BIM-Integrated Construction Operation Simulation for Just-In-Time Production Management

Transcription

1 sustbility Article BIM-Integrted Construction Opertion Simultion for Just-In-Time Production Mngement WoonSeong Jeong 1, Soowon Chng 2, JeongWook Son 1, * June-Seong Yi 1 1 Deprtment Architecturl Engeerg, Ewh Womns University, 52, Ewhyeode-Gil, Seodemun-Gu, Seoul 03760, Kore; ph.d.wsj@gmil.com (W.J.); jsyi@ewh.c.kr (J.-S.Y.) 2 School Buildg Construction, Georgi Institute Technology North Avenue, Atlnt, GA 30332, USA; soowonch@gtech.edu * Correspondence: jwson@ewh.c.kr; Tel.: Acdemic Edirs: Vivin W. Y. Tm Mrc A. Rosen Received: 11 Ocber 2016; Accepted: 27 Ocber 2016; Published: 29 Ocber 2016 Abstrct: Trditionl plnng, which depends on hisricl dt heuristic modifiction, prevents tegrtion mngeril detils such s productivity dynmics. Specificlly, distnce beten plnng execution brgs cost overruns durtion extensions. To mimize vritions, this reserch presents Buildg Informtion Modelg (BIM)-tegrted frmework for predictg productivity dynmics t plnng phse. To develop this frmework, exmed criticl fcrs ffectg productivity t opertionl level, n forecst productivity dynmics. The resultg pln cludes specific comms for retrievg required formtion from BIM executg opertion s. It consists followg steps: (1) preprg BIM model produce put dt; (2) composg t opertionl level; (3) obtg productivity dynmics from BIM-tegrted. To vlidte our frmework, pplied it structurl model; this ws due significnce erections. By tegrtg BIM with opertion s, re ble crete relible plns tht dpted project chnges. Our results show tht developed frmework fcilittes relible prediction productivity dynmics, cn contribute improved schedule relibility, optimized resource lloction, cost svgs ssocited with buffers, reduced mteril wste. Keywords: productivity dynmics; buildg formtion modelg; computer ; Just-In-Time; len ; dt reuse 1. Introduction Due cresg size complexity projects, trditionl plnng is no longer sufficient for producg workble plns tht corporte ll necessry project detils, such s design complexities, lerng curves, coordtion process. Such trditionl methods require mngers utilize dt from previous projects mke heuristic djustments estblish on-site plns. Hover, with rdicl shifts now beg seen, plnng tht refers previous projects dt cnnot ensure predicted level productivity. Sce projects hve become more complex [1], mngers heuristics cnnot encompss ll necessry mngeril opertionl detils. On-site work now suffers from constnt modifictions chnges project conditions [2]. Such dequte plnng cn result delys [3] cost overruns stemmg from on-site opertionl problems. This vribility beten plnned ctul performnce results mngeril efficiency, ultimtely, lor-qulity outcomes. Such differences led supply mterils not cocidg with dem on site; mngers must n wrestle with n excess or lck Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106; doi: /su

2 Sustbility 2016, 8, mterils. If ctul performnce is greter thn expected, mterils become scrce lbor equipment re wsted. On or h, if ctul performnce is lor thn expected, mterils become excessive; costs n crese due terest ccrul venry mngement. Thus, relible plnng is extremely importnt mngeril efficiency wste reduction. Hover, sce projects re herently dynmic complex, work productivity on site cn vry dily, ccordg type number mitigtg fcrs [4,5]. Productivity dynmics cn proliferte such vritions beten plnned ctul production, resultg n excerbtion on-site problems. Sce productivity on sites is dynmic, it is chllengg develop sufficiently relible plns. Ech project is unique complex. First, projects clude numerous risks uncertty [6]. For stnce, developments differ loction, design, level skilled lbor required, tem composition. The newness environment lso dds unknowns execution process, so tht plnng bsed on hisricl dt cnnot gurntee expected performnce. This persistent newness results frequent modifictions plnned schedule. Also, vriety opertionl mngeril fcrs fluence productivity. Construction work volves multiple processes complex terctions wide vriety components tht re connected by nonler reltionships [5]. Moreover, sce project volves numerous stkeholders (cludg owners, designers, contrcrs, government), coordtion ll relevnt prticipnts cn be chllengg [7]. Flly, projects operte under numerous constrts, dynmic environments, require coordtion multiple tsks [8]. Such complexity dds unpredictbility, prudent plnng is required. Relible predictions productivity t opertionl level mimize uncertties, fcilitte efficiency, decrese wste terms time, cost, mterils. Hover, compnies still lck bility properly pln, estimte, execute projects consistent, efficient, relible mnner [2]. Existg plnng control techniques re sufficient for predictg relible dequte on-site performnce. Hover, computer s cn be used improve pln s relibility, by explicitly corportg performnce fcrs mutul cusl reltionships. Such s cn be utilized quntify vlidte efficiency process [6]. In ddition, models represent : (1) overll logic multitude ctivities required construct buildg; (2) resources volved performg work (e.g., lbor, equipment, mngement, etc.); (3) environment which project is beg built (e.g., site conditions, lbor pool, mrket sitution, etc.) [9]. Usg computer ols llows mngers build consistent plns tht consider criticl productivity fcrs. Furrmore, computer s umte plnng process, llowg for tegrtion Buildg Informtion Models (BIM) tht cont ll formtion necessry for development. BIM design pplictions re more thn just design ols; most BIM design pplictions lso terfce with or pplictions, llowg for energy nlyses, cost estimtions, so on [10]. With cresg mount formtion vilble BIM s improved process nnottions, formtion visuliztion hs become centrl overll process [10]. In this context, tegrtg opertion s with BIM would fcilitte time cost efficiency, generlly stremle process. In this regrd, our reserch developed BIM-tegrted frmework for predictg relible productivity dynmics by considerg fcrs tht ffect productivity t opertionl level. Our BIM-tegrted plnng frmework llevites difficulties tht currently plgue relible plnng, llows for mngeril efficiency s ll s technicl dvncement. Above ll, sce BIM is digitl representtion functionl physicl chrcteristics buildg [11], it llows for erly corportion unique chrcteristics buildg plnng process. Also, sce models represent comprehensive production process, cludg dynmic complex terction sub-processes [12], our frmework llows us synticlly consider diverse fcrs repetedly run project virtul spce,

3 Sustbility 2016, 8, without risk. In BIM-tegrted frmework suggested here, s re fed dt on buildg elements tht hd lredy been generted by BIM ol. The complete performed opertion virtul world, generted ccurte forecsts productivity dynmics tht re more relible thn those developed by trditionl methods. 2. Literture Review This chpter reviews current studies on use computer, len prctices, BIM pplictions used our BIM-tegrted frmework for Just-In-Time production plnng. First ll, wheres computer techniques cn now be combed with dvnced ols nlyze projects, difficulties with modelg s unrelible dt usge contue hibit ppliction s mngement field. Additionlly, while dustry hs improved mny wys rngg from mngement prctices technicl developments, pply len prciples, len should be emphsized (cludg ll prties long supply ch). While BIM s benefits dustry re cler, its utiliztion mngement dom rems nrrow Computer Simultion Construction Incresgly, models re beg used s problem-solvg decision-mkg ols mny dustries, especilly mnufcturg [13]. Simultion hs lso long been n estblished method for nlyzg both production logistics [14]. Prticulrly, mnufcturg dustry hs successfully implemented s improve production processes [15]. The populrity stems from its bility mke models complex systems [16]. Simultions fer relistic representtions terctions mong vriety systems diverse components [16]. Despite se dvntges, dustry, use for plnng purposes hs been lrgely limited cdemic reserch. This is becuse modelg is time-consumg error-prone process [12,17,18]. Cert reserchers hve rgued tht 4D s should be considered pproprite for use dustry. Hover, 4D s only llow for visuliztion schedules [19]. In this reserch, used 4D models sted 4D s; references s should be undersod s cludg discrete-event s, system dynmics, gent-bsed s, multi-method s. Currently, schedules used estblish 4D models re creted vi trditionl plnng methods, usg hisricl dt heuristic djustments. Thus, 4D models cnnot fer eir optiml or relible plns; y rem on level visuliztion, not plnng. If schedules re not developed relible mnner, mngers cn only use 4D models s visul communiction ols not s fcilitrs plnng, nlyzg, decision-mkg. To ddress current limittions this re, hve employed computer s s mens developg plns providg relible schedules 4D models. There hs been substntil body reserch on pplyg computer technology field. The first pproch developed this re ws clled CYCLONE [20], which cn be used model simple cyclic networks. For exmple, micro-cyclone s re used nlyze concrete btch plnt opertions ccordg resource combtions distnces [21]. Hover, this system ws o simple ccurtely model recourses, thus tended mnipulte m model [9]. Then, with development object-oriented process, ols re improved crete more prcticl models with better user terfces flexibility djust model s scope; s result, relibility improved. AbouRizk Hjjr [22] troduced Simphony s lnguge. Exploitg possibilities this new ol, reserchers suggested production-bsed frmework usg s estblish idel project execution plns; y lso discussed requirements for extendg scope such s [2]. Subsequently, reserchers hve ttempted tegrte technology with or ols [9]. One exmple

