Overview of the South-East Europe Bioenergy Potential. Julije Domac Calliope Panoutsou

Transcription

1 Overview of the South-East Europe Bioenergy Potential Julije Domac Calliope Panoutsou

2 Project team CRES C. Panoutsou; C. Perakis; V. Papandreou; S. Ntoulas Albania BiH A. Saraci; T. Thimjo (NANR) P. Gvero (Banja Luka University); S. Petrovic (IGT) Croatia FYROM Montenegro J. Domac, V. Segon (REGEA) K. Popovski (MANU) V. Nikcevic Serbia D. Stojiljkovic; B. Glavonjic (Belgrade University) Moldova Ukraine C. Bordeianu (CAPMU) T. Zheliezna; G. Geletukha (SEC Biomass LTD)

3 Biomass Potential: Approach Biomass potential estimation Approach Bottom up Competitive uses Availability constrains Costs Technical Available Potential Theoretical Potential Reference year: 2008 Wastes Fuelwood Residual Biomass Energy Crops Data sources National statistics Recent literature National Experts Biomass feedstocks Residual biomass Fuelwood Energy crops MSW (organic fraction) Composition / Availability MSW Forest Residues Fuelwood Cutting/ / Thinning Yield, Residues Event Forestry - Wood Wood Industry Residues Wood Industry Forests Agricultural Residues Agro Industry Residues Agro Industry Crops, Yields Crop Land Land Use Set aside Land Pasture, Energy crops (types, yields) date

4 Biomass Potential in Albania Biomass potential = 29,79 PJ 33,5% of TPES Balance between agro and forest biomass Field crop residues: maize stalks and wheat straw (96%) Arboricultural residues: vineyards and olives prunings (67%) Forest based biomass: sustainable forest management scenario 45% 27% 15% 5% 4% 4% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

5 Crop residues technical potential Biomass Potential Mapping in Albania Livestock residues theoretical potential high concentrations in Fier, Korce, Elbasan and Berat Shkod er Lezhe Durres Tirane Fier Vlore Kukes Diber Elbasa n Berat Gjirokaster Korce Shkoder Kukes Lezhe Diber Durres Tirane Elbasan Fier Berat Korce Vlore Gjirokaster centralnorthern Albania Shkoder Lezhe Durres Tirane Fier Vlore Kukes Diber Elbasan Berat Gjirokaster Korce Rwd production according to a sustainable scenario upland zone of Albania northeastern, continental and mountainous part of the country Available land for energy crops 55% in Berat Shkod er Lezhe Durres Tirane Fier Kukes Diber Elbasa n Berat Korce Vlore Gjirokaste r

6 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Albania Mwe MWth Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (straw) (fuelwood)

7 SWOT analysis in Albania Strengths Transport sector is the most consuming- biofuels Opportunities RES & EE laws prepared, now in parliament (based on the EU directives) There is an active biofuels law heat in public buildings Big use of firewood but old fashionednot high efficiency stoves Weaknesses Not high intensity industries in Albania, mainly food industry No data on biomass consumption by sectors No data on wastes Responsibility on biomass lies with several ministries Threats Issues with illegal cuttings from forest (non technical barriers in the sector)

8 Biomass Potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina Biomass potential = 56,41 PJ one quarter of TPES Forest based biomass accounts for more than half of the potential 2% 2% 2% 12% 29% 53% Field crop residues: mostly maize stalks Arboricultural residues: plum and apple tree prunings Forest based biomass: one third comes from forest and wood industry residues Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

9 Biomass Potential Mapping in FBiH & Brcko District Crop residues technical potential (GJ) Livestock residues theoretical potential GJ) K3 K1 K2 K4 Brčko Distr. BH K7 K6 Oil seeds Tree Prunings Cereals K10 K8 K9 K5 More than half of the potential is found in the cantons of Tuzla and Una-Sana Available land for energy crops (ha) K3 K4 K1 K6 K2 K7 K9 K10 Pigs Chicken Cows K8 Brčko K5 Distr. BH Forest biomass technical potential (GJ) Pigs Chicken Cows Forest residues Fuelwood 40% of the FBiH potential is found in the canton of Tuzla F B i H - K 1 0 F B i H - K 7 F B i H - K 1 F B i H - K 6 F B i H - K 4 F B i H - K 3 F B i H - K 8 F B i H - K 9 F B i H - K 5 F B i H - K 2 Large areas are found in Western Bosnia and Herzegovina K1 K6 K4 K10 K3 K9 K7 K5 Una-Sana in NW BiH has the highest potential Brčko Distr. K8 K2

10 Heat and electricity market opportunities in BiH Mwe MWth Cofiring in thermal power plants (forest residues) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (straw) (fuelwood)

