Microbiology with Diseases by Body System

Transcription

1 Microbiology with Diseases by Body System For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version. Global edition Global edition Global edition fourth edition Bauman Microbiology with Diseases by Body System Fourth edition Robert W. Bauman This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Pearson Global Edition BAUMAN_ _mech.indd 1 06/08/14 3:48 PM

2 Contents CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Microbiology 35 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology 60 3 Cell Structure and Function 89 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Microbial Metabolism Microbial Nutrition and Growth Microbial Genetics Recombinant DNA Technology Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Immunization and Immune Testing AIDS and Other Immune Disorders 560 VIDEO TUTORS BY CHAPTER 1 The Scientific Method 2 The Structure of Nucleotides 3 Bacterial Cell Walls 4 The Light Microscope 5 Electron Transport Chains 6 Bacterial Growth Media 7 Initiation of Translation 8 Action of Restriction Enzymes 9 Principles of Autoclaving 10 Actions of Some Drugs that Inhibit Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis 11 Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells 12 Principles of Sexual Reproduction in Fungi 13 The Lytic Cycle of Viral Replication 14 Some Virulence Factors 15 Inflammation 16 Clonal Deletion 17 ELISA 18 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Scan this QR code with your smartphone for an introduction to Dr. Robert Bauman s Microbiology Video Tutors! CHAPTER 19 Microbial Disease of the Skin and Wounds Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Applied and Environmental Microbiology 817 DISEASE IN DEPTH FEATURES BY CHAPTER 19 Necrotizing Fasciitis 20 Listeriosis 21 Malaria 22 Tuberculosis 23 Giardiasis 24 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections

3 Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, Global Edition Table of Contents Cover Title Copyright Table of Contents 1 A Brief History of Microbiology The Early Years of Microbiology What Does Life Really Look Like? How Can Microbes Be Classified? The Golden Age of Microbiology Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate? What Causes Fermentation? What Causes Disease? How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? The Modern Age of Microbiology What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? How Do Genes Work? What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? How Do We Defend Against Disease? What Will the Future Hold? 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology Atoms Atomic Structure Isotopes Electron Configurations Chemical Bonds Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions

4 Exchange Reactions Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts Water Acids and Bases Salts Organic Macromolecules Functional Groups Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids 3 Cell Structure and Function Processes of Life Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview External Structures of Bacterial Cells Glycocalyces Flagella Fimbriae and Pili Bacterial Cell Walls Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls Bacteria Without Cell Walls Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Structure Function Cytoplasm of Bacteria Cytosol Inclusions Endospores Nonmembranous Organelles External Structures of Archaea Glycocalyces Flagella Fimbriae and Hami Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Cytoplasm of Archaea

5 External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Glycocalyces Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes Flagella Cilia Other Nonmembranous Organelles Membranous Organelles Endosymbiotic Theory 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Units of Measurement Microscopy General Principles of Microscopy Light Microscopy Electron Microscopy Probe Microscopy Staining Preparing Specimens for Staining Principles of Staining Simple Stains Differential Stains Special Stains Staining for Electron Microscopy Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories Domains Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics Taxonomic Keys 5 Microbial Metabolism Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism Catabolism and Anabolism Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

6 ATP Production and Energy Storage The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism Carbohydrate Catabolism Glycolysis Cellular Respiration Alternatives to Glycolysis Fermentation Other Catabolic Pathways Lipid Catabolism Protein Catabolism Photosynthesis Chemicals and Structures Light-Dependent Reactions Light-Independent Reactions Other Anabolic Pathways Carbohydrate Biosynthesis Lipid Biosynthesis Amino Acid Biosynthesis Nucleotide Biosynthesis Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth Growth Requirements Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements Physical Requirements Associations and Biofilms Culturing Microorganisms Clinical Sampling Obtaining Pure Cultures Culture Media Special Culture Techniques Preserving Cultures Growth of Microbial Populations Generation Time Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth Phases of Microbial Population Growth Continuous Culture in a Chemostat