4 Sustbility 2016, 8, ws tegrtion 3D-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) with computer s support decision mkg durg [23]. Or reserchers used discrete-event for plnng by designg opertions n visulizg simulted opertions 3D [24]. With dvncements tht hve been mde with modelg ols, potentil pplictions computer hve cresed [9]. For stnce, models cn now simulte nlyze opertions, n support schedulg. Ultimtely, y cn predict utiliztion resources identify logistics bottlenecks [25]. Hover, utilize computer s dustry, first need solve limittions such s difficulties with modelg from s unrelible use dt. This reserch is n effort mimize effects se limittions convce prctitioners merits usg s dustry. If reserchers built strd s ech opertion s work, prctitioners could use those s for plnng by only modifyg prmeters slient prticulr project. Additionlly, by usg BIM-provided formtion tegrtg BIM with s, relibility s dt usge would be gretly improved. Therefore, this reserch suggests new methodology for estblishg relible plns vi convenient prcticl BIM-tegrted frmework Len Construction Len production, which tries elimte ny wste mterils, time, or effort from production process, ws developed by Toyot ( Jpnese cr mnufcturg compny) [26,27]. It stemmed from need crete system production tht responded cusmers orders (i.e., not mss production). This pproch gretly cresed Toyot s productivity. Consequently, mny dustries hve ttempted dopt concept. In dustry, len production ws troduced mid-1990s [27]. The mjor ims re mimiztion wste mximiztion vlue. Vrious ols, methods, techniques re employed ccomplish se gols. Applyg len thkg field hs led development vriety plnng control systems [28]. For exmple, Mo Zhng [3] estblished re-engeerg process tht combes len prciples computer techniques. Bsed on such prciples, ir reserch clssified ctivities conversion flow ctivities sted vlue-dded/non-vlue-dded clssifiction system tht ws strd; resultg re-engeerg process voids confusion clssifiction [3]. In this context, ppliction len prciples field cn improve efficiency plnng. The most importnt len prciple is mimiztion eventul elimtion wsted time, money, equipment, etc. [29,30]. On sites, re re mny kds wste, such s time crews spend witg beg project or reworkg correctly completed tsks, efficient hlg mterils, venry workspce [28]. Accordg prde gme ory [31], se types wste crese with vritions flow, which ffects entire supply ch. Specificlly, vritions ctul expected outcomes result need for buffers mnge vribility orders. Hover, buffers men wsted resources spent on mngement control, even when buffers re not bsolutely necessry. These, buffers crese production cycle extent project s durtion budget [31,32]. If mngers fil relibly predict production field, y cnnot help but ccept n excess or lck sck. The lterntive is control ir venry by chnge-orders. As mens preprg for this type sitution, suppliers employ some number buffers shield gst chnge-orders. If this unrelible unpredictble sitution contues, prticipnts long supply ch cnnot chieve suitble levels cost- time-efficiency; efficiency long entire extent supply ch fils. Relibility production llows ll contrcrs mnge ir work with mimum buffers, implement Just-In-Time production. Relible production chieves mimum wste by deliverg right quntity t right time, mximizg vlue for client by mimizg cost overruns durtion extensions.

5 Sustbility 2016, 8, Relible plnng is essentil elimtg wste projects. Hover, it is difficult ccurtely predict needs prticulr project, becuse ir herent uniqueness complexity. In ddition, productivity cnnot be predicted t norml or sttic rte becuse it volves dynmic terctions complicted vribles tht come ger vriety complex systems [33]. Productivity dynmics generted from new lbor, unique lerng curve, or chnges site s conditions cn ll led wste. Therefore, mngers should consider such vribles when plnng. To ccomplish this gol, developed BIM-tegrted frmework. This frmework will ssist prediction productivity dynmics, contribute mimizg venry on site, crese relibility with regrds orders. The result will be decrese buffers reliztion key prciples len Appliction BIM BIM is remrkble technology regulrly employed Architecture/Engeerg/Construction (AEC) dustry [34]. It ws developed s ol for engeers use generte mnge buildg formtion fcilitte three-dimensionl design [35]. BIM pplictions re rpidly becomg more common dustry becuse y re useful for reducg cost time, enhncg project qulity [36]. The mjor merit this technology is visul enhncements it provides, which re useful mens fcilittg communiction mong stkeholders. In ddition providg mens visulizg 3D geometric expressions, BIM corportes vriety process dt useful for nlyzg constructbility. Furrmore, BIM, rchitecturl design is tegrted with energy s efficiently ccurtely pply put [34]. Geometric formtion is lso tegrted structurl s nlyze structurl sfety; detiled models re produced tht reflect uniqueness unticity buildg without excessive geometric simplifictions [37]. Likewise, BIM is utilized mny or spects, such s nlyses buildg energy, structure, constructbility. Rpid improvements BIM technology hve mde buildg performnce evlutions esier quicker complete; for exmple, energy consumption [34,38] structurl design nlyses [37], structurl evlutions durg [39] use BIM dt obt detils necessry for thorough vestigtion buildg s performnce. Construction mngement lso uses BIM ssist visul communiction mong ll key prties, tegrtion necessry obt new mngeril knowledge, umtion tht improves mngeril efficiency. Yet spite se importnt uses, mngement field BIM dt contue be utilized for only simple prtil purposes. For stnce, ccordg study on project schedulg vi tegrtion BIM with process s [1,19], reserchers only used BIM dt obt quntities mterils needed. Although quntity tkef dt is necessry when determg durtion process [25], on its own it is not sufficient for relible plnng. Specificlly, opertionl mngeril dt re needed, such s workble hours, mount skilled lbor, level difficulty, so on. 3. Methodology 3.1. Productivity Dynmics In pst, schedulg for dustry hs been bsed on verge hisricl dt collected from similr projects heuristic djustments mde by mngers. Construction mngers multiply quntity mterils by unit time, bsed on hisricl dt, n clculte tl durtion work. Then, quntity mterils is multiplied by durtion; s result, dily production productivity is estblished. Afterwrds, mngers heuristiclly djust ir production plns ccordnce with itil delys, lerng effects, need for re-work. In ctulity, though, such plns tend be quite different from execution. Sce work follows n outdoor, project-bsed production process, environment cnnot be controlled

