Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies 20 years on

Transcription

1 Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies 20 years on Dan Lee Seafood Summit, Seattle, 2017 GAA 2017

2

3 Why return to a 20 year old article? 1. It provides a reference point for measuring progress 2. It lays out arguments against aquaculture, particularly high-value carnivorous species like salmon and shrimp 3. These arguments still underpin opposition to aquaculture and they are worthy of debate GAA 2017

4 Today s Panellists Julien Stevens Andy Jackson Corey Peet Dan Lee Kampachi Farms IFFO RS Postelsia GAA Panel + Q&A to discuss how much (or how little) progress to address additional questions are the goalposts being moved? to what extent are the issues changing?

5 Naylor et al. 2000* - Main points Carnivorous aquaculture adds to pressure on ocean fisheries Some aquaculture systems reduce wild fish supplies through: Habitat modification Wild seedstock collection Other ecological impacts (escapes, pathogens, effluents) *Rosamund Naylor, Rebecca Goldberg, Jurgenne Primavera, Nils Kautsky, Malcolm Beveridge, Jason Clay, Carl Folke, Jane Lubchenco, Harold Mooney, Max Troell. Nature, June GAA 2017

6 Naylor et al. s priorities for the aquaculture industry 1. Expand farming of low trophic level fish 2. Reduce fishmeal and fish oil inputs in feed 3. Develop integrated farming systems 4. Promotion of environmentally sound aquaculture practices GAA 2017

7 Naylor et al. s priorities 1. Expand farming of low trophic level fish

8 Ragnar Tveterås 2016

9 Ragnar Tveterås 2016

10 Jim Anderson 2016

11 Naylor et al. s priorities 2. Reduce fishmeal and fish oil inputs in feed

12 Dietary percentages FAO 2016

13 FAO 2016

14 Marine fish for fishmeal and fish oil Giovani Turchini 2016

15 Aquaculture growth is not constrained by the availability of marine ingredients Giovani Turchini 2016

16 Naylor et al. s priorities 3. Development of integrated farming systems

17 What is an integrated farming system? Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA): is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Wikipedia

18 Global integration of farming systems: transforming wild fish inputs efficiently Giovani Turchini 2016

19 Aquaculture creates two opposing pressures on wild fisheries 1. increased demand for marine ingredients 2. supply chain pressure for responsible fisheries management And supply chain pressure dominates GAA 2017

20 Naylor et al. s priorities 4. Promotion of environmentally sound aquaculture practices

21 Litopenaeus vannamei vs Penaeus monodon More efficient feed conversion Lower protein and fishmeal content in diet Zero water exchange systems Closed breeding cycle Domesticated, disease-free and disease resistant strains B. Klein

22 monodon vs vannamei 2002 monodon 2009 vannamei Cycles/yr Stock Density /m Harvest Size (g) Yield (kg/ha/yr) 11,952 44,651 Survival (%) Growth Rate (g/wk) FCR Robins Macintosh

23 Modernization of hatcheries Sanitary High survival Healthy PLs Consistent operations Robins Macintosh

24

25

26 Conclusions 1. Shrimp farming is compatible with mangrove conservation 2. Damaged mangroves can recover

27 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 2016

28 Promotion of responsible aquaculture through certification Programs need to focus on externalities with weak feedback effects

29 Summary of areas of progress 1. Expansion of the farming of low trophic level fish Absolute Relative 2. Reduction of fishmeal and fish oil inputs in feed Absolute: oil meal X Relative: oil meal 3. Develop integrated farming systems Globally Locally X 4. Promotion of environmentally sound aquaculture practices Mangroves Antibiotics Pollution Wild seedstock Other ecological impacts?

30 Changing issues, moving goalposts Opposition to Pangasius and tilapia from more established producers of whitefish GM Antibiotics Anti-oxidants in feed Social accountability along the supply chain Nutritional quality Biosecurity and area management Animal welfare GAA 2017

31 Nutritional quality Giovani Turchini 2016

32 Nutritional quality Giovani Turchini 2016

33 What has aquaculture ever done for us?

34 62% of food fish will come from aquaculture by 2030 GAA 2017

35 Aquaculture can respond to environmental issues more quickly than fisheries Property rights for sites and stocks are clearly assigned and there are incentives to address many externalities (like disease and pollution). Certification programs can help to address further externalities (e.g. antibiotics, escapes and sea lice)

36 Conclusions Aquaculture has a massive and positive impact on world fish supplies Aquaculture industry is responsive to environmental issues Technology (domestication, feed formulation, improved production systems, vaccines) is a continual and positive driver of progress

