Geography 2412: Nov 7, Wolves, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity
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1 Geography 2412: Nov 7, 2011 Wolves, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity
2 News Idaho and Mont. state wolf hunts head to court By MATTHEW BROWN, Associated Press
3 Wolves and Biology Ecosystems and Biodiversity Threats Biology Different Approaches to Biodiversity Endangered Species Act CITES Markets Ecosystem services Ethics Economy
4 Importance of Scale Scale of analysis Scale of Ecosystems
5 Trophic Levels
6 Biodiversity: What is it & How to we protect it? The sum total of all organisms in an area. Species diversity diversity Ecosystem (landscape) diversity The Diversity of ecosystems, species and genes, and the ecological processes that support them
7 Species Diversity * Most common measurement Number OR variety of species Species Richness (number of species) Rela@ve Abundance (evenness of species) Endemic species - unique to a par@cular area Concerns: ex@nc@ons Solu@ons: Endangered Species Act Act; Red list; CITES, Habitat protec@on
8 Endangered Species Act (ESA) 1973 Protect fish, plants and wildlife. 99% successful at (NWF) Highly Public Sate vs Federal government vs development Private (landowners) vs public rights Wolves: delisted at state levels (WY, ID, MT, parts of OR, WA, UT)
9
10 Biodiversity CITES: on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) Appendix I: threatened with Appendix II: threatened by trade (but not close to Appendix III: regionally threatened by trade on Biological Diversity (1992) - promo@ng equitable sustainable conserva@on 188 na@ons signed (not including U.S.) Biodiversity Hotspots Global Gap Analysis
11 GENETIC DIVERSITY Differences in DNA among individuals within species and Concerns: inbreeding depression- - > increased risk of ex@nc@on How? - isolated patches (ecosystem fragmenta@on) Loss of gene@c material, and species variety (domes@c crops) Solu@ons? Species protec@on, conserva@on corridors, ex- situ conserva@on
12 Ecosystem Biodiversity Number and Variety of Ecosystems Diversity (habitats, within an ecosystem (endemic species) and within a landscape Concerns loss of ecosystem diversity globally, loss of diverse systems (eg rainforests) Fragmenta@on within landscapes and ecosystems - > loss of species and gene@c diversity Solu@ons: biodiversity hotspots, Ecoregional conserva@on, GAP analysis, conserva@on corridors
13 Ecosystem and Biome Diversity Global Biome Distributions : the largest ecological units on the basis of the dominant vegetation
14 Biodiversity Unevenly Distributed
15 Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss, Fragmenta9on, Alterna9on - the leading cause of species, gene@c, ecosystem biodiversity loss Invasive species Pollu@on Climate Change Over harves@ng
16 Why Save Biodiversity? Ecosystem Services Stabilizes earth s climate food, fuel, fiber, and building materials Generates and renews soil fer@lity Enhances food security Medicine/cures Ecotourism Ethics Anthropogenic: Current use for people; Future poten@al Bio- centric Eco- centric Market Price tag on ecosystem services Marke@ng nature Social Construc@on? Poli@cal Economy?
17 How to Save Biodiversity? Science agencies
18 Biology A science built on ac@vism: to promote biodiversity conserva@on Solu@on based research: to provide the basis for intelligent and informed management Combining preserva@onist & wise use philosophies with stewardship ethic, natural & social sciences; theory & prac@ce
19 Biology Biodiversity (species, ecosystem) Island Biogeography Parks/Protected areas Corridors Landscape/Ecoregional
20 (BINGOs) UNEP (United Environment Program, Kenya) CI Washington, DC) WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland Switzerland) NC (Nature Conservancy) WCS (Wildlife Society) FFI (Flora and Fauna IUCN Union for the of Nature African Wildlife Rainforest Network
21 (CI) s Biodiversity Hotspots
22 WWF s Ecoregions WWF = World Wide Fund for Nature
23 A of Nature: Hotspots: From Biodiversity to Climate Change Focus Economy: of majority of hotspots and focus in the Global South, but lead by agencies based in the Global North The role of economics/tourism vs science
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