Tahkete biokütuste omadused ja võrdlus fossiilsete kütustega
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1 Tahkete biokütuste omadused ja võrdlus fossiilsete kütustega Eija Alakangas, VTT
2 Energia ühikud toe MWh GJ Gcal toe MWh GJ Gcal Pea meeles 1 toe = MWh 1 MWh= MJ = 3.6 GJ toe = õli tonnekvivalent 1 MW= MJ/s k kilo 10 3 T tera M mega 10 6 P peta G giga 10 9 E eksa
3 Biomassi kütuste klassifikatsioon 3
4 Tahkete biokütuste iseloomustus katel Net calorific value, MJ/kg 35 CONSUMER PDF MIXED PLASTICS CONSUMER PDF WOOD AND PLASTICS COLORED OR PRINTED MIXED PLASTICS COLORED OR PRINTED PLASTICS, CLEAN POLYOLEFIN PLASTICS (PE, PP, PC...) PETROLEUM COKE 20 RF PELLETS BITUMINOUS COALS PVC PVC CHIP- BOARD PLY- WOOD PDF COMMERCIAL PDF INDUSTRIAL BROWN COALS, LIGNITE 10 DEMOLITION WOOD WOOD BIOMASS RDF FIBER RESIDUE PEAT MSW CONSUMER PDF PAPER AND WOOD BARK 5 0 0,1 0,5 1 MULTIPLE CHALLENGES SOME CHALLENGES NO CHALLENGE FUEL RANK STANDARD DESIGN 10 4
5 Tahkete biokütuste iseloomustus C, H, Q Kuivaine alumine kütteväärtus 40 Q MJ/kg H=3.5 % C=50 % Antracite Coke Brown coai Peat Wood Volatile matter, %
6 Klassifikatsioon toorme järgi 6
7 Puitpõhiste kütuste klassifikatsioon 7
8 Puitpõhise kütuse omadused ja võrdlus teiste kütustega 8
9 Keemilised omadused Elementaarkoostis Süsinik (C), vesinik (H) ja lämmastik (N) Väävel (S), kloor (Cl), fluor (F) ja broom (Br) Täielik analüüs sisaldab tuha ja niiskuse sisalduse, lendosade ja koksi määramist Keskkonna seisukohast on olulised väävel, kloor ja raskemetallid Kõrge leeliste sisaldus nagu kaalium (K), naatrium (Na) ja kloor (Cl) võib põhjustada korrosiooni ja šlakkumist aurukateldes Makro- ja mikroelemendid (mg/kg kuivaine) Makroelemendid; (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and Ti) Mikroelemendid; (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) 9
10 Puidu koostis Dry matter Moisture Ash 0,4-2,0%* CHAR (C) 11,4-15,6%* VOLATILES 84-88%* Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) 49-51%* 6,0-6,2% * Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) % * 0,1-0,4 % Sulphur (S) 0,01 - * proportion in dry matter (d), % * BARKI 60 % SAW DUST 55 % FRESH WOOD % LOGGING RESIDUE % STEM CHIPS % FIREWOOD % WOOD PELLET 8-10 % Eija Alakangas Kloori sisaldus (Cl) värskes puidus on < 0,05w-% kuivaines. Tavaliselt mineraalainete sisaldus väiksem kui 1w-% kuivaines. Kõige olulisemad: kaalium (K), magneesium (Mg), mangaan (Mn), kaltsium (Ca), väävel (S), kloor (Cl), fosfor (P), raud (Fe), alumiinium (Al) ja tsink (Zn). 10
11 Puidu koostisosad Ligniin sisaldab palju süsinikku ja vesinikku energiat andev Ligniini sisaldus suurem okaspuudes (pehme puit) kui lehtpuudes (kõva puit) MOISTURE WOOD Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Ash Energy producing part 11
12 Puitpõhiste kütuste omadused Kütus C H 2 S N Cl Na K Saepuru < Koor < Vineer < < Puidupellet <0.007 < Küttepuu (halud) < Tüvehake < Palgijäätmete hake < Kogupuu hake < Omadused antud kuivaine massiprotsentides w-% 12
13 Tahkete biokütuste võrdlus Kütus C H 2 S N Cl Na K Pilliroog, kevadine < Pilliroog, sügisene < Energiateravili Põhk Põhupelletid Miscanthus hekseldatud Oliivi jäätmed (ash) 0 30(ash) Puit, üldiselt ,4-6.8 < Omadused antud kuivaine massiprotsentides w-% 13
