Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Mangrove Resources Management in Bohol, Philippines: Implications to Community Development

Transcription

1 Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Mangrove Resources Management in Bohol, Philippines: Implications to Community Development Josefina T. Dizon, Leni D. Camacho, Margaret M. Calderon and Lucrecio L. Rebugio UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS

2 AKECOP INTRODUCTION Regional Research on Participatory Assessment and Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Restoration Benefits July 2005 to June 2008 Component research: Development of C & I for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves

3 INTRODUCTION Objectives of the study: 1) To review the existing C & I for sustainable forest management; 1) To assess C & I for mangrove forests; and 3) To validate the C & I on Banacon Island, Getafe, Bohol.

4 INTRODUCTION Mangrove forest a type of forest occurring on tidal flats along the sea coast, extending along streams where the water is brackish (PD 705). It is a community of intertidal plants including all species of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs found therein. It is pre-dominated by species from the Rhizophoraceae family.

5 METHODOLOGY The Study Site: BANACON ISLAND, GETAFE, BOHOL

6 Map of Bohol Province, Philippines

7 Bohol 10 th largest island province Area - 394,816 ha Agricultural area - 16,9678 ha Mangrove area 15,320 ha Main livelihoods: 1) Farming 2) Fishing Pop n - 1,230,110

8 Bohol Tourist destination LOBOC RIVER CHOCOLATE HILLS TARSIER BACLAYON CHURCH

9 MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE

10 MUNICIPALITY OF GETAFE Located in the northern tip of Bohol Province 92 km from Tagbilaran City Boundaries: South: Municipality of Buenavista East: Municipality of Talibon Income Classification : 3 rd Class Total Land Area Timberland A & D : 4, ha : 13, ha Political Subdivision & Demography No. of Barangays : 24 Upland : 5 Coastal : 19 ( 9 islands) Total Population : 28,135 Ave. Growth Rate : 2.5%

11 BANACON ISLAND

12 BANACON ISLAND Origin of name : Banak or mullet (Mugil cephalous) Location : Approximately 5.8km from Getafe Accessibility : 30-minute pumpboat ride from the town s wharf Area : 1,775 ha Use : Wilderness area (Presidential Proclamation No. 2151, dated 2/21/81) Marine sanctuary (2004)

13 BANACON ISLAND Demography No. of Households : 325 Main Source of Livelihood: Fishing Secondary sources : Carpentry, tailoring/ dressmaking, furniture making, store keeping Major problems : Illegal fishing, unemployment Existing PO : Banacon Fisherfolks and Mangrove Planters Association (BAFMAPA)

14 METHODOLOGY 1. Review of Existing C & I for Sustainable Forest Management Patterned after ITTO C & I Formulated by FMB-DENR 7 Criteria and 56 Indicators

15 ITTO CRITERIA AND INDICATORS Criterion #1 Enabling Conditions For Sustainable Forest Management Criterion #2 Forest Resource Security Criterion #3 Forest Ecosystem Health and Condition Sustainable Management of Natural Tropical Forests Criterion #7 Economic and Cultural Aspects Criterion #6 Soil and Water Criterion #4 Flow of Forest Produce Criterion #5 Biological Diversity

16 PHILIPPINE SET OF CRITERIA AND INDICATORS Criterion #1 Enabling Conditions For Sustainable Forest Management Criterion #2 Extent and Condition of Forests Criterion #3 Forest Ecosystems Health and Condition Sustainable Forest Management Criterion #7 Economic, Social & Cultural Aspects Criterion #6 Soil and Water Criterion #4 Forest Production Criterion #5 Biological Diversity

17 METHODOLOGY 2. Assessment of Existing C & I for applica bility for mangrove forests Assessed 35 indicators under 7 criteria to be applicable to mangrove forests

18 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management Policy, legal and governance framework 1.1 Existence and implementation of policies, laws and regulations to govern mangrove management 1.2 Forest tenure and ownership 1.3 Amount of funding in forest management, administration, research, and human resource development 1.4 Existence and implementation of economic instruments and other incentives to encourage sustainable mangrove management

19 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management Policy, legal and governance framework 1.5 Structure and staffing of institutions responsible for sustainable mangrove management 1.6 Number of professional and technical personnel to perform and support mangrove management 1.7 Existence of communication strategies and feedback mechanism to increase awareness about sustainable mangrove management 1.8 Existence of and ability to apply appropriate technology to practice sustainable mangrove management and the efficient utilization and marketing of mangrove products

