Building Controls for Energy Efficiency Characteristics, Energy Impacts, and Lessons from Zero Net Energy Buildings

Transcription

1 Building Controls for Energy Efficiency Characteristics, Energy Impacts, and Lessons from Zero Net Energy Buildings ALEXI MILLER, MARK LYLES AND CATHY HIGGINS NEW BUILDINGS INSTITUTE

2 We are an engine of innovation for the energy efficiency industry. We drive research, uncover solutions, and advance industry practices and policies that deliver positive change in the built environment. New Buildings Institute: The Virtuous Cycle

3 Course Sections 1. Background and Controls Characteristics 2. Controls Design Selection Process, Users and Energy 3. Conclusions, Trends and Recommendations

4 New Buildings Institute Controls Section 1 Background About ZNE and the controls study The buildings and the participants Controls Characteristics Types of controls found in study buildings Photo: Sherman Carter Barnhart

5 Background: Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings A Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building generates as much energy as it consumes annually. Also known as Net Zero Energy.» Zero = nothing» Net = On-site Energy Production (renewable) minus Energy Use, over 1 year» Energy = All energy (electric, gas, steam, liquid fuel etc.) consumed on site

6 Background: Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings

7 Background: Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings CA = >35% of ZNE Bldgs

8 Research Review: Overview Investigate Building Energy Monitoring & Controls Systems in Low-Energy and ZNE Buildings Areas of inquiry: 1. The Selection and the System What did they choose and why 2. The Energy Impact Savings assumptions in modeling and attribution in use 3. The Use and User Experience How is it being used and what is effective and lacking

9 The Buildings Zero Net Energy buildings in North America from NBI s Getting to Zero database Mainly 10, ,000+ sq. ft. Some smaller buildings represented Mainly Offices & Higher Ed Also Courthouse, Lab, Library, Museum Climate: CA has most ZNE buildings Also: Canada, PNW, NE, CO

10 The People Designers: 21 one-on-one interviews Operators: 6 one-on-one interviews Occupants: 130 web-based surveys across 5 buildings

11 List of Participant Buildings Project Location Size Range Building Type Retrofit Operator Survey Completed 435 Indio Way CA 25k - 50k sf Office X Bullitt Foundation Cascadia Center for Sustainable Design and Construction WA 50k - 100k sf Office X Cornell NYC Tech First Academic Building NY over 100k sf Education David and Lucile Packard Foundation CA 25k - 50k sf Office X DPR Construction's San Francisco Office CA 10k - 25k sf Office X Exploratorium CA over 100k sf Other X Hanover Page Mill Building CA 50k - 100k sf Office IDeAs Z2 Office Building CA 5k - 10k sf Office X Lane Community College, Downtown Academic Center OR 50k - 100k sf Education Leslie Shao-Ming Field Station at Jasper Ridge CA 5k - 10k sf Education Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Field Headquarters MA 25k - 50k sf Office Morphosis Architecture Studio CA 10k - 25k sf Office NREL Research Support Facility CO over 100k sf Office X Rice Fergus Miller Office and Studio WA 25k - 50k sf Office X Rocky Mountain Institute Innovation Center CO 10k - 25k sf Office Sacred Heart Schools Stevens Family Library CA 5k - 10k sf Education X San Luis National Wildlife Refuge HQ and Visitor Center CA 10k - 25k sf Office UC San Diego J Craig Venter Institute CA 25k - 50k sf Other UniverCity Childcare Centre BC 5k - 10k sf Education VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre BC 10k - 25k sf Assembly X Watsonville Water Resources Center CA 10k - 25k sf Office Wayne Aspinall Courthouse and Federal Building CO 25k - 50k sf Courthouse X West Berkeley Public Library CA 5k - 10k sf Library X

12 Types of Controls The constellation of building control systems Whole Building Controls Integrated across various end-uses (some or all) Ex: EMS, EIS, BMS, BAS, EMCS End-Use Level Controls Electric Lighting Daylighting & Glare Control Heating Cooling Ventilation Plug Loads Data Infrastructure / Servers

13 Types of Controls: Controls Integration by End-Use

14 Types of Controls: Plug Load Overview Standard Commercial Building High Efficiency Design = ~50% load reduction High Efficiency Building + Optimized Plug Loads = ~60% load reduction Source: D. Kaneda, IDeAs and Integal Engineering

15 Types of Controls: Plug Loads 64% of buildings surveyed use plug load controls or monitoring Software: equipment power management software turn it off when not in use Controls at device or over IT network Hardware: plug strips, sensors, timers, etc. Controls at device or circuit level People: Prompts, Feedback, Campaigns, Green Policies, Competitions

16 Building Systems: HVAC Strategies

17 Building Systems: Shading & Daylighting

18 Building Systems: Electric Lighting Predominantly high-performance fluorescent lamps, some LEDs Manual wall switch (task, space, zone) is most common strategy Schedules: Lighting controls integrated with whole-building control systems Occupancy sensors: Design for Off (default = off)

19 New Buildings Institute End of Section 1 Photo: Sherman Carter Barnhart