14 Comparison to fossil fuels Kütus C H 2 S N Cl Na K Kivisüsi < Kütteturvas Raske kütteõli < Kerge kütteõli Puit, üldiselt ,4-6.8 < Omadused antud kuivaine massiprotsentides w-% 14
15 Füüsikalised ja mehhaanilised omadused (1) Niiskus (M) Puikütused tavaliselt märjad v.a. puidupelletid ja briketid Niiskus mõjutab kütteväärtust Tervisemõjud (hallitus, kõdunemine, seened) Niisket kütust raske transportida (voolavus) Tuha sisaldus (A) Tähtis põlemise ja tuhakäitluse seisukoha Põhjamaade puuliigid vähese tuhasusega, Lõuna-Euroopa puuliikidel suurem tuhasus. Lisandid nagu liiv, pinnas ja kemikaalid kuuluvad tuhka Suurtes kateldes probleemid, kui tuha sisaldus ületab 3w-% ja väikekateldes probleemid kui tuha sisaldus ületab 0.5w-% Tuha koostis mõjutab samuti põlemist ja tuha taaskasutust 15
16 Tuha sisaldus: tähtsus 700 mg/nm 3 (13 % O 2 ) Tahked heitmed Tuhasisalduse mõju tahketele õhuheitmetele (49 kw puiduhakke katel) Wood chips and pellets Herbaceous and grain fuels Regression for wood fuels: y = 13,3 + 22,7 A R² = 0,67 (N = 79) 0 Source: Hans Hartman, TZF % 8 Tuha sisaldus (A) kütuses (kuivaine) 16
17 Füüsikalised ja mehhaanilised omadused(2) Tuha sulamisomadused Oluline põlemise, šlakkumise ja saastumise seisukohalt Rohtse biomassi tuha sulamistemperatuurid madalamad kui puitpõhisel biomassil Mõningatel puuliikidel madalamad tuha sulamistemperatuurid (e.g. eukalüpt, pappel) Osakeste suurus (P) Oluline kütuse töötlemisel ja põletamisel Osakese geomeetria samuti oluline (pikk/lühike tükk või silindriline kuju) Eesmärgiks saavutada homogeenne/ühtlane osakeste suurusjaotus Pikad tükid ja peened osakesed põhjustavad probleeme 17
18 Osakese tihedus/puistetihedus Kütuse tiheduse efektid Energiatihedus Vajalik ruum transpordil ja ladustamisel Logistiline planeerimine Põlemisomadused (erisoojusjuhtivus, gaasistumiskiirus) (Pressitud materjali tugevus:osakese tihedus) Allikas: Hans Hartman, TZF Specific volume demand 1,2 m³/gj 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Hard coal Rapeseed oil Heating oil Straw - chopped Straw - small square bales Straw - round bales Cereals - round bales Straw - big square bales Cereals - chopped Cereals - big square bales Coniferous wood chips Deciduous wood chips Softwood logs Hardwood logs Straw-pellets Wood-pellets Ethanol Methanol kg/gj 80 Specific mass demand
19 Ruumi vajadus 10 MWh jaoks, m 3 25,0 Needed Storage Volume for 10 MWh [m³] 20,0 15,0 10,0 15,0 12,5 11,0 11,4 11,5 8,0 8,4 5,0 4,2 3,2 2,0 1,0 1,1 0,0 21,0 16,1 18,0 21,7 19 Round straw bale, wheat & barley m³ Light fuel oil Bio-oil Coal Sod peat Milled peat Wood pellet S traw pellet Shredded bark, dry (birch Logging residue chips, fresh (spruce) Logging residue chips, dry (pine) Logging residue chips, dry (spruce) Logging residues bundle, fresh (spruce) Shredded bark, fresh (pine) Square big straw bale, wheat & barley Round reed canary grass bale
20 Füüsikalised ja mehhaanilised omadused(3) Puistetihedus (BD) Oluline transportimisel, edastamisel ja kütuse etteandel Väikestes jaamades kütusega kauplemisel aluseks puistetihedus ja niiskus Osakese tihedus (DE) informatsioon briketi mehhaanilise vastupidavuse kohta Mehhaaniline vastupidavus (DU) Tähtis pelletite puhul Kütteväärtus (Q) Info kütuse energia sisaldusest Puistetiheduse määramine Keskmistes ja suurtes jaamades kauplemisel 2 MW katlamajas. aluseks kütuse kaal, niiskus ja alumine kütteväärtus 20