7 Measuring Microbial Reproduction 7 Microbial Genetics The Structure and Replication of Genomes The Structure of NucleicAcids The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes DNA Replication Gene Function The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype The Transfer of Genetic Information The Events in Transcription Translation Regulation of Genetic Expression Mutations of Genes Types of Mutations Effects of Point Mutations Mutagens Frequency of Mutation DNA Repair Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens Genetic Recombination and Transfer Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes Transposons and Transposition 8 Recombinant DNA Technology The Role of Recombinant DNA Technologyin Biotechnology The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Mutagens The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cdna Synthetic Nucleic Acids Restriction Enzymes Vectors Gene Libraries

8 Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot DNA Microarrays Inserting DNA into Cells Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Genetic Mapping Environmental Studies Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications Agricultural Applications The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment Basic Principles of Microbial Control Terminology of Microbial Control Microbial Death Rates Action of Antimicrobial Agents The Selection of Microbial Control Methods Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods Biosafety Levels Physical Methods of Microbial Control Heat-Related Methods Refrigeration and Freezing Desiccation and Lyophilization Filtration Osmotic Pressure Radiation Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Phenol and Phenolics Alcohols Halogens Oxidizing Agents Surfactants Heavy Metals Aldehydes Gaseous Agents

9 Enzymes Antimicrobials Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics Development of Resistant Microbes 10 Controlling Microbial Growthin the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs The History of Antimicrobial Agents Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Prevention of Virus Attachment and Entry Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Spectrum of Action Effectiveness Routes of Administration Safety and Side Effects Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs The Development of Resistance in Populations Mechanisms of Resistance Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance Retarding Resistance 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells Endospores Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells Modern Prokaryotic Classification Survey of Archaea Extremophiles Methanogens Survey of Bacteria Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria

10 High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Other Gram-Negative Bacteria 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms Reproduction of Eukaryotes Classification of EukaryoticOrganisms Protozoa Distribution of Protozoa Morphology of Protozoa Nutrition of Protozoa Reproduction of Protozoa Classification of Protozoa Fungi The Significance of Fungi Morphology of Fungi Nutrition of Fungi Reproduction of Fungi Classification of Fungi Lichens Algae Distribution of Algae Morphology of Algae Reproduction of Algae Classification of Algae Water Molds Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors Arachnids Insects 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Characteristics of Viruses

11 Genetic Material of Viruses Hosts of Viruses Sizes of Viruses Capsid Morphology Viral Shapes The Viral Envelope Classification of Viruses Viral Replication Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages Lysogeny Replication of Animal Viruses The Role of Viruses in Cancer Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture Are Viruses Alive? Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions Characteristics of Viroids Characteristics of Prions 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts Types of Symbiosis Normal Microbiota in Hosts How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans Animal Reservoirs Human Carriers Nonliving Reservoirs The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts: Infection Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection Portals of Entry The Role of Adhesion in Infection The Nature of Infectious Disease Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs,and Syndromes Causation of Disease: Etiology

12 Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents The Stages of Infectious Diseases The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission Contact Transmission Vehicle Transmission Vector Transmission Classification of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Frequency of Disease Epidemiological Studies Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Epidemiology and Public Health 15 InnateImmunity An Overview of the Bodys Defenses The Bodys First Line of Defense The Role of Skin in InnateImmunity The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity The Role of Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity Other First-Line Defenses The Bodys Second Line of Defense Defense Components of Blood Phagocytosis Nonphagocytic Killing Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens Inflammation Fever 16 AdaptiveImmunity Overview of AdaptiveImmunity Elements of AdaptiveImmunity