20 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable mangrove forest management Policy, legal and governance framework 1.9 Capacity and mechanism for planning sustainable mangrove forest management and for periodic monitoring, evaluation and feedback on progress 1.10 Public participation in mangrove forest management planning, decision making, data collection, monitoring and assessment 1.11 Existence of mangrove management plans

21 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 2. Extent and conditions of mangrove forests 2.1. Extent of mangrove forests committed to production and protection 2.2 Changes in mangrove forest area 2.3 Forest condition

22 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 3. Mangrove ecosystem health 3.1 Extent and nature of mangrove encroachment, degradation, and disturbance caused by humans and the control procedures applied 3.2 Extent and nature of mangrove degradation and disturbance due to natural causes and the control procedures applied

23 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 4. Forest production 4.1 Actual and sustainable harvest of wood and non-wood forest products 4.2 Composition of harvest 4.3 Existence and implementation of harvesting/operational plans and other harvesting permits

24 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 4. Forest production 4.4 Existence of control mechanisms 4.5 Long-term projections, strategies and plans for mangrove production 4.6 Availability of historical records on the extent, nature and management of mangroves

25 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 5. Biological diversity 5.1 Existence and implementation of procedures to identify and protect endangered, rare and threatened species of mangrove flora and fauna 5.2 Number of endangered, rare and threatened mangrove dependent species 5.3 Extent and percentage of mangrove forest which has been set aside for biodiversity conservation

26 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 6. Coastal resources protection 6.1 Extent and percentage of total mangrove forest area managed exclusively for the protection of habitat of fishes and other beneficial aquatic flora and fauna 6.2 Procedure for conservation of buffer strips along coastal areas

27 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural 7.1 Existence and implementation of mechanism for the equitable sharing of costs and benefits 7.2 Existence and implementation of conflict resolution mechanisms for resolving disputes among/between stakeholders

28 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural 7.3 Number of people depending on the mangroves for their livelihoods 7.4 Training, capacity building and manpower development programs 7.5 Area of mangroves which people are dependent for subsistence uses and traditional and customary life styles

29 CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR MANGROVE FORESTS Criterion 7. Economic, social and cultural 7.6 Extent to which tenure and other rights of communities over publicly-owned mangrove forests are recognized and practices 7.7 Extent to which indigenous knowledge is used on mangrove management planning and implementation 7.8 Extent of involvement of local communities in mangrove capacity building, consultation process, decision making and implementation

30 CRITERIA Philippine C & I for Sustainable Forest Management C & I for Sustainable Mangrove Resources Management 1. Enabling conditions for sustainable forest/ mangrove management 2. Forest resource security/ Extent and conditions of mangrove forest 3. Forest/Mangrove ecosystem health and condition Flow of forest produce/ Forest production Biological diversity Soil and water/coastal resources protection 7. Economic and cultural 14 8 Total 56 35

31 METHODOLOGY Focus Group Discussion

32 METHODOLOGY Interview with key personnel at the local DENR office

33 METHODOLOGY Validation of the C&I at the community level

34 RESULTS PO s Perspective All indicators were considered important or very important by the group, and none was recommended for deletion. Of the 35 indicators, 25 were considered very important while 10 were considered important.

35 RESULTS DENR s Perspective OIC-CENRO, three foresters (I III), Protected Area Superintendent (PASU), and the Community Development Assistant (CDA). The respondents rated 12 of the 35 indicators as VI and the rest (23 indicators) were IM. Six indicators got one point each for not being a suitable indicator as far as the PASU is concerned.

36 RESULTS Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management Policy, legal and governance framework - Governed by national laws (PD 705) - BAFMAPA has its own set of policies

37 RESULTS Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management Economic framework - No regular funds for mangrove forest management - Relies on voluntary work of members - Economic benefits from marine products

38 SEAWEED SEA CUCUMBER

39 CLAMS BLUE CRABS

40 FISH, SQUID, EEL

41 FUEL

42 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

43 RESULTS Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management Institutional framework - Organized PO (BOD, committees) - CBFMA as tenure instrument

44 RESULTS Criterion 1. Enabling Conditions for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management Planning framework - No Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF)

