The process, uses, and first case study using: DNA Fingerprinting. By: Anonymous

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1 The process, uses, and first case study using: DNA Fingerprinting By: Anonymous

The DNA pieces are passed through agarose. (a gel made from cell membranes in seaweed) 3.

2 The 6-Step Process 1. Isolation of DNA DNA is recovered from tissues, blood, hair, ect. 2. Cutting, Sizing, Sorting Restriction Enzymes (found in bacteria) are used to cut out the DNA in specific places. From here, the DNA pieces are sorted according to their size. The DNA pieces are passed through agarose. (a gel made from cell membranes in seaweed) 3. Transfer of DNA to Nylon Sheet A nylon sheet is placed over the gel which will transfer the DNA pieces to it. This soaks over night Probing The DNA fingerprint is a pattern on the nylon sheet. By adding radioactive or colored probes (mechanical devices equipped with sensors) to the nylon sheet, the pattern is visible. 6. Result The final DNA fingerprint is built simultaneously by at least 5 probes. This resembles a bar code.

3 A DNA fingerprint

4 Uses of DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting can: Specifically identify human beings Diagnose inherited disorders (cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington s disease, sickle cell anemia and others) by looking at similarities in DNA patterns Be used in genetic counseling to help parents understand the risk of having an affected newborn Identify suspects wrongly or correctly accused of crimes Establish paternity and other relations in families Match organ donors to eligible recipients A hope for the future is: To eventually use DNA fingerprinting to cure diseases by looking at patters in the DNA fingerprints among different individuals who were affected.

5 The First Case Study The Enderby murder case was the first to use DNA fingerprinting to prove a man s guilt and another s innocence. In Leicestershire, England two young girls had been raped and then murdered; one in 1983 and one in After the second murder, a man confessed and was arrested for the murder of two people. Police thought that this man committed both crimes. They asked Alec Jeffreys to analyze the DNA. He collected blood from the man who confessed to the crime, samples from the two girls, and samples found on the girls left by the murderer. Jeffreys concluded that the same man killed the girls, but it wasn t the man who was arrested previously. Thus, over 5000 blood samples were taken from the men in the community. Colin Pitchfork s DNA matched with the DNA found at the crime scene. Police sentenced him to 2 life-terms.

6 Colin Pitchfork & Alec Jeffreys

Other Information 1984- Alec Jeffreys was the first to begin to use DNA as a form of identification 1986- Jeffreys used DNA fingerprinting to solve a murder DNA fingerprinting can t be altered by any

7 Other Information Alec Jeffreys was the first to begin to use DNA as a form of identification Jeffreys used DNA fingerprinting to solve a murder DNA fingerprinting can t be altered by any known surgery Conventional fingerprinting only occurs on the tips of the fingers and can be changed by surgery DNA fingerprints are the same for every organ and tissue in the body This method is far more superior to blood typing strategies and dental records DNA fingerprinting became so powerful that the DNA in the blood on Abraham Lincoln s clothes was traced to the genetic disorder Marfan s Syndrome. The U.S. Armed Services just began a program to collect DNA fingerprints from all of the people as a resource if he or she needs to be identified later on.

8 In the News (Dec. 9, 2007) DNA testing for genealogy grows in popularity, but some urge restraint Geri Gibbons of Madison nabbed her 65-year-old uncle during his first trip to the U.S. from Scotland in September. Armed with a cotton swab, she swiped a swath of DNA-laden tissue from his mouth. I'm not entirely sure he knew what I was asking for," she says, "but he didn't seem to mind. Gibbons shipped her uncle's cells to Family Tree DNA, one of about two dozen companies offering genetic ancestry tests. She has just started getting periodic s back from the company alerting her to fellow test subjects who share her family's DNA markers, an indication of a relationship somewhere in time. For Gibbons and other recreational genealogists, DNA testing unlocks exciting possibilities. Yet the newness of commercially available genetic tests and the quick growth of the industry has some people urging restraint. In a Science magazine report in October, several scientists and scholars said the limitations of the tests make them less informative than many realize. Pilar Ossorio, an associate professor of law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin Law School and a co-author of the Science article, said in an interview that she has strong privacy concerns because genetic genealogy companies are largely unregulated. Once your DNA gets out there, there are a lot of things that could happen to it a lot of different kinds of tests and studies that could be done with it and some of those might produce information that could come back to haunt you. -The Wisconsin State Journal

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DNA Profiling. (DNA fingerprinting)

DNA Profiling. (DNA fingerprinting) DNA Profiling (DNA fingerprinting) Background Information: Restriction Enzymes Restriction Enzymes Evolved by bacteria to protect against viral DNA infection. Also called Endonucleases. They cleave DNA