Biomass and bio-energy

Transcription

1 Biomass and bio-energy International training Energy efficiency of buildings and ecological construction materials , Sigulda, Latvia Tallinn University of Technology Ülo Kask 1

2 Content EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use Bio-fuels characteristics and using technologies Biomass consumption in energy sector in EU and Estonia Good practice examples

3 EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use EU directives in force: Renewable Energy Directive Fuel Quality directive Energy Efficiency directive Co-generation directive Emissions Trading directive Waste directive Communications of the European Commission: Communication on low carbon technologies Biomass Action Plan Forestry Action Plan Green paper Useful links: The EU documents related to Bio-energy can be found on the following website:

4 EU Directives and documents supporting biomass use More information on SETIS - the Information System of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan European industrial initiative on Bio-energy - Technology Roadmap page 31 Indicative roadmap - Technology Roadmap page 35 Sustainability Criteria and Certification Systems for Biomass Production Commission outlines blueprint for forward-looking Common Agricultural Policy after 2013 ( 2013/communication/index_en.htm

5

6 Biomass action plan SEC(2005) 1573} EU biomass production potential

7 DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (1) The control of European energy consumption and the increased use of energy from renewable sources, together with energy savings and increased energy efficiency, constitute important parts of the package of measures needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and comply with the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and with further Community and international greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments beyond 2012.

8 DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC - III (8) The Commission communication of 10 January 2007 entitled Renewable Energy Roadmap Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future demonstrated that a 20 % target for the overall share of energy from renewable sources and a 10 % target for energy from renewable sources in transport would be appropriate and achievable objectives, and that a framework that includes mandatory targets should provide the business community with the long-term stability it needs to make rational, sustainable investments in the renewable energy sector.

9 DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC - III (12) The use of agricultural material such as manure, slurry and other animal and organic waste for biogas production has, in view of the high greenhouse gas emission saving potential, significant environmental advantages in terms of heat and power production and its use as bio-fuel. Biogas installations can, as a result of their decentralized nature and the regional investment structure, contribute significantly to sustainable development in rural areas and offer farmers new income opportunities.

10 AEBIOM European Biomass Association The European Biomass Association is a non profit Brussels based international organization founded in 1990 whose mission is to promote the sustainable development of the Bioenergy sector at EU level. AEBIOM holds a strong position representing all bioenergy sectors and has a unique possibility to influence European directives, communications and various other EU papers. Further to that, AEBIOM is a member of the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC) with its offices based in the Renewable Energy House which is the central point for renewable energy issues in Europe. Estonian and Latvian biomass associations are a members of AEBIOM.

11 Aebiom brochures Pellets roadmap for Europe Biogas roadmap for Europe Biogas roadmap for Europe B.pdf Energy from field energy crops a handbook for energy producers 0producers.pdf

12 What is biomass? In the Renewable energy directive (2009/28/EC) biomass is defined as follows: "Biomass means the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetable and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste". Biomass is the fourth largest energy source in the world after coal, oil and natural gas and is the largest and most important renewable energy option at present and can be used to produce different forms of energy, thus providing all the energy services required by the society.

13 Bio-fuel, bioenergy Bio fuel (=biomass fuel) fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass. The fuel may have undergone mechanical, chemical or biological processing or conversion, or it may have had a previous use. Bio fuels refers to solid, gaseous and liquid biomass-derived fuels. Bio energy: Useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter - the conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel, processed into liquids and gases, or be a residual of processing and conversion.

14 Biomass originates from forest, agricultural and waste streams Forest and wood-based industries produce wood which is the largest resource of solid biomass. The sector covers a wide range of different bio-fuels with different characteristics wood logs, bark, wood chips, sawdust and more recently pellets. Pellets, due to their high energy density and standardized characteristics, offer great opportunities for developing the bio-energy market worldwide. Agriculture can provide dedicated energy crops as well as byproducts in the form of animal manure and straw. Available land can be used for growing conventional crops such as rape, wheat, maize etc. for energy purposes or for cultivating new types of crops such as poplar, willow, miscanthus and others. Biodegradable waste is the biomass that can cover several forms of waste such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, wood waste, refuse-derived fuels, sewage sludge, etc.

15 Biomass resources Each biomass resource has different characteristics in terms of calorific value, moisture and ash content, etc. that requires appropriate conversion technologies for bio-energy production. These conversion routes use chemical, thermal and/or biological processes. Finally biomass/ bio-energy can be classified according to its end use as follows (Look at the next slide): Wood is the oldest form of biomass known to mankind. For centuries wood was used for heating, cooking and industrial purposes. In the developing world wood is still used for the same reasons. In the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was gradually replaced by cheap fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which were easy to handle and had higher energy density. Nowadays there is a growing interest in bio-energy which can be used in an efficient way using modern technologies for the production of heat, electricity and transportation fuels. Biomass, used in a sustainable manner, is a regenerative source of energy.

16 Biomass / bio-energy classified according to its end use

17 Classification based on raw material

18 Technological pathways to convert biomass to energy

19 Classification of wood fuels

20 Bio-fuels characteristics and technologies Specification and classes (pren ) Classification is based on origin and source, major traded forms and properties. Hierarchical classification system in table format: 1 Woody biomass 2 Herbaceous biomass 3 Fruit biomass 4 Biomass blends and mixtures blends = intentional mixtures = unintentional Special requirements for chemically treated biomass. Chemical treatment defined as any treatment with chemicals other than air, heat or water (e.g. glue and paint).