37 Thank You ADDRESS Two International Drive, Suite 105 Portsmouth, NH PHONE (603) GAA 2017

38 MARINE INGREDIENTS IN AQUACULTURE THE LAST 10 YEARS Andrew Jackson IFFO RS Director

39 WORLD FED AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION CONTINUES TO GROW Africa Asia China Europe Former Russia Latin America Middle East North America Oceana Million tonnes source: IFFO and FAO

40 WORLD FISHMEAL PRODUCTION HAS DECREASED OR STAYED STEADY 7,000 World Fishmeal Production ('000 mt) Peru Scandinavia* China,PR Thailand Chile U.S.A Others 6,000 5,000 5,698 5,161 4,894 4,650 5,869 4,759 4,994 4,547 4,747 4,417 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, *Includes Denmark and Norway source: IFFO and ISTA Mielke GmbH, OIL WORLD

41 THE PRICE OF FISHMEAL HAS GONE UP FIGURE E Weekly F.O.B. Peruvian Super Prime fishmeal prices (US$/mt) January 2004-September ,400 1,900 1, source: IFFO

42 FISHMEAL USAGE IN AQUACULTURE REMAINS FLAT AT AROUND 3 MILLION TONNES World Fishmeal use by Market (,000 tonnes) 3500 Aquaculture Chicken Pig Other source: IFFO and FAO

43 MARINE INGREDIENT INCLUSION IN SALMON FEED HAS DECREASED

44 THESE TRENDS ARE PREDICTED TO CONTINUE

45 FISHMEAL IS INCREASINGLY COMING FROM FISHERIES BY- PRODUCTS CURRENTLY OVER 33% COMES FROM BY-PRODUCTS AND IN ASIA IT IS AROUND 50% MUCH OF IT FROM AQUACULTURE

46 CONCLUSIONS To produce 3 million tonnes of fishmeal used in aquaculture requires about 13.5 million tonnes of fisheries raw material But 1/3 comes from by-products so that leaves about 9 million tonnes of whole fish So 9 million tonnes of whole fish is used to produce fishmeal that is used in aquaculture to produce 42 million tonnes of aquaculture The figure of 9 million is not increasing but reducing But the question is how sustainable are the fisheries?

47 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Efforts in recent years have improved fisheries management in Europe and the Americas from where around 50% of world production of fishmeal comes from Africa is now making considerable progress in improving some of its reduction fisheries Asia is the area of concern

48 ASIAN FISHMEAL Asia produces about 2 million tonnes of fishmeal p.a. which is used for pig and poultry production as well as aquaculture About 1 million comes from fisheries byproducts The other 1 million comes from around 4.5 million tonnes of wild catches Many of these catches are from mixed fisheries with poor fisheries management

49 FINAL REMARKS Aquaculture is continuing to grow whilst using no more marine ingredients Marine ingredients are becoming specialist ingredients used in special diets By-products are becoming a bigger percentage of the raw material used The focus of our efforts now needs to be on improving Asian reduction fisheries

50 FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT

51 The Rise of Aquaculture By-Products: Increasing food production, value, and sustainability through strategic utilisation. Julien Stevens, MSc Sustainable Aquaculture

52 Identify alternative protein and lipid sources for aquaculture. Work with herbivorous species. Downstream marine resource use. Potential to increase food production, value, and sustainability.

53 Fishery Management Reduction Fisheries Current Fish In: Fish Out Metric Fishmeal & Fish Oil Aquafeeds Aquaculture Production? Plant Based Ingredients (proteins & oils) Animal By-product Ingredients

54

55 Mixed Method Approach Gathering both quantitative and qualitative data, from a broad range of sources. 1. Literature review Scottish Industry, comparative review with other sectors. 2. Key informant interviews (with 21 informants). 3. Processor and facility surveys (with 14 processors and 4 facility participants). 4. Nutritional analysis of by-products (Lipid, Fatty Acid, Flesh yield, Protein). 5. Feasibility analysis of utilisation methods (SWOT).

56 By-product: All the raw material, edible or inedible, left over following the preparation of the main product. Atlantic Salmon By-product Fractions as a Percentage of the Total Wet Weight. Compiled from: FAO 2014; Rustad 2007; Liaset et al. 2003; Sandnes et al. 2003

57 Salmonid By-Product Utilisation Globally there are four broad categories of utilisation: 1. Food and food ingredients for human consumption. 2. Specialty products: nutraceuticals pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and niche. 3. Ingredients in Animal feed. 4. Bio-Fuel/fertiliser.

58 Scottish Case Study Results

59

60 Qualitative Results Processors who maximise by-products are typically: 1. Large scale and near major transport networks. 2. By-products built into business model. Processors who do not maximise: 1. Unaware of the opportunity. 2. Small to medium volume (lack economies of scale). 3. Remote location. 4. Older business model, insufficient facilities.