6 Sustbility 2016, 8, vribility is prevlent [40]. This vribility leds cost overruns on-site delys (see 1). For stnce, if production is greter thn expected, resources re wsted; this wste leds unexpected costs work delys (see 1). On or h, if production is lor thn expected, estblished buffers re unnecessry; this extr venry leds unexpected mngeril costs non-vlue-ddg ctivities tht wste resources [40] (see 1). The gols len cn be chieved by reducg or relibly predictg output vribility [40]. Thus, order mimize cost overruns dely extensions cused by differences pln execution, this reserch pper Sustbility presents 2016, 8, 1106 BIM-tegrted frmework for relible production 6 25 plnng. This reserch will led ll prties long supply ch chievg expected level efficiency frmework for relible production plnng. This reserch will led ll prties long supply relible production ch chievg plns expected for level efficiency site; s relible result, production wste plns for time, money, equipment, Sustbility 2016, 8, mterils site; will s be result, mimized. wste time, money, equipment, mterils will be mimized. frmework for relible production plnng. This reserch will led ll prties long supply ch chievg expected level efficiency relible production plns for site; s result, wste time, money, equipment, mterils will be mimized BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework 3.2. BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework 1. A digrm dynmics. 1. A digrm productivity dynmics. Above, expled why relible production plnng is importnt chievg len 1. A digrm productivity dynmics. ; it creses efficiency ll prties volved project. Consequently, this work rgue for use computer s s production process 3.2. BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework ssessment ol BIM s relible dt source. In followg section, will present BIMtegrted Above, expled frmework why relible for production plnng. plnng Subsequently, is importnt will demonstrte chievg len ; methodology s it creses usefulness estblishg efficiency ccurte ll prties productivity volved dynmics. project. Consequently, this work rgue for use computer s s production process ssessment Design ol BIM-Integrted s relible Simultion dt source. In followg section, will present BIMtegrted Construction mngers frmework usully for develop ir plnng. Subsequently, plns ccordg will hisricl demonstrte dt methodology s heuristic djustments usefulness (see estblishg 2). ccurte productivity dynmics. Above, expled why relible production plnng is importnt chievg len ; it creses efficiency ll prties volved project. Consequently, this work rgue for use computer s s production process ssessment ol BIM s relible dt source. In followg section, will present BIM-tegrted frmework for plnng. Subsequently, will demonstrte methodology s usefulness estblishg ccurte productivity dynmics Design BIM-Integrted Simultion Design BIM-Integrted Simultion Construction mngers usully develop ir plns ccordg hisricl dt Construction mngers usully develop ir plns ccordg hisricl dt heuristic djustments (see 2). heuristic djustments (see 2). 2. Trditionl plnng process. Sce projects ten differ terms design, site, environment, hisricl dt cnnot gurntee expected level performnce. Also, becuse considerble number fcrs fluence productivity, mngers heuristics cnnot corporte ll mngeril 2. Trditionl plnng process. opertionl detils. Therefore, 2. Trditionl this trditionl plnng method process. cnnot produce relible plns tht properly consider project s uniqueness complexity. To remedy this, hve Sce projects ten differ terms design, site, environment, hisricl dt designed set BIM-tegrted procedures tht cn be cusmized produce ccurte cnnot gurntee expected level performnce. Also, becuse considerble number fcrs syntic plnng (see s 2 3). fluence productivity, mngers heuristics cnnot corporte ll mngeril opertionl detils. Therefore, this trditionl plnng method cnnot produce relible plns tht properly consider project s uniqueness complexity. To remedy this, hve designed set BIM-tegrted procedures tht cn be cusmized produce ccurte syntic plnng (see s 2 3). Sce projects ten differ terms design, site, environment, hisricl dt cnnot gurntee expected level performnce. Also, becuse considerble number fcrs fluence productivity, mngers heuristics cnnot corporte ll mngeril

7 Sustbility 2016, 8, opertionl detils. Therefore, this trditionl plnng method cnnot produce relible plns tht properly consider project s uniqueness complexity. To remedy this, hve designed set BIM-tegrted procedures tht cn be cusmized produce ccurte syntic plnng (see s 28, 3). Sustbility 2016, 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility Proposed plnng process usg BIM-tegrted frmework. 3. Proposed plnng BIM-tegrted BIM-tegrted frmework. 3. Proposed plnngprocess process usg usg frmework. First, prepred BIM model tht cluded buildg formtion such s mterils, geometry, so prepred BIM model tht cluded buildg formtion such s mterils, geometry, size,prepred on. Then, developed comms usg BIM Appliction Progrmmg Interfce (API) First, First, BIM model tht cluded buildg formtion such s mterils, geometry, (C#)so on. extrct BIM dt comms trnslte tht formtion resource dt for Interfce computer (API) size, Then, developed usg BIM Appliction Progrmmg size, so on. Then, developed comms usg BIM Appliction Progrmmg Interfce. These dt re n put opertion. Flly, (C#) extrct BIM dt trnslte thtformtion resource dt for computer (API) (C#) extrct BIM dt trnslte tht formtion plnng, resource dt for computer obted productivity dynmics used our production schedulg,. These dt re n put m opertion. Flly, resource lloction.. These dt re n put opertion. Flly, obted obted productivity dynmics used m our production plnng, schedulg, productivity dynmics used m our production plnng, schedulg, resource lloction. resource lloction BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework We developed BIM-tegrted frmework for predictg productivity dynmics BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework BIM-Integrted Simultion Frmework fcilittg relible production mngement. BIM fers relible dt for process s. developg comms usg frmework BIM API, for re ble extrct BIM dt dynmics dynmics We developed BIM-tegrted frmework productivity We developed By BIM-tegrted forpredictg predictg productivity trnslte it buildg dt thtmngement. could n be put relible Usg BIM will llow fcilittg relible production BIM dt for for process fcilittg relible production mngement. BIMfers fers. relible dt process mngers comms consider projects unique chrcteristics such s mterils, s. By developg usg BIM API, re ble extrct BIM dt s. By developg BIM API, re ble extrct BIM dt geometry, quntitycomms qulity usg work needed. This will sve mngers both time trnslte it buildg dt tht could n be put. Usg BIM will llow trnslte it buildg dt tht could n be put. Usg BIM will llow money. mngers consider projects unique chrcteristics such s mterils, The consisted overll work process, criticl fcrs ffectg geometry, mngers consider projects unique chrcteristics such s mterils, geometry, quntity qulity work needed. This settg will sve mngers both productivity, work resources, BIMdt, mngeril formtion. By usg Anylogic 7 time quntity qulity work needed. This will sve mngers both time money. money. (Anylogic Compny: St. Petersburg, Russin, 2013), remrkble technology lredy The consisted overll work process, criticl fcrs ffectg The consisted overll process, criticl ffectg use mny dustries, re ble synticlly considerwork complex conditions fcrs strd project substntil mount dt. By usg this BIM-tegrted productivity, resources, BIM dt, mngeril mngeril settg By usg Anylogic 7 productivity, workwork resources, BIM dt, settgformtion. formtion. By usg Anylogic 7 frmework, mngersrussin, will be ble develop relible productivity dynmics lredy from (Anylogic Compny: St. Petersburg, 2013), remrkble technology use (Anylogic Compny: St. Petersburg, Russin, 2013), remrkble technology lredy dt (see 4); sble result, vritions beten plnned ctul productionwill be use dustries, ccurte mny dustries, re synticlly consider complex conditions strd mny mimized. re ble synticlly consider complex conditions strd project substntil mount dt. By usg this BIM-tegrted project substntil mount dt. By usg this BIM-tegrted frmework, mngers will be ble develop relible productivity dynmics from frmework, mngers will be ble develop relible productivity dynmics from ccurte ccurte dt (see 4); s result, vritions beten plnned ctul production will be dt (see 4); s result, vritions beten plnned ctul production will be mimized. mimized. 4. BIM-tegrted frmework. 4. BIM-tegrted frmework. 4. BIM-tegrted frmework.

8 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Development BIM-Integrted Simultion In this section, expl specific procedures for pplyg BIM-tegrted project Preprocessg BIM Model BIM models cont cont formtion formtionsuch suchs s buildg s geometry, geometry, size, size, type, type, so on so on shown shown 5. To 5. generte To generte BIM BIM model model for this for reserch, this reserch, used used Audesk Audesk Revit Revit 2015 (Audesk: 2015 (Audesk: Sn Rfel, Sn Rfel, CA, USA, CA, USA, 2015). 2015). Audesk Audesk Revit Revit provides provides porful porful.net.net API, API, which which employed employed extend extend formtion formtion embodied embodied BIM BIM model. model. We n We n retrieved retrieved put put dt reltg dt reltg process process by by progrmmg progrmmg.net.netfrmework frmework C# progrmmg lnguge. 5. Audesk Revit model combg project s formtion. 5. Audesk Revit model combg project s formtion BIM2SIM Approch 4.2. BIM2SIM Approch We developed comms extrct chnge BIM dt order put resource dt We developed comms extrct chnge BIM dt order put resource dt needed for process. We used.net frmework lnguge C# needed for process. We used.net frmework lnguge C# compose compose BIM2SIM comms. These comms first ccessed BIM formtion BIM2SIM comms. These comms first ccessed BIM formtion extrcted BIM extrcted BIM dt; n, y trnslted BIM dt put dt. The BIM2SIM dt; n, y trnslted BIM dt put dt. The BIM2SIM pproch is depicted pproch is depicted 6. The followg procedures re required extrct BIM dt for 6. The followg procedures re required extrct BIM dt for our our opertion. opertion. Produced pre-built BIM model Produced Developed code pre-built for extrctg BIM model dt from BIM Developed Constructed code dtset for extrctg sorted for dt from BIM Constructed Trnslted tht dtset sorted for put dt Trnslted tht dtset put dt

