Moll s Gap- Soil Nail Remediation of a Collapsed Retaining Wall Co. Kerry, Ireland
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1 Moll s Gap- Soil Nail Remediation of a Collapsed Retaining Wall Co. Kerry, Ireland Chris Bailey BSc (Hons) MSc CGeol FGS RoGEP Senior Engineering Geologist ATKINS 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 1
2 N71 Ring of Kerry National Road Popular tourist route through the scenic Kerry mountains 25km south of Killarney 9km north of Kenmare 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 2
3 Introduction N71 Ring of Kerry National Road, close to Moll s Gap Retaining wall collapse September 2016 Atkins/TII/KCC site visit northbound lane closure daily monitoring by KCC Atkins appointed October 2016 ground investigation develop outline remedial options detailed design of preferred option AA Screening Report Moll s Gap Image courtesy of googlemaps.com 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 3
4 The Site Collapsed drystone wall 6m to 8m retained height Constructed circa 1820s Road widened by cutting into rock outcrop ~10 years ago Possible causes of failure: Age/degradation Blocked drainage Infiltration from surface drainage Heavy loads due to modern use 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 4
5 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 5
6 The Site: 3D Terrestrial LiDAR Extract from Navisworks software image generated from 3D topographical survey undertaken by Murphy s Surveys 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 6
7 The Site: 3D Terrestrial LiDAR Extract from Navisworks software image generated from 3D topographical survey undertaken by Murphy s Surveys 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 7
8 The Brief: Eurocode Compliant Design 120 year design life Optioneering stage for early contractor selection Road to re-open before tourist season 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 8
9 Challenges/Restrictions Access: Remote location Steep slopes Working at height Weather: Mountain location High winds Winter cold weather working Structure/Road: Loose and unstable, safe working paramount Unknown construction Complex ground conditions: Variable folded, fractured and sloping bedrock Unknown backfill 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 9
10 Ground Investigation Phase 1 Rock face logging Understand variable rock discontinuities Rotary cored boreholes Samples of backfill and superficial deposits Rock core samples for logging and testing Phase 2 Geophysics GPR Seismic refraction 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 10
11 Ground Conditions Backfill Mixed granular material, clay and soft peat over rock Highly variable craggy rockhead Bedrock Devonian Glenfesk Chloritic Sandstone Inclined bedding, folded, faulted and variable orientation Rock strength varies from moderately weak to strong 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny Modified from Hoek and Bray,
12 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 12
13 Diagram from Foundations of Engineering Geology, Waltham T, 2 nd Edition 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 13
14 ? 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 14
15 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 15
16 Optioneering Mass concrete buttress Discounted due to unsafe working, spoil removal, construction of formwork Contiguous bored pile wall/reticulated micropiles Discounted due to rig of vibration and heavy plant adjacent to unstable slope and wall. Dig and replace/rebuild Discounted for H&S risks of excavating under unstable slope/wall, volume of excavation and materials, difficult access, difficult to tie-in with adjacent wall Soil nails with facing system Preferred option due to reduced H&S risk from top-down construction, less material, ability to tie in to adjacent wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 16
17 Optioneering Mass concrete buttress Discounted due to unsafe working, spoil removal, construction of formwork Contiguous bored pile wall/reticulated micropiles Discounted due to rig of vibration and heavy plant adjacent to unstable slope and wall Dig and replace/rebuild Discounted for H&S risks of excavating under unstable slope/wall, volume of excavation and materials, difficult access, difficult to tie-in with adjacent wall. Soil nails with facing system Preferred option due to reduced H&S risk from top-down construction, less material, ability to tie in to adjacent wall. 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 17
18 Optioneering Mass concrete buttress Discounted due to unsafe working, spoil removal, construction of formwork Contiguous bored pile wall/reticulated micropiles Discounted due to rig of vibration and heavy plant adjacent to unstable slope and wall Dig and replace/rebuild Discounted for H&S risks of excavating under unstable slope/wall, volume of excavation and materials, difficult access, difficult to tie-in with adjacent wall Soil nails with facing system Preferred option due to reduced H&S risk from top-down construction, less material, ability to tie in to adjacent wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 18
19 Optioneering Mass concrete buttress Discounted due to unsafe working, spoil removal, construction of formwork Contiguous bored pile wall/reticulated micropiles Discounted due to rig of vibration and heavy plant adjacent to unstable slope and wall Dig and replace/rebuild Discounted for H&S risks of excavating under unstable slope/wall, volume of excavation and materials, difficult access, difficult to tie-in with adjacent wall Soil nails with facing system Preferred option due to reduced H&S risk from top-down construction, less material, ability to tie in to adjacent wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 19
20 Design Requirements Soil nail slope stabilisation with rigid shotcrete facing: Eurocode 7 geotechnical compliant Eurocode 3 structural steel compliant Eurocode 2 structural concrete Soil nails designed to BS :2011 (EC compliant) BD2 TAR for approval by TII 120 year design life Improve drainage: Behind wall Road surface drainage Replace crash barrier to meet current standards S&H: DRAs and Contractor s RA 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 20
21 Geotechnical Design: Slope stability Over 200 separate analysis scenarios: 3 design cross sections (collapsed section and 2 adjacent unstable walls) Drained/undrained conditions Circular/non-circular failure mechanism Rock mass strength (Hoek-Brown) Backfill ground conditions and variability Nail spacing and length optimisation Sensitivity Variable rockhead Variable water pressures Temporary works stability for staged dig (top-down construction) plant loading pressures Construction support 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 21