11 SWOT analysis in Bosnia & Herzegovina Strengths Competitive advantages for exploitations of biomass (land, forest, climate, etc) Pre-war experience in biomass research and exploitation (, combustion research) A lot of small and similar municipalities with developed wood processing industry (wood residues) Very close perspective of promotional measures for bioenergy production and use. Opportunities Employment (whole bioenergy chains) Sustainable exploitation of all biomass sources Growth in local heat and electricity demands Possibility of attraction of foreign and private investors Ecological aspects using biomass/waste Technological development in the field of biomass/waste use (R&D) SME industry development Local development Potential for EE in wood processing industry as well as agroindustry by using waste biomass from the processes. Domestic equipment Weaknesses Bad economical and financial situation Stagnation in further development of new biomass technology Different competition conditions around the country Stagnation in education and building of human capacities No incentives for biomass/waste production and use Complicated legislative for PPP realization. Threats Unsystematic and unsustainable exploitation of forests and land, especially forest residues (wastes) Dependence, to some extent, on imported technology Low level of R&D and technological development No new employment in this sector No further and better local development No diversification of energy supply side No foreign investors Lack of promotional mechanisms for bioenergy production and use No or bad legislative framework for biomass/waste production and use

12 Biomass Potential in Croatia Biomass potential = 56,14 PJ 13,6% of TPES Agriculture biomass is dominant (52%) 44% 3% 5% 4% 8% Field crop residues: mostly maize stalks and sugarbeet leaves and crowns Forest based biomass: more than 50% is residual biomass, i.e. forest and wood industry residues 36% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

13 Biomass Potential Mapping in Croatia Crop residues technical potential More than half is found in the counties of Osijek- Baranja and Vukoval- Sirmium in NE Croatia Residual forest based biomass technical potential Livestock residues theoretical potential Available land for energy crops Mainly in the continental part of the country m 3 in Primorje- Gorski Kotar 41% in the City of Zagreb and nearby counties

14 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Croatia Mwe MWth Cofiring in thermal power plants (forest residues) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) Small scale (straw) Small scale (energy crops) Small scale (fuelwood)

15 SWOT analysis in Croatia Strengths High potential agriculture, forestry, wood industry Well developed forest industry Recent policy framework supporting RES/ biomass Rapid development of pellet production Opportunities Existing in wood industry use fossil fuels or need re-furbishment. In specific cases, the potential savings on fuel are enormous and a biomass boiler system could be paid back in less then 3 years. Under developed biofuels sector Rapid market developing Intensive international cooperation Weaknesses No reliable statistics at municipal level for wood supply No biomass CHP in wood industry General reluctance within households to invest in pellet Poor development of domestic market (households, public or commercial buildings) Threats Complicated and long procedure for licences Low overal efficiency of agricultural production Low level of farmers education and awareness

16 Biomass Potential in FYROM Biomass potential = 21,61 PJ 18% of TPES Forest based biomass most significant source 38% 20% Field crop residues: mostly maize stalks and wheat and barley straw Arboricultural residues: apple and vineyard prunings (86%) Animal manure: cattle (72%) Forest based biomass: mostly fuelwood (87%) 28% 8% 3% 3% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

17 Biomass Potential Mapping in FYROM Crop residues technical potential Livestock residues theoretical potential 1/3 is concentrated in Pelagonia region Large quantities in Pelagonia and Southeaste rn regions Forest biomass technical potential Highest potential in the Southwest region (22%) Available land for energy crops More than 6.000ha are found in each of the Southwest, Southeast and Northeast regions

18 Heat and electricity market opportunities in FYROM Mwe MWth Cofiring in thermal power plants (forest residues) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (fuelwood) (straw)

19 SWOT analysis in FYROM Strengths Firewood covers 8-9% and is forecasted to cover more in the future Opportunities Big use of firewood but old fashioned- not high efficiency stoves Promote de-centralised / autonomous energy producers (users) Biogas centralised units (small scale animal farms) High amounts of agricultural wastes heat for agro-industries, wood industries, etc. Weaknesses Public utility with low flexibility on innovations Collection/ pre-sorting of wastes is a major issue No organised production of energy crops Lack of clear policy, targets and monitoring instruments Threats Decrease of forest land and of annual reforestation Arable cropland increased and the increase came from the rainfed crops

20 Biomass Potential in Montenegro Biomass potential = 12,03 PJ 26% of TPES High potential for energy crops cultivation (esp. SRC) Forest based biomass is dominant 64% 29% 1% 2% 2% Arboricultural residues: vineyard prunings (60%) Animal manure: cattle (93%) Forest based biomass: residual biomass accounts for more than half of the potential 2% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

21 Biomass Potential Mapping in Montenegro Crop residues technical potential Almost half of the potential (mainly vineyard prunings) is found in the municipality of Podgorica. Livestock residues theoretical potential Found in several municipaliti es in the continental part of the country Available land for energy crops Forest biomass technical potential Found all over the continental part of the country Evenly distributed across the northern part of Montenegro 30% of sawmill residues are produced in Pljevlja

22 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Montenegro Mwe MWth Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) 22 (fuelwood)

23 SWOT analysis in Montenegro Strengths Significant biomass potential, Accessibility of unused land for growing the fast-growing plantations for energy use, Decrease in CО emissions, Support of development of forestry and wood-processing industry, Generation of significant amount of energy from RES, Generating energy surplus Opportunities Improving energy stability, Direct replacement for fossil fuels, Export of energy, Increase of national product: New employment options Development of local businesses Use of investment from Kyoto protocol Weaknesses Lack of research of bioenergy resource potential, Very poorly developed forestry, Very poorly developed wood-processing industry Lack of own financial resources, Lack of program for potential investors, Lack of adequate regulatory stimulation, Lack of knowledge and public information about energy potential of biomass Threats Fossil fuel might be cheaper Intensive energy generation from: sun, wind or geo potential