21 Füüsikalis/mehhaaniliste omaduste Kokkuvõte ja järeldused Füüsikaliste/mehhaaniliste omaduste vastastikused mõjud Võlvumise omadused Kütteväärtus (w.b.) Tuha sisaldus Suurusjaotus Niiskuse sisaldus Lisandid Vastupidavus (pelletid) Puistetihedus Tuha sulamisomadused Allikas: Hans Hartman, TZF Osakese tihedus 21
22 Alumine kütteväärtus, kuivaine, MJ/kg* MJ/kg Energy grain Straw, chopped Solid recovered fuel, SRF Coal Heavy fuel oil Light fuel oil Milled peat Sod peat Peat pellets Sawdust Bark, birch Bark, pine Ply wood, hog fuel Wood pellet Stem wood chips Logging residue chips Whole tree chips Reed canary grass, spring
23 Tarbimisaine alumine kütteväärtus - arvutamine Tarbimisaine alumine kütteväärtus(q) Antakse miinimumväärtus(arvutamisel arvestatakse valitud niiskuskategooriat ja kuivaine alumise kütteväärtuse tüüpilist hälvet konstantsel rõhul) ar q p, net, ar q p, net,d ( q p,net,ar tarbimisaine alumine kütteväärtus, (MJ/kg) q p,net,d kuivaine alumine kütteväärtus (konstansel rõhul), Kalorimeetriline pomm pren (MJ/kg) 14918, Photo: ENAS Oy M ar üldniiskus (w-%) 0,02443 on vee aurustumise entalpiat arvestav tegur (konstantsel rõhul) temperatuuril 25 C [MJ/kg per 1 w-% niiskuse kohta] Arvutusvalem toodud EN M = ) 0, M ar 23
24 Tarbimisaine alumine kütteväärtus, MJ/kg ar * MJ/kg *Arvutamisel kasutatud tavalist keskmist niiskuse sisaldust. 24 Coal Right fuel oil Light fuel oil Milled peat Sod peat Peat pellets Sawdust Bark, birch Bark, coniferous Ply wood, hog fuel Wood pellet Stem wood chips Logging residues chips Whole tree chips Reed canary grass, spring Energy grain Straw, chopped Solid recovered fuel, SRF
25 Tarbimisaine alumine kütteväärtus - puit Net calorific heating value as received MJ/kg 20 Dry forest chips Fresh forest chips Wet bark Gross calorific heating value per dry mass Net calorific heating value per dry mass 5 Net calorific heating value per total mass Moisture content, % 25
26 Niiskusesisaldus jaamas segamine (blending) Katla kasutegur, % 93, ,5 92 Kattilahyötysuhde polttoaineen kosteuspitoisuuden funktiona Hyötysuhde [%] 91, , ,5 1% kasuteguri muutus 400 MW th katlas ~ 40 GWh enam kütust (= aastas) 89 88, Niiskus, w-% Kosteus [%] Allikas: Janne Kärki, VTT
27 Alumise kütteväärtuse sõltuvus tuhasisaldusest Alumine kütteväärtus kuivaines, MJ/kg Puitpõhised kütused Rohtne biomass 042ha010.ppt % 25 Tuha sisaldus kuivaines Allikas: TFZ 27
28 Koor niiskus ja energia sisaldus Moisture content, % 70 Energy density MWh/m 3 loose Moisture content Energy density Consecutive number of load measured July September October November March April 0.4 Allikas: Risto Impola, VTT 28
29 Niiskus palgijäätmetes Moisture content, % 60 Large power plants, average 48.3 % Small heating plants, average 38.4 % Moisture % Water kg/m Large power plants, average 392 kg/m Small heating plants, average 262 kg/m 3 Allikas: Risto Impola, VTT Month / 2001
30 Energiasisaldus palgijäätmete hakkes Energy density MWh/m 3 loose Large power plants, average 0.77 kwh/m Month / 2001 Allikas: Risto Impola, VTT 30
31 Kasutatud puidu omadused ja võrdlus toore puiduga 31