9 Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Digrm BIM2SIM process. process Construction Construction Opertion Opertion Simultion Simultion Digrm BIM2SIM process. After preprg preprg pre-built pre-built model composg comms usg BIM s API, After BIMBIM model composg comms usg BIM s API, developed 4.3. Construction Opertion Simultion developed opertionl shown 7. To build relible, opertionl shown 7. To build relible, first preprg pre-built BIM model composg comms usg BIM s API, firstafter scrutized vrious processes by conductg thorough literture review, scrutized vrious processes by conductg thorough literture review, terviewg developed opertionl shown 7. To build relible, terviewg prctitioners, nlyzg Then, identified fluence criticl fcrs tht prctitioners, nlyzg textbooks. Then, textbooks. identified criticl fcrs tht opertionl first scrutized vrious processes by conductg thorough literture review, fluence opertionl work productivity. Usg formtion collected from our nlysis, built work productivity. Usg formtion collected from our nlysis, built conceptul terviewg prctitioners, textbooks. Then, identified criticl fcrs thtn conceptul s nlyzg scheme, listed criticl fcrs, developed model s scheme, listedmodel criticl productivity fcrs, productivity developed n opertionl fluence opertionl work productivity. Usg formtion collected from our nlysis, built opertionl usg Theol resultg olstrument is first only usg Anylogic stwre. TheAnylogic resultgstwre. is first only brg conceptul model s scheme, listed dynmics, criticl productivity fcrs, s developed n strument brg ger discrete events, system gent-bsed one ger discrete events, system dynmics, gent-bsed s one model development opertionl usg Anylogic stwre. The resultg ol is first only model development environment. Usg ol, Anylogic ol, follod develop steps listed environment. Usg Anylogic follod steps listed below strument brg ger discrete events, system dynmics, gent-bsed s one below develop conduct fl opertion. conduct fl opertion. model development environment. Usg Anylogic ol, follod steps listed Defed work work procedures for opertion opertion develop conduct fl. below Defed procedures for opertion Determed criticl fcrs ffectg work productivity Determed work criticl fcrs ffectg work productivity Defed procedures for opertion Developed Developed Determed criticl fcrs ffectg work productivity Extrcted buildg dt from BIM conduct Developed Extrcted buildg dt from BIM conduct Implemented computer Extrcted dt from BIM conduct Implemented buildg computer Implemented computer 7. Digrm development process. Digrm development development process Digrm

10 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Appliction for BIM-Integrted Simultion Method In this section, discuss ppliction BIM-tegrted method erection project, order exme pplicbility method for ctul projects. Steel erection is one most importnt processes on site; it hs criticl effects on project s durtion cost. Consequently, erection work is one most ctively-mnged res; ccurcy is essentil relible production plnng. Therefore, by pplyg this method erection work, re ble vlidte pplicbility method mimize ny excess money time tht would need be spent on this step Preprocessg BIM Dt Used for Plnng We prepred -structure BIM BIM model model for nfor ctul n ctul project project Seoul. TheSeoul. buildg s The buildg s re ws pproximtely re ws pproximtely 390 m 2, 390 m 2, site re site ws re pproximtely ws pproximtely 650 m The m 2. buildg The buildg hd hd bsement bsement four four bove-ground floors. floors. The The structure ws ws -reforced concrete. We only modeled elements structure test our method for erection work (see 8). The BIM model fered ll ll necessry formtion, such such s s number number columns columns bems, bems, size, size, type type ech mteril, ech mteril, geometric geometric loction, loction, so on. These so on. dtthese re dt n used re for n used for model. model BIM BIM model model used used test test structurl structurl model. model Implementg Comms Usg BIM s API Extrct Buildg Informtion 5.2. Implementg Comms Usg BIM s API Extrct Buildg Informtion After preprg BIM model, developed comms usg BIM s API C#.NET After preprg BIM model, developed comms usg BIM s API C#.NET frmework lnguges; se comms re imported usg dd- ol from Audesk Revit frmework lnguges; se comms re imported usg dd- ol from Audesk Revit The comms llod engeers obt required formtion embodied BIM The comms llod engeers obt required formtion embodied BIM model. The comms trnslted extrcted buildg formtion put resource dt for use model. The comms trnslted extrcted buildg formtion put resource dt for use opertion. The procedures used retrieve buildg formtion opertion. The procedures used retrieve buildg formtion cn be found 9. This process sved time, money, effort tht would orwise hve been cn be found 9. This process sved time, money, effort tht would orwise hve been needed reproduce buildg dt lredy BIM model. needed reproduce buildg dt lredy BIM model.

11 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Dt retrievl process from BIM model, put dt preprtion process. 9. Dt retrievl process from BIM model, put dt preprtion process Development Construction Opertion Simultion 5.3. Development Construction Opertion Simultion We composed erection work vi discrete-event pproch becuse We composed erection work vi discrete-event pproch becuse erection work is generlly performed s sequence events over time. Hover, noticed erection work is generlly performed s sequence events over time. Hover, noticed tht requires stlled loction fcrs such s height; thus, terpreted tht requires stlled loction fcrs such s height; thus, terpreted be simple gent. We lso conducted literture review, expert terviews, textbook nlysis be simple gent. We lso conducted literture review, expert terviews, textbook nlysis determe relible opertion process ppropritely used retrieved buildg determe relible opertion process ppropritely used retrieved buildg dt environment. To properly express erection work process, first dt environment. To properly express erection work process, first composed outle serve s blueprt. Then, identified criticl fcrs ffectg composed outle serve s blueprt. Then, identified criticl fcrs ffectg work productivity by scrutizg this type work, terviewg experts, reviewg relevnt work productivity by scrutizg this type work, terviewg experts, reviewg relevnt literture. The Anylogic stwre ws used build model. We rrnged librries literture. The Anylogic stwre ws used build model. We rrnged librries prmeters processes resources, ccordg ir properties. In followg section, prmeters processes resources, ccordg ir properties. In followg section, present our process for developg erection work on site. present our process for developg erection work on site Composg Simultion Outle Composg Simultion Outle After literture review, terviews with experts, textbook nlysis, built our scheme After literture review, terviews with experts, textbook nlysis, built our scheme for erection work on site (see 10). The work ws divided four secrs for erection work on site (see 10). The work ws divided four secrs fifteen opertionl processes. The first secr volved trnsportg mterils fifteen opertionl processes. The first secr volved trnsportg mterils site. The second ws temporry erection columns. The third secr ws temporry site. The second ws temporry erection columns. The third secr ws temporry erection bems. The fl secr cluded stlltion ll erection mterils. There re four erection bems. The fl secr cluded stlltion ll erection mterils. There re processes cluded first phse: (1) trnsportg site; (2) movg four processes cluded first phse: (1) trnsportg site; (2) movg sckyrd; (3) unlodg ; (4) mtg sckyrd. In second phse, sckyrd; (3) unlodg ; (4) mtg sckyrd. In second re re lso four processes: (1) preprg columns be lifted; (2) liftg columns; (3) phse, re re lso four processes: (1) preprg columns be lifted; (2) liftg columns; rrngg columns be correctly plced; (4) temporrily erectg columns. In third (3) rrngg columns be correctly plced; (4) temporrily erectg columns. In third phse, re re five processes: (1) stllg sfety device; (2) preprg bem mterils phse, re re five processes: (1) stllg sfety device; (2) preprg bem mterils be be lifted; (3) liftg bems; (4) rrngg bems be correctly plced; (5) temporrily lifted; (3) liftg bems; (4) rrngg bems be correctly plced; (5) temporrily erectg erectg bems/girders. The fl phse ws divided two processes: (1) gugg bems/girders. The fl phse ws divided two processes: (1) gugg verticlity; verticlity; (2) erectg ll mterils. (2) erectg ll mterils.