45 RESULTS Criterion 2. Extent and Condition of Mangrove Forests Land Use Area (ha) Wildlife refuge 50.0 Recreational zone Strict protection zone Sustainable use zone Multiple use zone Plantation Residential Gleaning ground Vacant ,

46 RESULTS Criterion 3. Mangrove Ecosystem Health - 40 ha (5%) has been destroyed due to illegal cutting - Incidences reported to CENRO - PO has difficulty in apprehending offenders - 40 trees were scorched by lightning

47 RESULTS Criterion 4. Mangrove Forest Production - Most common mangrove species Bakawang Bato (Rhizophora stylosa) Bakawang Lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) Bakawang Babae (Rhizophora mucronata), Malatangal (Ceriops spp.)

48 RESULTS Criterion 5. Biological Diversity Criterion 6. Coastal Resources Protection - Among the mangrove species that can be found in the area, none is considered an endangered, rare or threatened species.

49 RESULTS Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic households are dependent on the mangrove resources - Fishing is the major occupation - Timber for house construction, fence posts, firewood

50 RESULTS Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic - Average annual revenue (pesos) per HH : crabs 58,000 shrimps 31,000 mollusks 24,000 fish 12,000

51 RESULTS Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Economic - Ecotourism (boat ride including 1 lunch and 1 snack); charge = PhP300/person - About members are involved in the ecotourism activity

52 RESULTS Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - Man-made mangroves of Banacon Island declared as an ecotourism site - Plantations have multi-layered canopy with ages ranging from 2 to 45 years composed of 18 mangrove and associated species

53 RESULTS Criterion 7. Economic, Social and Cultural Social and Cultural - People are proud of their accomplishments in establishing the largest man-made mangrove forest in Asia - Likas Yaman Award for Mr. Eugenio Paden (1980) - Philippine Wetland Conservation Award (2004) - Model PO in Wetland Conservation and Mgt (2005)

54 AWARDS RECEIVED

55 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Community development - a process in which a community is strengthened in order to creatively help meet its own needs: physical, spiritual, mental, psychological, social, economic and political (Palmer 2004).

56 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Community development - process of developing and enhancing the ability to act collectively for community improvement in any or all realms; physical, environmental, cultural, social, political, economic, etc (Phillips and Pittman, 2009).

57 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Three Fields of CD (Luna 1997) 1. Community organizing -BAFMAPA - Organized in 1996 under the Coastal Environment Program - Member of the PAMB and MFARMC

58 Three Fields of CD 2. Community Resource Management - CBFMA IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT -Manages 484 ha of mangrove forests -But no CRMF yet

59 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Three Fields of CD 3. Community Education - Community value formation, skills development for collective action, and conscientization

60 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Addressing Poverty - Diversity and productivity of marine ecosystem will redound to increased income.

61 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Addressing Food Security - Diversity and productivity of marine ecosystem will provide abundant food for the residents of Banacon.

62 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Policy Implication - RA No amending some sections of PD Bans cutting of mangroves - Quite ironical: people plant mangroves but cannot harvest

63 IMPLICATIONS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Policy Implication - Need to amend existing policies - Pending bill on sustainable forest management which allows mangrove harvesting in production forest - Great contribution to CD and to the future generation.

64 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The FGD participants and the CENRO representatives perceived that the identified C & I were generally very important and applicable for the mangrove forest management in the Banacon Island. To institutionalize the C & I for mangroves, the CENRO and the LGU may issue a joint administrative order adopting the C & I for mangroves on the Island.

65 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2. The BAFMAPA has its CBFMA which grants it the power and responsibility to manage the mangrove resources within its area of coverage. However, it has yet to formulate its CRMF, which will serve as guide for its Sustainable management of the resource. Hence, the CENRO should initiate the formulation of the CRMF with maximum participation from the PO.

66 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3. The economic benefits from mangroves are tremendous and offer a great opportunity for increasing the income of the local people, thereby addressing the problems of poverty and unemployment in the community. The policies on resource utilization should be spelled out in the CRMF.

67 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. The mangrove project has contributed to the community development of the barangay on the aspects of community organizing, resource management, and community education. There is a need for sustainability mechanisms to enable the PO continue managing the resource for its productive and protective functions which will redound to the sustainability of the community.

68 Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for providing Dr. Josefina T. Dizon, the senior author, a travel grant to enable her participate and present this paper during the 2011 ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference in Chiang Mai, Thailand. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!