24 Biomass Potential in Serbia Biomass potential = 136,82 PJ 20,9% of TPES Agriculture biomass most significant source 24% 45% Field crop residues: more than half comes from maize stalks Arboricultural residues: apple, plums and vineyard prunings Forest based biomass: one fourth comes from forest and wood industry residues 4% 19% 6% 2% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

25 Biomass Potential Mapping in Serbia Crop residues technical potential Found mainly in Vojvodina Livestock residues theoretical potential High concentrations in Macvanski and neighboring districts in the north-west Residual forest based biomass technical potential Available land for energy crops Over 0,8 PJ in each of the Zlatiborski and Raski districts in the west Mostly in southern Serbia

26 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Serbia 500 Mwe MWth Cofiring in thermal power plants (forest residues) Large scale CHP ~30MWe (straw) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (straw) (fuelwood)

27 SWOT analysis in Serbia Strengths High biomass potential National Biomass Action Plan is currently being developed Ambitious national RES targets are set Feed-in tariffs for bio-electricity Opportunities Direct substitution of natural gas Export of biomass pellets Space heating in households and buildings using biomass pellets or briquettes Co-firing or total replacement in district heating plants firing heavy oil or coal Production of electricity utilizing agricultural and wood wastes Production of biofuels for transport. Weaknesses Large number of small private owned forests- difficult to manage Threats Illegal forest cuttings Low reforestation rates Low price of electricity results to low use of biomass heating purposes (households use electricity for heating)

28 Biomass Potential in Moldova Biomass potential = 50,43 PJ 55% of TPES Agriculture biomass is dominant Field crop residues: mostly cereals and sunflower residues Arboricultural residues: two thirds from vineyard prunings Significant potential for AD of cattle manure and poultry litter Forests under protection 58% 10% 8% 13% 8% 3% Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

29 Biomass Potential Mapping in Moldova Arable crop residues technical potential Livestock residues theoretical potential Found all over the country - Increases from south to north Found all over the country - Increases from south to north Available land for energy crops Forest based biomass Largest areas are found in Cahul and UTA Gagauzia districts Dispersion and fragmentation of forest resources Uneven distribution Most forests are concentrated in central Moldova Industrial wood mainly imported

30 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Moldova 200 Mwe 160 MWth Large scale CHP ~30MWe (straw) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (straw) (fuelwood)

31 SWOT analysis in Moldova Strengths Existing favourable legislation for RES/ biomass Good agricultural biomass potential Opportunities Increasing number of straw in public buildings Local biodiesel production directed solely to exports Weaknesses No use of solid biomass for district heating, CHPs and electricity production Threats A strong dependence of climatic conditions (droughts, floods)

32 Biomass Potential in Ukraine Biomass potential = 730,54 PJ 12,7% of TPES Agriculture biomass is dominant 9% 61% 21% 1% 4% 4% Field crop residues: mostly sunflower and maize stalks Significant potential for AD of cattle manure and poultry litter Forest based biomass: mostly fuelwood and forest residues Energy crops Forest based biomass Field crop residues Arboricultural residues Livestock residues MSW

33 Biomass Potential Mapping in Ukraine Crop residues technical potential Livestock residues theoretical potential Mainly in central and eastern Ukraine. 44 PJ in the oblast of Poltava Residual forest based biomass tech. potent. Oblasts of Kiev and Cherkasy have a combined potential of 9 PJ. Available land for energy crops Significant quantities in NW Ukraine. 370 th. m3 annually in Zhytomyr oblast All over the country, especially towards the East.

34 Heat and electricity market opportunities in Ukraine Mwe MWth Cofiring in thermal power plants (forest residues) Large scale CHP ~30MWe (straw) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (energy crops) Medium scale CHP ~5MWe (forest residues) 352 AD plants 1-3MWe (animal manure) (energy crops) (straw) 329 (fuelwood)

35 SWOT analysis in Ukraine Strengths Big potential of biomass Availability of unused lands CO2 emission reduction potential Biomass is a cheap local fuel Availability of a good scientific basis Successful pilot and demonstration projects already exist Opportunities Strengthening energy security Direct substitution of natural gas Export of biomass/biofuels Creation of new jobs Development of local economy Attraction of additional investments by the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms. Weaknesses Shortcomings in the legislative base, soft environmental legislation Lack of knowledge and information; infrastructure; state financial support, especially for realization of demonstration projects; communication between the bioenergy sector actors Unstable political situation Underdeveloped feedstock and equipment markets Threats Potential competition with food production World prices of fossil fuels could become lower Competition with the third world countries in cheap biomass production

36 Conclusions Significant energy potential Existing experience and technical knowledge Promising area for international cooperation Good funding opportunities (national, EU, others) Can we do something together?

37 Thank you for your attention!