12 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Composg Composg blueprt. blueprt Fdg Fcrs Criticl Construction Opertion Fdg Fcrs Criticl Construction Opertion We identified criticl fcrs tht fluence productivity erection work on We identified criticl fcrs tht fluence productivity erection work on sites. sites. To To verify verify relibility relibility our our conclusions, conclusions, nlyzed nlyzed textbooks, textbooks, tervied tervied specilists, specilists, revied revied relevnt relevnt literture literture on on pic. pic. Accordg Accordg reserch reserch this this field, field, fcrs fcrs tht impct tht impct work work productivity productivity re re extremely extremely complex complex diverse, diverse, clude clude constructbility constructbility completeness completeness design, design, responsibility responsibility workers, workers, surroundg surroundg conditions, conditions, period, period, site site size, size, structure structure type, type, supply supply mterils, mterils, height height work, work, so so on. on. Among Amongse se or fcrs, found six six tht tht re re repetedly repetedly stressed stressed by by experts. experts. (1) The (1) The number number workble workble dys. dys. Workble Workble dys dys re re dys dys which which it it is is possible furr project; project; this this exclude excludedys dys with withbd bdr ror ordurg durgwhich unexpected ccidents occur. This fcr hs hs significnt significnt impct impct on on productivity; productivity; it is itdirectly is directly connected connected time time resource resource put put vlue; vlue; (2) Vriety (2) Vriety erection erection mterils mterils used used sme sme re. re. The The more more mterils mterils needed needed sgle re, more time time project project consumes; (3) (3) The The cpcity sckyrd. This This fcr fluences mterils supply cycle; cycle; (4) (4) The The height project. If If erection erection work work is performed is performed bove bove fifteenth fifteenth floor, logistics floor, logistics plcement plcement become become so complex so complex time spent time liftg spent becomes liftg sobecomes prolongedso tht prolonged productivity tht productivity is lwys reduced; is lwys (5) reduced; Access (5) r Access crne. r Steel erection crne. Steel work erection requires work requires use r use crne. r Thus, crne. esy Thus, ccessesy is criticl ccess fcr is criticl productivity; fcr productivity; (6) Workers (6) level Workers skill. level Workers skill. reworkers diverse re diverse unpredictble, unpredictble, ir efficiency ir efficiency knowledge knowledge is criticl is productivity. criticl productivity Steel Steel Erection Work Simultion Usg Usg Anylogic, creted creted model model bsed bsed on outle outle bove- bove-discussed criticl fcrs. criticl fcrs. The model The model ws prepred ws prepred s s discrete-event (see (see 11). Associtions mong mong criticl fcrs librries re orgnized ccordg ir reltion. reltion. As As mentionedbove, bove, divided divided erection work four secrs expressed ech echs s different differentle le model (see (see 11). Hover, specific processes processes nt nt fr frbeyond beyond defed defedsteps steps outle, due due dummy steps necessry necessry mengfully mengfullycontrol control flow mterils. The Thecriticl criticlfcrs fcrsre defed s: s: schedule, schedule, numbersoferect, numbersoferect, cpofsckyrd, heightoferect, vilbletc, workersskill, which which trnslted trnslted workble workble dys, dys, number number erection erection mterils, mterils, cpcity cpcity sckyrd, height project, project, ccess ccess r r crne, crne, skill skill workers, workers, respectively. respectively. The The schedule schedule prmeter prmeter components components Anylogic Anylogic stwre stwre re re used used corporte corporte se se fcrs fcrs model. model.

13 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility 2016, 8, Steel erection work model Anylogic. 11. Steel erection work model Anylogic. 11. Steel erection work model Anylogic. Lbor equipment re defed s resources Anylogic (see 12). We itilly divided We itilly Lbor defed s resources Anylogic (seeldg 12). We divided lbor five equipment ctegories: re one foremn, two boltg workers, three workers, one worker fivehookg ctegories: oneforemn, foremn, two boltg workers, three ldg workers, one worker lbor five ctegories: one two boltg workers, three ldg workers, one worker support mterils, one signl mn support liftg. The itil number workers support hookg mterils, one signl mn support liftg. The itil number support hookg mterils, one signl mn support liftg. The itil number ws determed by nlyzg strd crew used erection work. Additionlly, workers ws determed Additionlly, strd erection work.isadditionlly, cluded one forklift, by onenlyzg r crne, smllcrew ols used used for boltg. A forklift used move cluded oneunder forklift, crne,it olsused for boltg. becuse A forklift is cpcity used move mterils 30 one ns;r hover, wssmll not used our it ws not used our becuse cpcity mterils under 30 ns; hover, forklift ws not considered criticl productivity. A r crne moves one bem t time. forklift ws not considered criticl productivity. A r crne moves one bem t time. A r crne moves oneols re bemrequired t time. Smll ols re dummy resources re cluded only illustrte tht for ols re dummy resources re cluded only illustrte tht ols re required for Smll ols re dummy resources re cluded only illustrte tht ols re required for bolt workers. boltbolt workers. workers. 12. Types number resources needed for erection work. needed for for erection erection work. work Types Types number number resources resources needed Simultion Librries Prmeters Librries Prmeters Simultion Simultion Librries Prmeters We determed tht number components prmeters re necessry for erection We determed tht site. number components components re prmeters re necessry forprocess erection erection work Both Source Sk essentil necessry buildg model Weondetermed tht number prmeters re for work on site. Both Source Sk re essentil buildg process model becuse Source provided strtg pot Sk n end pot. Despite volume work on site. Both Source Sk re essentil buildg process model becuse Source provided strtg pot Sk n end pot. Despite volume mterils cluded process model, crryg mterils secr ws expressed s sgle becuse Source provided strtg pot Sk n end pot. Despite volume mterils cluded process model, crryg secr expressed s used sgle entity becuse it ws llprocess loded on sgle truck. mterils To mterils bd ws sgle entity, mterils cluded model, crryg secr ws expressed s sgle entity entity becuse it ws ll loded on sgle truck. To bd sgle entity, used Btch component. MoveTo usedtruck. express truck enterg entity, sckyrd spce. When becuse it ws ll loded on ws sgle To bd sgle used Btch Btch component. MoveTo wsused express enterg truck enterg sckyrd spce. When mterils rrive t used sckyrd, workers must spend time m; expressed this component. MoveTo ws express truck unlodg sckyrd spce. When rrive sckyrd, workers must spend time unlodg m; expressed this step mterils s rrive Dely Toworkers llocte forklift before fter unlodg process, step dded mterils tcomponent. t sckyrd, must spend time unlodg m; expressed this s step s Dely component. To llocte forklift before fter unlodg process, dded Relese components. If mterils needed be detched from ir delivery truck, Seize Dely component. To llocte forklift before fter unlodg process, dded Seize Seize m Relese components. mterils needed be detched from delivery truck, identified dividully vi If Unbtch We ir used ir Queue component Relese components. If mterils needed becomponent. detched from delivery truck, identified identified m dividully vi Unbtch component. used component Queue component demonstrte when component. sckyrd until it ws required for erection. m dividully vi remed Unbtch We used We Queue demonstrte demonstrte when remed sckyrd until it ws required for erection. remed second secr, temporry column for tsk, selected columns mong when In sckyrd untilerectg it ws required erection. In second secr, erectg column selected columns mong venry sckyrd vi temporry Pickup component. Thetsk, columns could n be hooked lift, venry sckyrd vi spot, Pickup columns could nsecr, be hooked lift, lifted, rrnged correct component. temporrilythe erected. In third temporry lifted, rrnged correct spot, temporrily erected. In third secr, temporry

