The Global Plant Clinic: what we do and why ERIC BOA CABI

Transcription

1 The Global Plant Clinic: what we do and why ERIC BOA CABI

2 : the modern CABI Imperial Bureaux (Entomology, Mycology) Colonial Commonwealth International CABI Bioscience CABI UK Switzerland Trinidad & Tobago Kenya Pakistan India Malaysia China

3 CABI and diagnostics changing contexts COFFEE RUST Sri Lanka 1920s food security, colonial commerce 1960s taxonomy, commodity diseases 1990s crop protection projects, CPC 2000s Index fungorum, plant health services and foodsecurity COFFEE BERRY DISEASE E Africa COFFEE WILT E Africa

4 GPC: what and why WHAT Diagnostics Extension Research WHY Satisfy sponsors (mostly donors) CABI member countries (43) Consultancy/one-off projects Donors mainly UK, but also Swiss, Denmark, Australia and IFAD.

5 GPC: adapting to change BUT Diagnostic service expensive to run and needs reliable business Extension is a national remit Research CHANGE Shift emphasis from diagnostics/crop protection towards plant health systems. Good idea but what does it mean? How will this happen and unfold?

6 Activities Establish and supervise plant health clinics India, plant health clinic Build plant healthcare systems Provide expert diagnostic service Develop new extension methods Vigilance/surveillance Training CABI diagnostic lab PLUS research on all of above HEALTHY PLANTS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE Nepal plant doctor course

7 Research: best ways to establish and sustain plant clinics operate clinics, maintain quality create plant healthcare systems do surveillance design extension messages rapid response to diseases give training accredit plant doctors Nicaragua Burundi, banana surveys Public Plant Health campaigns

8 Plant health clinics: why? GAPS and WEAKNESSES farmers have limited or no access to advisory services diagnostic laboratories are under-used (includes GPC) recording of plant health problems weak and unreliable STRENGTHS agronomists have good field experience, know farmers many active organisations, motivated to help farmers low start-up costs for clinics IAAS, Nepal Fredy Almendra, Bolivia

9 and because of Tiraque market

10 Plant health clinics usually weekly in a public place give advice on managing plant health problems use mainly field diagnosis to determine cause send samples to labs; get expert technical assistance accept any problem on any plant run mainly by agronomists independently run by orgs. with existing responsibilities to support farmers

11 Plant health clinics: how? PLANNING identify suitable partners run training courses hold pilot clinics plan regular operations OPERATIONS confirm commitment (permission from bosses) adjust methods (place, schedule) maintain clinic register Biocontrol company Dr Jayanth, BCRL

12 DR Congo Plant health clinics provide regular advice on how to control plant health problems

13 Rwanda Held regularly (every week) consistent commitment

14 Indonesia Gather demand from untapped audiences

15 Bolivia Independently run by many different organisations

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17 Plant health clinics 80 regular and 25 pilots Country Bangladesh Benin Bolivia Cameroon Colombia Côte d Ivoire Cuba DR Congo Guinea India Indonesia Start # 19 (3) 17 2 (2) (1) (2) 3 (1) 4 (2) Country Kenya Mali Nepal Nicaragua Pakistan Peru Rwanda Sierra Leone Sri Lanka Uganda Vietnam Start # (3) (1) (2) Clinics are supported by the GPC but run independently

18 Progress so far GOOD standardized clinic operations new sponsors (e.g. GoSL) selecting good organisations popular with farmers training curriculum developed outreach, return users SATISFACTORY quality of diagnoses and advice improves clinics run regularly new clinics starting up, independent of GPC impact assessments confirm benefits IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED data recording links to diagnostic labs change project mentality

19 Sierra Leone started 2008 CLINICS 13 ORGANISATIONS Ministry of Agriculture FUNDING Government; GPC pays for training PLANT DOCTORS Extension, plant health inspectors PROGRESS Steady. Good commitment from beginning, though institutes weak. Postconflict country.

20 TRAINING COURSES for PLANT DOCTORS Groups of 15-20: modules last 3 days Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Field diagnosis Operation of clinics Giving advice Plant healthcare Extension messages User validation`

21 Biotic > active disease process, clear border between healthy and diseased area NOT insect > no holes or other evidence NOT nematode, virus or phytoplasma > don t cause this type of symptom NOT mammal > no feeding damage Eliminate the negative? bacterium > unlikely expect gall or wilt? fungus > possible known to produce necrosis and cankers

22 The Register Remember to complete all the information Use short words, few words Write down what the farmer says The code is for future reference

23 Information from the register is stored in a simple spreadsheet 1 2 3

24 Diagnostic services: UK Diagnostic service for any pathogen, any crop free for clinics and to confirm new disease records UK labs but also using US & international expertise e.g. USDA, IFAS CABI fungi, bacteria, nematodes Rothamsted phytoplasmas, viruses FERA viruses, bacteria (+ other pathogens)