32 Kasutatud puit versus toores puit 1/3 Omadus Ühik Kasutatud puit Soome Toores puit pren Tuhk, A w-% kuivaine 0,7 4,0 0,2 10,0 Alumine kütteväärtus MJ/kg kuivaine 18,6 18,9 17,1 20,6 C w-% kuivaine 49,1 52, H w-% kuivaine 5,9 6,4 5,6 7,0 N w-% kuivaine 0,25 1,00 <0,1 1,1 S w-% kuivaine <0,02 0,08 <0,01 0,20 Cl w-% kuivaine 0,02 0,12 <0,01 0,05 Fl w-% kuivaine < 0,002 <0,0005 0,002 32
33 Kasutatud puit versus toores puit 2/3 Omadus Ühik Kasutatud puit Soome Tores puit pren Al mg/kg kuivaine Fe mg/kg kuivaine K mg/kg kuivaine Mg mg/kg kuivaine N.A Mn mg/kg kuivaine Na mg/kg kuivaine P mg/kg kuivaine Si mg/kg kuivaine N.A Ca mg/kg kuivaine
34 Kasutatud puit versus toores puit 3/3 Omadus Ühik Kasutatud puit Soome Toores puit pren Ti mg/kg kuivaine Ei tietoa 1 50 As mg/kg kuivaine < 2 34 <0,1 6,0 Cd mg/kg kuivaine 0,12 0,50 < 0,05 5,0* Cr mg/kg kuivaine 5,2 60,0 0,2 40,0 Cu mg/kg kuivaine 5,5 80,0 0,5 200,0 Hg mg/kg kuivaine < 0,01 2,0 < 0,02 2,0 Ni mg/kg kuivaine 3,2 10,0 < 0,1 80,0 Pd mg/kg kuivaine 5,4 76,0 < 0,5 50,0 V mg/kg kuivaine 0,5 2,2 0,7 3,0 Zn mg/kg kuivaine * paju
35 Kasutatud/sekundaarse puidu klassifitseerimine A Keemiliselt töötlemata puidujäätmed ja kõrvalproduktid B Keemiliselt töödeldud puidujäätmed ja kõrvalproduktid Ei sisalda raskemetalle rohkem kui toores puit ega halogeenitud ühendeid puidu töötlemise tõttu konservantidega või pinnakatetest Klassis A ja B ei rakendu jäätmepõletuse direktiiv (WID), omadused vastavalt tahke biokütuse standardile EN C Tahke sekundaarne kütus - recovered fuel Sisaldab raskemetalle või halogeenitud ühendeid puidu töötlemise tõttu konservantidega või pinnakatetest Ei sisalda immutatud puitu Lammutuspuit, kui puhtus tõendatud analüüsidega Klassile C rakendub jäätmepõletuse direktiiv (WID) ja tahke sekundaarse kütuse standard (pren15359). D Ohtlikud jäätmed Sisaldab immutatud puitu 35
36 Keemilised ja mehhaanilised lisandid Keemilisi lisandeid ei saa eemaldada. Klass A ei tohi sisaldada keemilisi lisandeid. Katmine, liimimine, värvimine = keemilised lisandid Mehhaanilised lisandid Mehhaanilised lisandid on kütuse eraldi osad: suhteliselt kergesti eemaldatavad - metall ja raskemini eraldatavad (plastik, ehitusmaterjal:betoon, soojustusmaterjal). 36
37 Multikütuste kasutamine biomassi võimalus GPS Forest wood Peat land CHP plant Peat Low CO -emissions 2 District heat Bark and other residues Process heat Flexible use of different biofuels Agrobiomass Electricity Forest industry Logging residues Forest chips for energy Round wood for raw material E. Alakangas 37
38 Kütuse omaduste mõju suurtele põletusseadmetele Leelised e.g. naatrium (Na) ja kaalium) koos klooriga moodustavad kloriide, mis kleepuvad soojusvahetuspindadele kõrgtemperatuurne korrosioon, kui materjali temperatuurid üle o C madalamad auru parameetrid, kui kloori sisaldus kõrgem kui 0.05 p-% Aktiivse K+Na sisalduse analüüsid kuivainest kui probleemid, juhul kui K+Na on enam kui mg/kg (0.3 w-%) vineeri koospõletamisel teiste kütustega, kui K+Na kõrgem kui 0.5w-% Koospõletamisel väävlit sisaldavate kütustega Turba või söe korral leelise kloriidid reageerivad vääveloksiididega või alumiiniumsilikaatidega ja moodustavad leelissulfaate või silikaate. 38