13 The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System Antigens T Lymphocytes (T Cells) and Preparation for an AdaptiveImmune Response B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies Immune Response Cytokines Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway Memory T Cells T Cell Regulation Antibody Immune Responses Inducement of T-Independent Antibody Immunity Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection Memory B Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory Types of Acquired Immunity Naturally Acquired Active Immunity Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy 17 Immunization and Immune Testing Immunization Brief History of Immunization Active Immunization Passive Immunotherapy Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Antibodies Precipitation Tests Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests Agglutination Tests Neutralization Tests The Complement Fixation Test Labeled Antibody Tests Point-of-Care Testing

14 18 AIDS and Other Immune Disorders Hypersensitivities Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity Type III (Immune ComplexMediated) Hypersensitivity Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity Autoimmune Diseases Causes of Autoimmune Diseases Examples of Autoimmune Diseases Immunodeficiency Diseases Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases 19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Structure of the Skin Normal Microbiota of the Skin Bacterial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Folliculitis Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Impetigo (Pyoderma) and Erysipelas Necrotizing Fasciitis Acne Cat Scratch Disease Pseudomonas Infection Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis Cutaneous Anthrax Gas Gangrene Viral Diseases of the Skin and Wounds Diseases of Poxviruses Herpes Infections Warts Chickenpox and Shingles Rubella Measles (Rubeola) Other Viral Rashes Mycoses of the Hair, Nails, and Skin

15 Superficial Mycoses Cutaneous Mycoses Pathogens Wound Mycoses Parasitic Infestations of the Skin Leishmaniasis Scabies 20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes Structure of the Nervous System Structures of the Central Nervous System Structures of the Peripheral Nervous System Cells of the Nervous System Portals of Infection of the Central Nervous System Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System Bacterial Meningitis Hansens Disease (Leprosy) Botulism Tetanus Viral Diseases of the Nervous System Viral Meningitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Arboviral Encephalitis Mycosis of the Nervous System Cryptococcal Meningitis Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System African Sleeping Sickness Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy Prion Disease Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vcjd) Microbial Diseases of the Eyes Structure of the Eye Trachoma Other Microbial Diseases of the Eyes

16 21 Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Structures of the Cardiovascular System Structure of the Heart Movement of Blood and Lymph Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia Endocarditis Brucellosis Tularemia Plague Lyme Disease Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Infectious Mononucleosis Cytomegalovirus Disease Yellow Fever Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Malaria Toxoplasmosis Chagas Disease Schistosomiasis 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Structures of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases Diphtheria Rhinosinusitis and Otitis Media Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System Common Cold

17 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Bacterial Pneumonias Legionnaires Disease Tuberculosis Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Inhalational Anthrax Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Influenza Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Other Viral Respiratory Diseases Mycoses of the Lower Respiratory System Coccidioidomycosis Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) 23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Structures of the Digestive System The Gastrointestinal Tract The Accessory Digestive Organs Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease Bacterial Gastroenteritis Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication) Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Oral Herpes Mumps Viral Gastroenteritis Viral Hepatitis Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract Giardiasis Cryptosporidiosis Amebiasis

18 Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract Tapeworm Infestations Pinworm Infestations Anisakiasis 24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Structures of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Structures of the Urinary System Structures of the Reproductive Systems Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Leptospirosis Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis Nonvenereal Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Bacterial Vaginosis Vaginal Candidiasis Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs) Bacterial STDs Gonorrhea Syphilis Chlamydial Infections Chancroid Viral STDs Genital Herpes Genital Warts Protozoan STDs Trichomoniasis 25 Applied and Environmental Microbiology Food Microbiology The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production

19 The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage Foodborne Illnesses Industrial Microbiology The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations Industrial Products of Microorganisms Water Treatment Environmental Microbiology Microbial Ecology Bioremediation The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles Soil Microbiology Aquatic Microbiology Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror Known Microbial Threats Defense Against Bioterrorism The Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technologyin Bioterrorism Answers to Questions for Review Appendix A Metabolic Pathways Appendix B Some Mathematical Considerations in Microbiology Glossary Credits Index