22 Geotechnical Design: Slope stability Non-circular block failure analysis (nail length optimisation) Circular slip analysis (25kPa surcharge to model temporary construction loading condition) 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 22
23 Geotechnical Design: Soil Nails Dywidag R38 (550) Self drilling soil nails 76mm diameter sacrificial carbide button bit (rock bit) 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 23 Image courtesy:
24 Geotechnical Design: Soil Nails Pull-out resistance Bond strength in rock and soil Verified by preliminary pullout tests and production nail tests Corrosion/aggressivity Aggressive soil (peat); corrosion allowance Grout sulphate resistance 30N/mm 2 DC3 cementitious grout, full surround Block pull-out and sliding block check 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 24
25 Structural/Civil Design Shotcrete Facing 2 layers A393 mesh 40N/mm 2 strength shotcrete, DC2 Designed to Eurocodes with reference to CIRIA 637 in permanent and temporary condition Punching check around header plates Bending capacity between nail heads Vehicle Restraint (trief kerb) Bearing capacity Lateral impact load L-shaped wall with stone masonry facing 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 25
26 Construction Contractor- Lemac Ltd (Cork) Development of solution through ECI Site Supervision and Technical Support- Atkins Cork: Project Management & Structural/Highways Design Dublin: Geotechnical Site Supervision UK: Geotechnical Design Support 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 26
27 Construction- Enabling Works Remove unstable remains of collapsed wall Gunite face of adjacent walls for stability and to seal cracks Grouting of adjacent drystone walls Improve overall wall stability Stabilise stone blocks to allow drilling to progress without bore collapse Prevent grout loss from soil nails to ensure encapsulation Temporary weep holes Prevent build-up of excess water pressure behind grouted wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 27
28 Construction- Enabling Works Remove unstable remains of collapsed wall Gunite face of adjacent walls for stability and to seal cracks Grouting of adjacent drystone walls Improve overall wall stability Stabilise stone blocks to allow drilling to progress without bore collapse Prevent grout loss from soil nails to ensure encapsulation Temporary weep holes Prevent build-up of excess water pressure behind grouted wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 28
29 Construction- Enabling Works Remove unstable remains of collapsed wall Gunite face of adjacent walls for stability and to seal cracks Grouting of adjacent drystone walls Improve overall wall stability Stabilise stone blocks to allow drilling to progress without bore collapse Prevent grout loss from soil nails to ensure encapsulation Temporary weep holes Prevent build-up of excess water pressure behind grouted wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 29
30 Construction- Enabling Works Remove unstable remains of collapsed wall Gunite face of adjacent walls for stability and to seal cracks Grouting of adjacent drystone walls Improve overall wall stability Stabilise stone blocks to allow drilling to progress without bore collapse Prevent grout loss from soil nails to ensure encapsulation Temporary weep holes Prevent build-up of excess water pressure behind grouted wall 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 30
31 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Sub-horizontal drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 31
32 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Sub-horizontal drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 32
33 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 33
34 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 34
35 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 35
36 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 36
37 Construction- Soil Nailing Nail and plate adjacent walls to enable safe access to collapsed section Staged dig (top-down) Install nails Drainage Back of wall wick drains Fix reinforcement mesh and header plates Shotcrete Shotcrete cure time- repeat 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 37
38 Soil Nailing: Locate remains of drystone wall Grout wall to stabilise Install soil nails Connect drainage 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 38
39 Soil Nailing: Lower levels at maximum reach Probing and hand digging required to locate base of wall and rockhead 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 39
40 Soil Nailing: Install vertical nails to support weight of thick shotcrete founded on soft ground 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 40
41 Construction- Highways Engineering Trief Kerb N1 Containment appropriate for 85km/h design speed (trialled on Ring of Kerry in 2013) Barrier faced with stone sympathetic to surroundings Channel drain to divert surface drainage to safe outfall location Erosion protection below sub-horizontal drains 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 41
42 Construction- Highways Engineering Trief Kerb N1 Containment appropriate for 85km/h design speed (trialled on Ring of Kerry in 2013) Barrier faced with stone sympathetic to surroundings Channel drain to divert surface drainage to safe outfall location Erosion protection below sub-horizontal drains 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 42
43 Construction- Highways Engineering Trief Kerb N1 Containment appropriate for 85km/h design speed (trialled on Ring of Kerry in 2013) Barrier faced with stone sympathetic to surroundings Channel drain to divert surface drainage to safe outfall location Erosion protection below subhorizontal drains 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 43
44 Construction- Highways Engineering Trief Kerb N1 Containment appropriate for 85km/h design speed (trialled on Ring of Kerry in 2013) Barrier faced with stone sympathetic to surroundings Channel drain to divert surface drainage to safe outfall location Erosion protection below subhorizontal drains 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 44
45 Road reopened 13 April 2017 in time for the Easter Holidays 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny 45
46 Thank You Atkins Limited except where stated otherwise. The Atkins logo, Carbon Critical Design and the strapline Plan Design Enable are trademarks of 29 September 2017, TII Annual Conference, Letterkenny Atkins Limited. 46
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