25 GPC: new disease records year direct assist TOTAL 44 Peer reviewed in Plant Pathology Selected plants (40 spp.) Alfalfa Maize Banana Napier grass Cacao Papaya Cassava Peach Cashew Potato Citrus Bell pepper Chilli Tea Eggplant Tomato French bean Japanese knotweed

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27 Global Vigilance NDRs in PLANT PATHOLOGY/PLANT DISEASE NDRs published Plant Pathology Plant Disease Total Boa and Danielsen, unpublished data (2008) NDRs by IPPC region Africa Asia Europe Latin America Caribbean Near East N America SW Pacific

28 Plant health clinics detect new diseases: Peru Moises Calderón: first opportunity to get advice Alfalfa/lucerne witch s broom NDR?

29 Impact Assessments Is the sponsor happy? How do they measure your performance? What evidence is needed? How do you obtain evidence? GOVERNMENTS public goods welfare of people DONORS poverty, livelihoods sustainability COMMERCIAL better business solve defined problems

30 Impact indicators what improvements are sought? 1 RESOURCES more effective use of existing people, organisations, knowledge wider access to services, more female users

31 Better use of existing resources

32 Wider access to services

33 Healthcare systems Ministry of Agriculture Natural control Farmer+plant Agricultural supply shop Research institute Private clinic or plant doctor Diagnostic laboratory Plant health clinic

34 Plant Healthcare, Bangalore-style

35 Impact indicators what improvements are sought? 2 SUPPORT SERVICES SURVEILLANCE better detection of pest threats EXTENSION more effective response to threats DIAGNOSIS AND ADVICE improved quality

36 Uganda: improved vigilance (711 queries, 3 clinics, 10 months) Banana 111 Eggplant 8 Potato 2 Cassava 97 Pawpaw 8 Yams 2 Maize 83 Sesame 7 Anona (Kitaferi) 1 Groundnut 55 Avocado 6 Cocoa 1 Tomato 54 Passion fruit 6 Elephant grass 1 Coffee 47 Onions 5 Finger millet 1 Orange 32 Eucalyptus 4 Green pepper 1 Sorghum 32 Millet 4 Kulekula nuts 1 Rice 30 Cereals 4 Lemon 1 Cabbage 20 Citrus 4 Pineapple 1 Sweet potato 17 Jackfruit 3 Pumpkin 1 Beans 13 Soybean 3 Red pepper 1 Green gram 13 Bitter berries 2 Sugarcane 1 Watermelon 12 Cotton 2 Vanilla 1 Cowpeas 10 Mango 2 No info 1

37 Uganda: improving quality of diagnosis BANANA CASSAVA Fusarium wilt Banana weevil Banana (bacterial) wilt Mites Fungus Cassava Brown Streak Virus Mealybug Root rot Cassava mosaic Are problems with similar symptoms clearly distinguished? Clarify vague diagnoses CITRUS COFFEE Tristeza Leaf spot Fungus Fruit fly Leaf miner Scab Coffee wilt quality control using clinic register identifies weaknesses and common errors

38 Impact indicators for donors what improvements are sought? 3. PEOPLE satisfaction with clinics adoption of recommendations greater economic benefits (from advice) reduction in pesticide abuse

39 Bangladesh: satisfaction

40 Bangladesh: clinic satisfaction measured by return users Return users users first time repeat Rural Plant Clinic % 76% Rural Plant Clinic % 79% Rural Plant Clinic % 74% total 2055 RDA Bogra clinics September 2006 June 2008

41 Bolivia: adoption by clinics users

42 Bolivia: adoption of recommendations Source of advice Clinic only Clinic and received additional training total sample adopted 82% 100% Counterfactual or control group There is more than one source of advice you need to separate Farmer sample group came from the Chapare, Andes of Cochabamba and Valleys of Santa Cruz

43 Bolivia: economic benefits

44 Bolivia: changes in production costs n=238 Pesticide use: Big savings in SCZ because many farmers stopped unnecessary applications

45 Bolivia: average economic benefit per user Area sample # visits average benefits (US$) Andes Valleys of Santa Cruz Chapare total Calculating benefits Net change in income following adoption of clinic recommendations (harvest value-production costs)

46 Benefits of Impact Assessment gathers key evidence suggests improvements (including how to do IAs) supports requests for funds attracts new sponsors values extension per se values behind the scene services e.g. diagnostics supports new research topics

47 Squaring the circle Extension Plant healthcare system Research FARMER Plant Health Input suppliers

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49 and /globalplantclinic

50 My cassava is rotten. What should I do? What about my sick banana? Make us happy (and get to do more diagnostics)