14 Sustbility 2016, 8, In second secr, temporry erectg column tsk, selected columns mong venry sckyrd vi Pickup component. The columns could n be hooked lift, lifted, rrnged correct spot, temporrily erected. In third secr, temporry erectg bem tsk, follod similr process. We first selected bem mterils vi Pickup component, n stlled sfety equipment, hooked bems lift, lifted bems, rrnged bems on correct spots, n temporrily erected m. Flly, erectg ll mterils secr follod reltively simple set two steps: checkg verticlity ll mterils, firmly erectg ll stlled mterils. In order erect bems fter columns re stlled, dded Hold component beten first second secrs. The blockg condition for Hold ws wher number columns btch ws sme s number bems btch. From this component, re ble prevent mterils from jumpg on temporry erectg bem secr before columns re erected. In Tble 1, specific components our process nmg re described. Tble 1. Simultion steps for erection work. Simultion Components Nmg Description Source source Strtg pot process model Btch btch Bdg s one entity becuse requested s re entered one truck MoveTo truckenter Enterg truck MoveTo drivetounlod Movg truck sckyrd spce Seize seizest Alloctg s forklift for unlodg Dely unlodg Unlodg step Relese relesest Relesg s from forklift fter unlodg Unbtch unbtch Detchg s from truck Queue mngst A sckyrd lod stels Hold hold Holdg entities pss erectg bems before erectg columns re completed Pickup pickupcol Selectg number columns plnned be erected Unbtch unbtchcol Selected one entity is divided dividul columns. Service hookcol Hookg/Wirg column r crne Service liftcolumn Liftg columns one by one Service erectcol Arrngg columns on right pot erectg columns temporrily Btch btchcol Bdg erected columns s one entity move on next step when columns stretched three sries re erected Pickup pickupbe Selectg number bems plnned be erected Unbtch unbtchbe Dividg selected one entity dividul bems. Dely equipsfety Preprg sfety mterils Service hookbem Hookg/Wirg bem r crne Service liftbem Liftg bems one by one Service erectbem Arrngg bems on right pot erectg bems temporrily Btch btchbe Bdg erected bems s one entity move on next step when bems re erected Dely checkall Checkg verticl sttes temporry erected mterils Service erectall Instllg ll erected mterils permnently Sk sk Endg pot process model We presumed tht 1 s equted 6 m rel time. We n defed put vlues ssumptions for ech step. Among se steps, determed those directly relted productivity: hookcol, liftcolumn, erectcol, equipsfety, hookbem, liftbem, erectbem, checkall, erectall. To determe relible productivity output provided by, needed n ccurte wy defg se ne steps. Through literture review

15 Sustbility 2016, 8, terviews with experts, configured dependble vlues n pproprite distribution for steps presented Tble 2. Tble 2. Input vlues ssumptions. Steps Input Vlues Description or Assumptions source btch truckenter drivetounlod 1 entity every 5 s numberofcol + numberofbem (+dummysteel) None (Dummy step) None (Dummy step) Source depends on schedule; this schedule will be defed fter predictg relible production pln We ssumed tht columns bems ech level re entered one truck This step mens tht truck enters site. The speed cn be limited durg This step mens tht truck moves front sck yrd for unlodg. The speed cn be limited durg seizest Resource sets: forklift This step lloctes s resource (forklift). unlodg * tringulr(1, 5, 4) This step is dummy step becuse it is not directly relted mesure productivity. Then, ssumed put vlues dependg on vrious cses. relesest Relese: ll seized resources This step releses s from resource (forklift) unbtch mngst hold pickupcol unbtchcol None Cpcity = cpofsckyrd Blockg condition: hold.out.count()!= btchbe.out.count(); Quntity: numberofcol None hookcol tringulr(0.583, 1.167, 0.833) liftcolumn tringulr(0.767, 1.067, 0.917) erectcol tringulr(3.667, 6.167, 4.167) This step is dummy step for recognizg entities dividully by detchg m from one truck Its cpcity is djusted by cpofsckyrd prmeter This step holds mterils for lloctg proper sequence This step picks up columns perform temporry erectg columns work This step is dummy step for recognizg entities dividully We ssume hookg column mteril one by one. Also, it requires sme mount time with hookbem This put distribution is cquired from nlysis previous litertures This put distribution is cquired by cross-checkg previous litertures btchcol Size: numberofcol We bound columns on one floor pln one btch pickupbe unbtchbe Quntity: numberofbem None equipsfety expert terview hookbem tringulr(0.183, 0.44, 0.258) liftbem tringulr(0.769, 1.069, 0.919) erectbem tringulr(3.731, 4.000, 3.869) This step picks up bems perform temporry erectg bems work This step is dummy step for recognizg entities dividully We ssume hookg bem mteril one by one becuse preventg rsion This put distribution is cquired from nlysis previous litertures This put distribution is cquired by cross-checkg previous litertures btchbe Size: numberofbem We bound bems on one floor pln one btch checkall 80 expert terview erectall numberofbem * tringulr(3.731, 4.000, 3.869) sk None Endg pot The number erectg mterils stlled is sme s number temporry erectg bems * 1 s = 6 m rel time. * tringulr(m, mx, mode). Wheres put distribution fit bet distribution [41], it ws more difficult obt n mount dt sufficient extrct bet distribution. Sce tringulr distribution is both simple tuitive [42,43], pplied it s put dt retrieved, bsed on dt from previous literture (see Tble 2). The tringulr put dt used for criticl steps re determed by cross-checkg previous literture on this pic. The vlues re presented Tble 3.

16 Sustbility 2016, 8, re determed by cross-checkg previous literture on this pic. The vlues re presented Tble 3. Sustbility 2016, 8, Tble 3. Tringulr put dt for criticl steps. Tble 3. Tringulr put dt for criticl steps. Durtion (Mutes Rel Time *) Steps Mimum Durtion Most (Mutes Likely Rel (Mode) Time *) Mximum Steps hookcol Mimum Most Likely (Mode) Mximum liftcolumn hookcol erectcol liftcolumn hookbem erectcol hookbem liftbem liftbem erectbem erectbem erectall erectall * 1 * s 1 s = 6 m rel rel time. time Steel Agent Modelg In erection work model usg discrete-event (process-centric models), ws used s n object process flow. We needed mount mterils height erection, which re obtble from from BIM BIM model. model. After After obted obted this formtion, this formtion, clssified clssified mterils ccordg mterils ccordg ir required ir order required work order process flow work shown process flow shown 13. First, sorted 13. First, columns sorted bems. columns Then, bems. ws Then, divided ccordg ws divided seprte ccordg floors becuse seprte it floors neededbecuse stlled it needed ccordg be stlled ccordg floor order. In floor model order. presented In model presented 8, columns 8, re only columns stlled re only stlled bsement on level, bsement so creted level, so only one creted stteonly for one columns. stte for Conversely, columns. Conversely, prepred sixprepred sttes forsix sttes bems for becuse bems ybecuse neededy be needed stlled be onstlled six floors. on ll To six clssify floors. To se clssify putse vlues, put creted vlues, two creted prmeters, two prmeters, bselevel bselevel referencelevel. referencelevel. After developg After developg comms for comms extrctg for extrctg BIM formtion, BIM formtion, sred bse sred level vlue bse level vlue columns bselevel columns bselevel reference level reference vluelevel vlue bems referencelevel. bems referencelevel. Sce columns Sce only columns hd only bse hd level bse level bems only bems hdonly reference hd reference level, se level, twose prmeters two prmeters re llre tht re ll tht needed. re needed. Additionlly, Additionlly, reflected reflected height fcr height byfcr dividg by dividg stte by floor. stte by floor. 13. Steel gent model composed usg Anylogic. 13. Steel gent model composed usg Anylogic.

17 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Runng BIM-Integrted Simultion With Audesk Revit 2015 environment, opened prepred BIM model dded comms described bove. By executg process, obted put dt extrcted from BIM model trnslted it dt formt. Then, opened Anylogic ppliction imported put dt. We lso imported work process model. model. Next, Next, put put dt dt model model ws ws dded dded work work process process.. In In Anylogic Anylogic environment, environment, different different files cn files becn combed be combed if y re if y written re written n Anylogic n Anylogic formt such formt s lp. such We n s lp. tegrted We n tegrted resource put resource dt from put BIMdt trom BIM work process, work process performed, performed erection work process erection, work process mesured, column mesured bem erection column productivities bem erection productivities overll productivity overll erection. productivity The entire process erection. is presented The entire process is 12. presented When mesured 12. When productivity, mesured re productivity, ble obt re optiml ble obt resource put optiml combtion resource put by djustg combtion put by djustg dt. Consequently, put dt. Consequently, method enbled method us enbled estblishus optiml estblish resources optiml production resources plns tht production considered plns tht considered project s uniqueness project s complexity. uniqueness 14complexity. shows entire processes. 14 shows entire processes. 14. Processes runng BIM-tegrted method Model Input Assumptions This section describes model put dt ssumptions tht re mde when pplied BIM-tegrted ctul ctul stlltion stlltionwork. work. Bsed Bsed on experts on experts opions, opions, determed determed steps steps criticl criticl erection erectionwork. These steps cluded hookg, liftg, erectg, stllg sfety equipment, checkg verticlity. We nlyzed model s put vlues for se steps, found hisricl vlues previously-published cse study, cross-checked dt, n decided on mimum, mximum, most likely vlues. This process ws vlidted vi expert terviews.