39 Kloori-väävli keemia mõju sadestiste moodustumisele kateldes Heat transfer surface Cl releases ä corrosion ALKALI CHLORIDES RISKY COMPOUNDS Condensation and fixing Lack of protecting compounds RISKY COMPOUNS ALKALI PROTECTING REACTIONS SILICATES, SULPHATES PROTECTIVES SULPHUR DIOXIDE, Al-SILICATES BARK/FOREST RESIDUE Low ash content FOREST RESIDUE COAL Cocombustion Allikas: Martti Aho, VTT 39
40 Mõju põlemisele - 2 Vineeris sisalduv Na reageerib kvartsiga keevkihi materjalist (liiv) paakub kaaliumi, kaltsiumi või magneesiumiga kvartsivaba kihimaterjali kasutamine Vineerijäätmete kasutamine võib tõsta kihi temperatuure t kasutamine koos märja kütusega katla eridisain Kõrge tuhasisaldus (> 3w-%) koos klooriga võib põhjustada katlas probleeme. Metalliline alumiinium (pakendite foolium) lammutuspuidus, puitpakendid või puidujäätmed akna/ukse tööstusest tuha sulamine madalal temperatuuril või kleepumine külmadele pindadele 40
41 Keevkihtkatelde probleemid biomassi kasutamisel Sadestised katlatorudel Kihimaterjali šlakkumine Katlatorude kõrgtemeratuurne korrosioon Suurendavad käidu ja hoolduskulusid, väendavad katla kasutegurut ja eluiga 41 Allikas: Janne Kärki, VTT
42 Soovitatav sekundaarse puidu puhul Cl < 0.1w-% kuivaine Reaktiivsed Na+K (SFS-ISO :1998 mod) Metalliline alumiinium Pb < mg/kg kuivaine (0.3 w-%) < mg/kg kuivaine (< 0.2 w-%) < 10 mg/kg kuivaine Zn < 120 mg/kg kuivaine Soovitused katlatehnikale Põletustehnika (e.g. kõrge temperatuur, põlemisaeg) Koospõletamine kateldes > 20 MW th 42
43 Läviväärtusedsekundaarsele puidule klass B Omadus Cl Ar Cd Cr Cu Hg Pb Zn Läviväärtused < 0,1w-% kuivaines < 4 mg/kg kuivaines < 1 mg/kg kuivaines < 40 mg/kg kuivaines < 30 mg/kg kuivaines < 0,1 mg/kg kuivaines < 50 mg/kg kuivaines < 200 mg/kg kuivaines Toores puit, millest väärtus tuleneb Koor, okaspuu** Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu Koor, okaspuu ** toores puit <0.05 w-% kuivaines 43
44 Soovitused koospõletamiseks Kui keevkihtkatel on projekteeritud turba/puidutööstuse jäätmete põletamiseks: Kogu kütusest võib 50% olla puit ja sellest pool võivad olla metsajäätmed Koospõletamine turba või söega Turvas hoiab katla puhtana Turvas võib aidata tagada kütuse kvaliteeti ja saadavust Biomassi tuhk seob turba väävlit ja vähendab õhuheitmeid Vähem kui 10w-% pilliroogu on ohutult põletatav koos turba ja teiste biokütustega. 44
45 CO 2 tegurid Kütus Puit Freesturvas Tükkturvas Turbapellet Kivisüsi Raske kütteõli Kerge kütteõli Maagaas Tahke sekundaarne kütus Lammutuspuit Liimitud või kaetud puit Segu, 70% turvas ja 20% puitu gco 2 /MJ 0 *(109,6) 105, ,0 94,6 78,8 74,1 55,0 31,8 17,0 2 ( 0,21 4,2) 74,1 kgco 2 /MWh 0 *(394,56) 381,24 367,2 349,2 340,56 283,68 266,76 198,0 114,48 61,2 7,2 (0,76-15,1) 266,68 1 gco 2 /MJ = 3.6 kgco 2 /MWh * CO 2 tegur puidule on null GHG arvutustes. 45
46 Täiendav informatsioon Alakangas, E. Properties of wood fuels used in Finland, Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Project report PRO2/P2030/05 (Project C5SU00800), Jyväskylä 2005, 90 p. + app. 10 p. ( Wiik, C. et al. Used wood in the EU Part 1 Classification, properties and practices, DIV.6 Part p. ( Alakangas, E. et. Al. Used wood in the EU Part 2 A catalogue of used wood examples, DIV.6 Part p. ( 32 p. Biodat international database of solid biofuel properties (under preparation) ( 46
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