Interaction Technology Transfer

7 IPDN Central America and Caribbean Region Overview HUB LAB AGROEXPERTOS GUATEMALA SPOKE LABS UVG, LANDIVAR, SAN CARLOS (GUA-UNIV.) MAGA (MINISTRY OF AGRIC. GUA) CENTA (MINISTRY OF AGRIC. EL SALVADOR) FHIA (HONDURAS, HOND FUND AGRIC RES) ZAMORANO (HONDURAS, PRIVATE, UNIV.)

8 AGROEXPERTOS HUB LAB Private laboratory Plant Pathology Diagnostics and Consulting Fungi, Bacteria and Nematodes Excellent relationship with Government, Private and University agricultural labs in the Region Agroexport crops and cooperatives Experience in Central American Agriculture

9 Spoke Labs Guatemala Universidad Del Valle de Guatemala (Private) Strengths: Molecular diagnostics of viruses, PCR technique. Needs: Molecular materials and supplies, Bacteriology training. Personnel: 2 MS, 4 Bach. Science. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (Public) Needs: Molecular materials and supplies, training, communications Strengths: Fungi, bacteria and Nematode ID. Personnel: 2 PhD, 1 MS, 4 Bach. Science. Universidad Rafael Landivar Guatemala (Private) Strengths: Fungi and Entomology Needs: General materials and supplies, training, communications Personnel: 2 PhD, 2 MS, 3 Bach. Science.

10 Spoke Labs Other Countries CENTA (Ministry of Agric. El Salvador) Strengths: Fungi, Nematodes, Insects and weeds. Needs: Bacteriology and molecular techniques, communications, training. Personnel: 1 MS, 3 Bach. Science. FHIA (Hond. Fund Agric. Res., Private, Honduras) Strengths: Fungi, Nematodes and Entomology Needs: Bacteriology and molecular techniques. Personnel: 3 PhD, 4 Bach. Science. ZAMORANO (Agric. Univ. Private, Honduras) Strengths: Molecular Techniques, PCR, Viruses, Entomology Needs: Bacteriology. Personnel: 2 PhD, 2 MS, 4 Bach. Science. Ministry of Agriculture, Jamaica. Strengths: Molecular Techniques, PCR, Viruses. Needs: Bacteriology, training. Personnel: 2 PhD, 2 Bach. Science.

11 IPDN CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN MAIN EVENTS From One important Regional event Training/Capacity Building Per Year. Participants from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica and Dominican Republic Personnel from Plant Diagnostic Labs from Government, University, and Private Sector Workshop/Training including Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes, Virus and Insects.

12 IPDN Diagnostic Training Workshops, Guatemala city Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Jamaica Guatemala: Universities, Ministry of Agriculture, Private Labs OSU, Virginia Tech, University of Florida, Interaction with IPVD S. Tolin-M. Palmieri All disciplines Virology, Nematology, Mycology, Bacteriology and Entomology SOP s, DDIS Workshop

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17 Activity: Establish priority lists of diseases and pathogens of important crops. During the third IPDN Diagnostic Workshop held in Guatemala in September 2009, the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 Biovar 2, is the most important plant pathogen representing a threat to agricultural exports for the US. This is mainly for the importance of solanaceaous crops in the area (Tomato, Pepper, Potato) and the increase importance of exporting Tomatoes and peppers to the USA). Another concern, is the imminent attack by the disease citrus Greening (Huanglogbing) caused by the bacterium Candidatus liberibacter and transmitted by a Psillyd (Homoptera).

18 VEGETABLE CROPS CULTIVATED AREAS CENTRAL AMERICA (HECTARES)

19 CULTIVATED AREAS BY CROP CENTRAL AMERICA HORT CROPS (HECTARES) BROCOLI COLES PAPA TOMATE CEBOLLA/AJO CUCURBITACEAS OTROS VEG.

20 RAZAS Y BIOVARES DE RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM RAZA Rango Hospederos Distribución Geográfica 1 Amplio Asia, Australia, Américas 2 Banano Musa spp 3 Papa, Tomate, Tabaco, Chile, Geranio Cuenca Caribe, Brasil, Filipinas Todas las zonas tomateras. No reportada en USA ni Canada BIOVAR (metabólico) 1, 3 y 4 4 Gengibre Asia 3,4 5 Mulberry China 5 1 2

21 CROPS AT RISK --- BANANAS 100,000 HAS. EXPORT CROP CHIQUITA, DOLE, DEL MONTE, FYFFES --- PLANTAINS 70,000 HAS. SOME EXPORTS MOSTLY SMALL GROWERS, STAPLE FOOD --- TOMATO, POTATO, PEPPER, TOBACCO 50,000 HAS. MIX EXPORT-MEDIUM AND SMALL GROWERS, MIX TECHNOLOGY

22 RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM DISTRIBUTION CENTRAL AMERICA --- HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES --- IMPORTANT THREAT TO TOMATO, PEPPERS, TO THE USA --- PRESENCE, DISTRIBUTION OF R. SOLANACEARUM RACES/BIOVARS STILL UNKNOWN (GERANIUM STORY) --- NEED OF A COORDINATED STUDY

23 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES --- BANANAS (EXPORT COMPANIES) --- MONITORING USE OF IMMUNOSTRIPS --- DESINFECTION OF TOOLS (MACHETES, KNIFES) WITH VANODINE (IODINE), VIRKON (PEROXIDES+ ORGANIC ACIDS) --- INFECTED PLANTS ELIMINATED

24 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES --- TOMATO HIGH TECH GREENHOUSE-HIGH TUNNELS --- MONITORING USE OF IMMUNOSTRIPS --- USE OF TOLERANT VARIETIES --- PLANTLETS GRAFTING ROOTSTOCK + SCION (VARIETY) --- APPLICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS (EARLY STAGE) STREPTOMYCIN + OXYTETRACYCLINE --- SUBSTRATE (COCONUT), CONTROL WATER IRRIGATION

25 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES --- TOMATO/POTATO SMALL GROWERS SMALL PLOTS --- OPEN FIELDS NO CERTIFIED SEEDS --- LIMITED ACCESS TO IRRIGATION --- LIMITED ACCESS TO DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES --- USUALLY CATASTROPHIC LOSSES DUE TO RALSTONIA --- APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES NO CLEAR TARGET

26 CONTRIBUTION IPDN FOR RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM MANAGEMENT --- TRAINING OF PERSONNEL DIAGNOSTIC LABS UNIVERSITIES, GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE --- USE OF IMMUNOSTRIPS AS AN EARLY DETECTOR OF R. SOLANACEARUM --- IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DETECTION AND CORRECT DIAGNOSIS AS IMPORTANT IPM STRATEGY

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29 MUCHAS GRACIAS Marco Arevalo AGROEXPERTOS