18 Sustbility 2016, 8, cross-checked dt, n decided on mimum, mximum, most likely vlues. This process ws vlidted vi expert terviews. We lso ssumed tht re ws one foremn who worked on ground, one signlmn for signl, one worker who hooked mterils r crne, two workers who erected structure, two workers who lded beten columns. We identified se vlues vi textbook nlysis, expert terviews, review published literture on this pic. We presumed ccess forklift r crne, nlyzed required use this equipment by employg bsic nlysis ols Anylogic stwre. Also, mount mterils forklift r crne could move could be modified durg becuse considered m djustble mngeril vlues Role Criticl Fcrs Input Assumptions As mentioned bove, identified six criticl fcrs ffectg productivity for erection work: number workble dys, mount mterils, cpcity sckyrd, height erection, vilbility r crne, skill workers. These criticl fcrs re divided those tht re re not obtble from BIM. Then, determed how consider unobtble fcrs model. The method follod for reflectg ll criticl fcrs is presented Tble 4. Tble 4. Method for reflectg criticl fcrs model. BIM Informtion Obtble Unobtble Criticl Fcrs The number erectg mterils The cpcity sckyrd The workble dy The level erectg height The vilbility usg r crne The skill workers Method Reflect Criticl Fcrs Simultion Model (Technicl Method/Assumptions) The fcr could be obted from BIM model by executg comms The fcr represented number cpble sred mterils sckyrd, it ws considered s mngeril fcr, so this vlue could be chnged while runng The fcr ws unpredictble. Thus, if predicted productivity, could drw proper workble dys We could obt height erectg, but could not obt level erectg height We first supposed tht re is one r crne site. By clcultg utiliztion r crne resource, could deduce proper utiliztion r crne for erection work The fcr ws lso unpredictble. Hover, by supposg workers skill, could drw proper combtion workers skill for erection work We ssumed tht height erection cresed until Floor 3, n decresed ro; tht is, level columns bsement ws 1.2, while levels erectg bems on first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth floors re 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.3, respectively. The production vlues re divided se vlues reflect predicted work productivity. When dded BIM formtion by usg bove-mentioned comms, clssified mterils by ir height; n, ech level height ws used predict productivity. Additionlly, sce workers levels skill cn be unpredictble, extrpolted optiml combtion skilled workers through n nlysis vrious scenrios. Specificlly, sce required number workers will differ ccordg ir skill, pplied different number workers ech process, compred ir level utiliztion, extrpolted optiml combtion Results from Runng BIM-Integrted Simultion Model We executed BIM-tegrted model built grphs work productivity bsed on model put vlues criticl fcrs determed from bove-mentioned ssumptions. The mount mterils needed for ech level ws determed by usg BIM s API comms.

19 Sustbility 2016, 8, We ssumed tht cpcity sckyrd ws more thn sum number columns bems Sustbility order 2016, 8, void 1106 restrictions from limited sckyrd. The difficulty work s 19 height 25 cresed ws productivity-impedg fcr. The entire setup ll criticl fcrs is presented Tble s 5. height cresed ws productivity-impedg fcr. The entire setup ll criticl fcrs is presented Tble 5. Tble 5. Simultion runng conditions. Tble 5. Simultion runng conditions. Setup Dt Bse Cse Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Setup Dt Bse Cse Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 The number Column: 18 Bem: 32 Bem: 45 Bem: 45 Bem: 35 Bem: 25 Bem: erectg The number mterils Column: 18 Bem: 32 Bem: 45 Bem: 45 Bem: 35 Bem: 25 Bem: 8 erectg mterils The cpcity The 100 sckyrd cpcity 100 sckyrd The workble dy Extrpoltion from results productivity on site The workble dy Extrpoltion from results productivity on site The level The level erectg height erectg height The vilbility Assumed one r crne site. Extrpolted from results productivity The vilbility Assumed one r crne site. Extrpolted from results usg r crne on site usg r crne productivity on site Mt itil number workers Mt itil number workers Foremn 1 Signl Foremn 1 The skill workers The skill Workers Signl for mn ldg 12 workers Workers for ldg boltg 2 Workers for hookg 1 Workers for boltg 2 Workers for hookg 1 We performed our BIM-tegrted ccordg s runng conditions shown We s performed our BIM-tegrted The stlltion sequence ccordg ws ccordg s height; tht runng is, conditions first set shown erections, s bems on The Levels stlltion 1, 2, sequence 3 re stlled ws ccordg sequentilly height; fter tht stlltion is, first set first set erections, columns. bems Then, on Levels second 1, 2, set 3 re erections, stlled sequentilly bems on Levels fter stlltion 4, 5, 6 re first stlled set sequentilly columns. fter Then, stlltion second set second erections, set columns. bems The on Levels productivity 4, 5, 6 re bems stlled vried ccordg sequentilly fter erection stlltion height. The difficulty second set columns. work cresed The productivity ccordg bems followg vried floor levels: ccordg 3, 2, 1, 4, 5, erection 6. Likewise, height. productivity The difficulty cresed work ccordg cresed ccordg sme sequence. followg While floor supposed levels: 3, tht 2, 1, 4, 5, 6. strd Likewise, height productivity ws 1.0, cresed observed ccordg difference sme if sequence. difficulty While level supposed work ws vried tht more. strd height ws 1.0, observed difference if difficulty level work ws vried more Productivity first column erection ( s s Productivity second column erection ( s s

20 Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility 2016, 2016, 8, 8, Sustbility Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility 2016, 8, 1106 Sustbility 2016, 8, Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 111( ( level ( sss 17. Productivity bems 17. Productivity bems reference level 1 ( s 17. Productivity bems reference level 1 ( s 17. Productivity bems reference level 1 ( s Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 2 ( ss level 222( ( ss Productivity Productivity bems bems reference level ( Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 22 ( ( ss Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 33 ( ( ss 19. Productivity bems reference level 3 ( s 19. Productivity bems reference level 3 ( s s Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 33 ( ( s Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 44 ( ( ss 20. Productivity bems reference level 4 ( s 20. Productivity bems reference level level444( ( sss Productivity Productivity bems bems reference level ( Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level 55 ( ( ss 21. Productivity bems reference level 5 ( s 21. Productivity bems reference level555( (22.400sss Productivity Productivity bems bems reference reference level level (