21 Solid bio-fuel utilization chain

22 Solid bio-fuels

23 Composition of wood Chemical composition: Components: 51% carbon 50% cellulose 42% oxygen 25% hemicellulose 6% hydrogen 25% lignin < 1% nitrogen < 5% resins etc. < 0,1% sulphur, < 1% ash forming minerals halogenes Lignin includes lot of carbon and hydrogen energy producing Lignin content is higher for coniferous (soft wood) than deciduous (hard wood) trees

24 Quality characteristics in standardization a) Combustion related properties moisture content EN calorific value EN volatile matter EN ash content EN ash melting behavior EN b) Mechanical properties bulk density / particle density EN 15103/15150 particle size distribution EN durability (compressed fuels) EN c) Chemical properties

25 Interdependency among physical/mechanical properties Moisture is the parameter with the largest influence on other physical properties.

26 Particle density/bulk density Effects of fuel density Energy density Transport and storage volume demand Logistical planning Combustion properties (specific heat conductivity, rate of gasification) (Hardness of compacted material: Particle density

27 Space requirement for 10 MWh, m 3

28 Chemical properties Elementary analysis Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromium (Br) Ultimate analysis includes analysis of ash content, moisture, volatiles and char Properties like sulphur, chlorine and heavy metals are important to know for environmental reasons High alkali content like potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) can cause corrosion and slagging problems in steam boilers Major and minor elements (mg/kg dry matter) Major elements; (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and Ti) Minor elements; (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn)

29 Characterization of solid bio-fuels FUEL RANK

30 Characterization of solid bio-fuels C, H, Q

31 Composition of wood * proportion in dry matter (d), % Chlorine content (Cl) for virgin wood < 0,05w-% of dry matter. Usually mineral content less than 1w-% of dry matter. Most important are: potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn).

32 Properties of wood fuels Properties are stated in value w-% of dry matter

33 Comparison of solid bio-fuels Properties are stated in value w-% of dry matter

34 Net calorific value, dry matter, MJ/kg

35 Net calorific value as received, MJ/kg ar * *Typical average moisture content has been used.

36 Net calorific value as received - wood

37 Moisture content at plant - blending

38 Ash content versus net calorific value

39 Effect of chlorine-sulphur chemistry to deposit formation in boilers

40 Biomass consumption in EU

41 Share of biomass in electricity generation in EU The share of renewables in the total electricity consumption is 16.4% in EU and it is 4.6% below the target (21%) set by Directive.

42 Solid biomass, primary energy production * EU 2007 ja 2008**, Mtoe. Source: EurObserv ER toe = MWh 1 MWh= MJ = 3.6 GJ k - kilo 10 3 T tera M - mega 10 6 P peta G - giga 10 9 E eksa 10 18

43 Electricity production from solid biomass in EU 2007 ja 2008*, TWh. Source: EurObserv ER 2009

44 Bio-fuels use in transport, EU 2008*, toe. Source: EurObserv ER 2009

45 Comparison of current trend with scenario of Biomass Action Plan, Mtoe. Source: EurObserv ER 2009

46 Next 10 slides from statistical report showing right

47 Environmentally compatible bio-energy potential in the EU 25, (Mtoe) The table shows the production potential for biomass in the EU 25 as calculated by the European Environmental Agency (EEA). The figures for EU 27 can be estimated as 10% higher. The main growth is seen in the sector of waste and residues and energy crops from agriculture.

48 Environmentally compatible bio-energy potential in the member states of the EU25, (Mtoe) Excerpt from whole table to show Latvia and Estonia

49 Energy output per ha in toe based on average yields

50 Contribution of renewables to heat production in the EU 27 in 2007, Mtoe As the following table shows, biomass covers 97,4% of the renewable heat market and thus dominates renewable heat.

51 Electricity from biomass (TWh) ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS (TWH) Biomass electricity generation is based on three fuel types: solid biomass, biogas and biodegradable fraction of MSW. As can be seen in table above electricity from biomass grew by 15-20% in the last years.

52 Gross inland consumption of peat for energy (ktoe) Peat is not recognized as biomass by the European Commission and therefore is also not considered a renewable source of energy. Peat is an important source of energy for many northern European countries and is often co-fired with biomass.

53 Primary production of biogas in the EU 27 in 2006 and 2007 (ktoe)

54 Member states electricity production from biogas in the years 2006 and 2007 (GWh)

55 Fuel consumption and political targets in Europe The following table shows the consumption for transportation fuels without air traffic and ship traffic for the EU 27. Bio-fuels: For 2005, 2006 and 2007 the realized production of bio-fuels is presented. For 2010 and 2020 the targets of the European Union as decided by the council. Total demand of gasoline and diesel: For the realized consumption is shown, For the following years two projections, one following the assumptions of a baseline scenario, one based on a stronger policy for RES and energy efficiency (EE).

56 Fuel consumption and political targets in Europe -2

57 Ethanol and biodiesel production in EU, Source: EurObserver bio-fuels barometer, 2009; F.O., EBB; Eurostat The share of biodiesel in transport fuels is 63% (in tones) in EU, 2007.

58 Reconstruction of Lihula boiler house and taking into use herbaceous biomass (2009) District heating network: 14 consumers incl. 8 apartment houses. Heat consumption 3,2-3,5 GWh per year. Boilers: Danstoker 1,8 MW, herbaceous biomass. Danstoker Multimaiser 1,23 MW (1995) back-up boiler, oil shale oil. Fuel Meadow hay -~1000 t/a (appr bales), price 41 /t. Good practice example

59 Reconstruction of boiler house in Lihula

60 Reconstruction of boiler house in Lihula

61 Thank you for your attention!