61 Nutritional Analysis Confirm Scottish salmon BPs contain higher levels of Omega 3 fatty acids than those seen in fillets. EPA + DHA levels averaged 1.92 g.100g -1. In comparison, Scottish Atlantic salmon fillets provided 1.36 g.100g -1 of EPA + DHA (Sprague et al. 2016). EPA g.100g -1 DHA g.100g -1 Combined EPA+DHA Atlantic Salmon Heads Frames Belly Flaps Trimmings Viscera

62 Adapted from: United States Environmental Protection Agency

63 Recommendations for Strategic Utilisation 1. Aquaculture by-products an integral part of sustainability dialogue. 2. Inform stakeholders of the benefits of strategic utilisation. 3. Policy should reflect the food recovery hierarchy. 4. Economies of scale and access to trade & transport networks. 5. Certifiers should recognise aquaculture companies who sustainably manage both upstream and downstream marine resources.

64 Final Thoughts For the Aquaculture Industry a sustainable use of marine resources should be the use of the whole fish. It s not just how much fish we produce, it s how much fish we eat and how much we maximise.

65 Thank You This project would not have been possible without the collaborative effort of Dave Little, Richard Newton, and Michael Tlusty. I d also like to thank Neil Auchterlonie and the Marine Ingredients Organisation for their support, as well as the Scottish industry stakeholders who contributed their time and knowledge.

66 The Future is Aquaculture?

67 The Impacts of Aquaculture

68 Mangrove Destruction

69 Pollution

70 Community Displacement

71 Use of Trash Fish/ Slavery

72 Marine Mammal Killings Sea Lice on young salmon

73 Growth in Aquaculture by Species Group

74 UNSOLICITED ADVICE FOR THE AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY

75 1. Painted with too broad a brush Aquaculture is diverse and needs to be recognized as such Call out the bad ones and promote the good ones Shellfish a good example of how place based it can be marketed

76 Intensive Shrimp Farming

77 Semi-Intensive Shrimp Farming

78 Extensive Shrimp Farming

79 Value Propositions for Farmed Shrimp Shrimp Black Tiger/ White Certified Shrimp The Future? Mangrove Shrimp Community X Shrimp Wild Fish Free Shrimp

80 2. Seafood Watch is not your enemy Aquaculture criteria has been continuously improved for more than a decade Started as a relatively simple set of questions but now can be used as or adapted to a roadmap for improvement

81 Best Choice Good Alternative Avoid Eco-certified Seafood in this category is abundant, wellmanaged and caught or farmed in environmentally friendly ways. These items are an option, but there are concerns with how they're caught or farmedor with the health of their habitat due to other human impacts. Take a pass on these items for now. They are caught or farmed in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. Seafood certified to these standards are from fisheries or fish farms that are equivalent to at least a yellow Good Alternatives recommendation.

82

83 3. Tone down the rhetoric Its fine to be excited but losing your objectivity is counterproductive Its fine to be excited but losing your objectivity is counterproductive

84 4. Let s get creative! Seafood Watch / Social Criteria Stakeholder Engagement Country GAPs ASIC Shrimp (SEASAIP)

85 Steering Committee Members # Name Organization Country Member Type 1 Le Thanh Luu ICAFIS Vietnam Voting 2 Truong Din Hoe VASEP Vietnam Voting 3 Nguyen Huu Dung Vietnam Seaculture Assocation Vietnam Voting 4 Johan Suryadarma AP5I Indonesia Voting 5 Muhammed Ilman Wetlands International Indonesia Voting 6 Ardian Rara Aceh Aquaculture Cooperative Indonesia Voting 7 Harry Yuli Pt. Atina (processor)/ Koin Indonesia Voting 8 Dinna L. Umengan Tambuyog Development Center Philippines Voting 9 Rosanna Contreras Socsksargen fishing and allied Philippines Voting 10 Eduardo M. Leaño NACA Thailand Voting 11 Key Satopornvit Kasetsart University Thailand Voting 12 Pinyo Kiatpinyo Thai Shrimp Association Thailand Voting 13 Lawnin Crawford Chicken of the Sea Thailand Voting 14 Kanin Kaewin Thai Union Thailand Voting 15 Soe Tun Myanmar Shrimp Association Myanmar Voting 16 Peter Woon Ecohub Global Singapore Voting

86 Key challenge is to recognize the innovators move others up

87 We need to consider more than one carrot Market leverage has been the main driver Need to consider the impact investment as a longer term driver of change as market forces could be stronger locally Stability and credibility will be key

88 Corey Peet Aquaculture has the potential for a great future if the right incentives are put in place Collaboration between historic combatants can lead to new ideas