21 Sustbility 2016, 8, Sustbility 2016, 8, Productivity bems reference level 6 (7.540 s To llocte production periods, compred times needed complete ech level To llocte production periods, compred times needed complete ech level erection work, s shown Tble 6. The vlues Tble cn lso be seen grphs displyed erection work, s shown Tble 6. The vlues Tble 6 cn lso be seen grphs displyed s The tl production time brodly depended upon mount erection mterils. s The tl production time brodly depended upon mount erection mterils. Accordg comprison Levels 1 2 bem erection dt, lthough Level 1 ws more Accordg difficult, tl comprison production time Levels ws shorter 1 becuse 2 bem erection mount dt, necessry lthough mterils Level 1 ws ws less. more difficult, In this regrd, tl production found tht time ws mount shorter mterils becuse hs mount greter fluence necessry on mterils production ws less. Inschedule this regrd, thn found height. tht Thus, mount ssumed mterils vrition hs difficulty greter fluence be 0.1, so onif production vrition schedule cresed, thn productivity height. would Thus, be controlled ssumedby height. vrition be 0.1, so if vrition cresed, productivity would be controlled by height. Tble 6. Time complete erection work. Tble 6. Time complete erection work. Results Bse Cse Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 The number Results Column: Bse18 Cse Bem: Level 321 Bem: Level45 2 Bem: Level 45 3 Bem: Level 435 Bem: Level 525 Bem: Level 64 erectg mterils The level The number erectg Column: 18 Bem: 32 Bem: 45 Bem: 45 Bem: 35 Bem: 25 Bem: 4 erectg mterils height The Time level for completion erectg height Around 1.2 Around 1.1 Around 1.0 Around 0.9 Around 1.2 Around 1.3 Around 1.3 Time ( Simultion) for completion 80 s 130 Around s Around 190 s Around 190 s Around 150 s 98 s 20 s Around 80 s Around 98 s Around 20 s Time ( for Simultion) completion 130 s 190 s 190 s 150 s Time for(m) completion (m) Time for completion (h) (h) 1 s = 6 m rel time. 1 s = 6 m rel time. 6. Sensitivity Anlysis 6. Sensitivity Anlysis This section discusses sensitivity nlysis tht tested model s rection chnges This section discusses sensitivity nlysis tht tested model s rection chnges put prmeters. We nlyzed four criticl fcrs: mount erection mterils, sckyrd put prmeters. We nlyzed four criticl fcrs: mount erection mterils, sckyrd cpcity, height erection, vilbility r crne. Though re re tl six fcrs cpcity, height erection, vilbility r crne. Though re re tl six found be criticl, workble dys workers skill could not be defed or ssumed before fcrs found be criticl, workble dys workers skill could not be defed or ssumed before. These two fcrs cn only be obted by extrpoltion from results /or. These two fcrs cn only be obted by extrpoltion from results nlysis previous reserch. Among four impct fcrs, nlyzed mount erection /or nlysis previous reserch. Among four impct fcrs, nlyzed mount mterils erection mterils cpcity cpcity sckyrd becuse sckyrd y becuse could be y modified could by be dividuls modified by volved dividuls volved project prticipnts. project For exmple, prticipnts. mterils For exmple, could be mterils reduced could by be strtegic reduced structurl by design strtegic structurldesign designer, structurl cpcity designer, sckyrd cpcity could be djusted sckyrd bycould strtegic be djusted floor or pth by pln. strtegic Our sensitivity floor or pth nlysis pln. Our considered sensitivity se nlysis pot considered flexibility. se Thepot setup flexibility. results The this nlysis setup re presented results this Tble nlysis 7 re visulized presented Tble visulized 23. Trditionlly, mngers mngers hve hve ccepted ccepted tht productivity tht productivity decreses decreses when when mount mount erection mterils erection creses. mterils creses. Hover, Hover, ccordg ccordg our sensitivity our sensitivity nlysis, nlysis, productivity productivity decresed but decresed n recovered but n when recovered mount when erection mount mterils erection regulrly mterils cresed. regulrly cresed. On or On h, when or h, mount when ws enough mount ws disturb enough productivity, disturb itproductivity, decresed long it decresed with long extension with cpcity extension sckyrd. cpcity With sckyrd. regrds With regrds plnng, thisplnng, nlysis cn this be nlysis pplied cn determe be pplied proper determe mount proper erection mount mterils erection mterils size sck size yrd needed. sck yrd needed.

22 Sustbility 2016, 8, 8, Tble 7. Sensitivity nlysis setup results. Tble 7. Sensitivity nlysis setup results. The Number Erectg Mterils Productivity ( ) 12 The Number 14 Erectg 16 Mterils Productivity ( ) The cpcity The cpcity sckyrd sckyrd Visul results sensitivity nlysis Conclusions By executg BIM-tegrted, re ble obt dynmic productivity pln clculte project s per-hour rte production. Compred trditionl plnng method, this system estblished relible pln from botm-up pproch, meng tht considered opertionl work reltionships mong vrious ctivities, ctivities resources, resources mselves. This ctivity-bsed plnng method improves relibility becuse results re much closer ctul schedule pln cn be djusted whenever BIM model is modified. Also, when delys occur or resources chnge, usg this BIM-tegrted frmeworkis is more flexible becuse workis is broken down more detiled ctivities. This reserch presented development ppliction BIM-tegrted frmework for for relible relible plnng. plnng. From this From frmework, this frmework, opertionl opertionl level productivity level productivity is mesurble, is mesurble, which menswhich it cnmens be usedit for cn whole-project be used for whole-project plnng. While plnng. BIM hs While beenbim usedhs been vrious used vrious fields rngg fields fromrngg predictg from predictg energy performnce energy performnce buildgs buildgs nlyzg structurl nlyzg sfety, structurl BIM usge sfety, isbim reltively usge limited is reltively limited mngement mngement field. This reserch field. This presented reserch method presented cpble method expg cpble BIM s utiliztion expg BIM s utiliztion mngement dom. mngement Also, sce BIM dom. formtion Also, sce cn now BIM beformtion reused by cn now be engeers reused by estblishg engeers estblishg plns, frmework sves plns, time, money, frmework sves efforttime, tht money, would orwise effort be tht spent would reproducg orwise be spent reproducg project dt. project dt.

23 Sustbility 2016, 8, Furrmore, developed frmework presents new perspective on plnng by considerg projects uniqueness complexity. Whenever BIM model is modified durg work s progress, users cn esily regenerte plns becuse BIM is tegrted with work. Moreover, environment, users cn synticlly mnipulte complex fcrs resources. Sce current plnng method uses hisricl dt heuristic djustments, such plns depend on hisricl smple dt mngers knowledge skill. Tht is, se plns cnnot ensure consistency or ccurcy. Hover, our frmework fcilittes more relible plnng by usg quntittive BIM-tegrted method. The end result is more relible plns. While BIM-tegrted method creted for this reserch is technicl brekthrough tht represents vst improvement mngement efficiency, re re some limittions this reserch. First, reserchers should vlidte this frmework by pplyg it vrious test cses. Second, frmework should be employed diverse types beyond tht erection work exmpled here. Flly, results should be mde visul vi BIM model; dog so would extend pplicbility this frmework. Acknowledgments: This reserch ws supported by Bsic Science Reserch Progrm through Ntionl Reserch Foundtion Kore (NRF) funded by Mistry Science, ICT Future Plnng (No. NRF-2016R1A2B ). Author Contributions: All uthors red pproved this mnuscript. All uthors contributed this reserch, discussed results implictions, re volved mnuscript s development durg ll stges. WoonSeong Jeong led implementtion process tegrtion frmework. Soowon Chng implemented cse study its experiments. JeongWook Son provided m ide for this reserch developed tegrtion frmework s prcipl vestigr. June-Seong Yi discussed m ide this reserch. Conflicts Interest: The uthors declre no conflict terest References 1. AbouRizk, S.; Mohmed, Y. Optiml project plnng. In Proceedgs Wter Simultion Conference 2002, Sn Diego, CA, USA, 8 11 December Mikulkov, E.; König, M.; Tuscher, E.; Beucke, K. Knowledge-bsed schedule genertion evlution. Adv. Eng. Inf. 2010, 24, [CrossRef] 3. Cooke, B.; Willims, P. Construction Plnng, Progrmmg Control; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, Lee, S.H.; Pen-Mor, F.; Prk, M. Dynmic plnng control methodology for strtegic opertionl project mngement. Aum. Construct. 2006, 15, [CrossRef] 5. Alvnchi, A.; Lee, S.; AbouRizk, S. Dynmics workg hours. J. Construct. Eng. Mng. 2011, 138, [CrossRef] 6. Mo, X.; Zhng, X. Construction process reengeerg by tegrtg len prciples computer techniques. J. Construct. Eng. Mng. 2008, 134, [CrossRef] 7. Tucker, R.L. Mngement productivity. J. Mng. Eng. 1986, 2, [CrossRef] 8. Ho, Q.; Shen, W.; Xue, Y.; Wng, S. Tsk network-bsed project dynmic schedulg schedule coordtion. Adv. Eng. Inf. 2010, 24, [CrossRef] 9. AbouRizk, S. Role engeerg mngement. J. Construct. Eng. Mng. 2010, 136, [CrossRef] 10. Estmn, C.; Teicholz, P.; Scks, R. BIM Hbook: A Guide Buildg Informtion Modelg for Owners, Mngers, Designers, Engeers Contrcrs; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, Ntionl Institute Buildg Sciences. Ntionl Buildg Informtion Model Strd. Avilble onle: (ccessed on 11 Ocber 2016). 12. Berner, F.; Kochke, V.; Hbenicht, I.; Spieckermnn, S.; Väth, C. Simultion mnufcturg plnng buildgs. In Proceedgs 2013 Wter Simultion Conference on Simultion: Mkg Decisions Complex World; IEEE Press: Pisctwy, NJ, USA, 2013; pp Srgent, R.G. Verifiction Vlidtion Simultion Models. Avilble onle: org/wsc11ppers/016.pdf (ccessed on 11 Ocber 2016).

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