European biomethane potentials

Transcription

1 Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum DBFZ European biomethane potentials Daniela Thrän Workshop Biomethane Trade, Brussels, 21 February 2012 Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum, Torgauer Str. 116, D Leipzig,

2 Structure 1. Introduction 2. Biomass potentials 3. Potentials of biomethane production 4. Summary 2

3 Introduction Methane production pathways Anaerobic Digestion Gasification and Methanation Capacities Low to medium capacities 1 to 60 MW CH4 Medium to high capacities. 85 to 340 MW CH4 Feedstocks Area sp. yields (energy crops) Biogas substrates, mainly liquid manure, organic residue and silage (e.g. maize, grain, gras) ~ t fresh matter per year and MW CH to m³ N /(ha a) (e.g. maize silage) Biogenic ligneous fuels, like (residual) forest wood, industrial waste wood, short-rotation wood ~ t fresh matter per year and MW CH to m³ N /(ha a) (short-rotation wood, e.g. willow)

4 Structure 1. Introduction 2. Biomass potentials 3. Potentials of biomethane production 4. Summary 4

5 Biomass potential Definitions Theoretical potential Technical potential Economic potential Realisable potential

6 Biomass potential Approaches Different biomass origin: Forest biomass Agricultural biomass Residues Land potentials (degraded lands) Different methodological approaches: Mass Flow Analysis Market Models Land Use Models (including Remote Sensing and GIS)

7 Biomass potentials Methodology for residues Agricultural residues Straw Livestock excrements Forestry residues Logging residues Volume of all residues (sources, quantity) Material use? Nutrient cycle? Industrial processing? Recycling management? Other residues Municipal waste Industrial waste wood Process-specific residues, byproducts and waste Energetic use? Networking of actors/supply concepts? Economic competitiveness? Ecological sustainability? 7

8 Specific Spez. Aufkommen volume an Trockensubstanz of dry matter pro Einwohner und Jahr per inhabitant (QTM,spez in and kg/a) year [kg/yr] DBFZ Example: Per-capita residues in Germany Biogenic component of residual waste Biogener Anteil im Restmüll Bioabfallsammlung Collection of biowaste (1) Composting in private gardens Eieompostierung Wood from residual waste Altholz im Restmüll Altholzsammlung Collection of waste wood Industrierestholz Industrial waste wood Produktionsspezifische Abfälle Process-specific residues Sewage sludge Klärschlamm (1) m³ biogas / t biowaste

9 Logging residues Wood from landscape Roadside wood Puplic green spaces Cemeteries Orchards* Meadow orchards* Vineyards acreage* Cereal straw Other straw Harvest residues root crops Grass cuttings from landscape conversion Grass cuttings from green spaces, roads etc. Yields fresh matter in t/(ha.yr) Moisture content of fresh matter in ma.-% DBFZ Example: Area specific residues in Germany Fresh matter Moisture content (*: incl. land clearing) Woody biomass Herbaceous biomass

10 Biomass potentials Methodology for energy crops Considered driving factors Population development Per-capita consumption (cereals, oilseed, sugar, bovine/pork/poultry meat, milk) Land use Yields and feed conversion Energy crop selection Trend projection from data of past 20 years Calculations for and 134 countries 10

11 Biomass potentials Degraded lands the silver bullet? Degraded lands could offer a surplus land potential for bioenergy, but great variety of definitions and overlap with current land uses. degraded unused Large range of estimated land potentials (250 to 1,600 Mha) and possible bioenergy potentials (0 to 270EJ) Few, if any good examples or best practices and highly uncertain knowledge basis (e.g. investment costs, yields) of appropriate land management systems Uncertain impacts on rehabilitation of the productive and service functions, biodiversity, GHG emissions, land use rights, etc.??? Fotos:

12 EJ/yr DBFZ Biomass potentials Global fuel potential - A Comparison of 19 studies Total potential Waste & residues only IPCC 2050 Bioenergy total: EJ Waste & Residues: 100 EJ 600 Present primary energy demand 500 EJ Quelle: IPCC-SRREN Current biomass use 50 EJ Source: Barker, et al., 2007; Bauen, Woods, & Hailes, 2004; Campbell, Lobell, Genova, & Field, 2008; Dessus, Devin, & Pharabod, 1993; Faaij, 2007; Fischer & Schrattenholzer, 2001; Hall, Rosillo-Calle, Williams, & Woods, 1993; Hoogwijk, et al., 2005; Hoogwijk, et al., 2003; International Energy Agency, 2007b; Johansson, McCormick, Neij, & Turkenburg, 2004; Kaltschmitt & Hartmann, 2001; Moreira, 2006; Sims, et al., 2007; Smeets & Faaij, 2007; Smeets, et al., 2007; Swisher & Wilson, 1993; Wolf, Bindraban, Luijten, & Vleeshouwers, 2003; Yamamoto, Fujino, & Yamaji, 2001; Yamamoto, Yamaji, & Fujino,

13 Structure 1. Introduction 2. Biomass potentials 3. Potentials of biomethane production 4. Summary 13

14 Potentials of biomethane production Maximal technical potential in Europe 27 (assuming 90% of the overall biomass potential can be used) Biomass pot. [PJ/a] Biomethane potential [PJ/a] / [billion m³/a] Woody biomass (forest wood and residues and other woody residues) Herbaceous biomass residues (50 % via biogas, 50 % via SNG) Wet biomass residues (MSW is not considered) via Biogas via Bio-SNG / a 176 / / / 26 - Energy crops (min - max) / Sum (min max) / a related to the calorific value; biogas production potenzial is lower

15 Potentials of biomethane production Potentials along the gas grid (1) Biogas

16 Potentials of biomethane production Potentials along the gas grid (2) SNG

17 Biomethanpotenzial Biomethane in potential Mrd. m³/a in (Erdgasqualität). Bil. Nm³/a DBFZ Potentials of biomethane production Technical potential of biomethane Only nur Produktion production (180 Mrd. m³ N /a) Production Prod. + Nutzung and use (120 Mrd. m³ N /a) Only nur Produktion production (305 Mrd. m³ N /a) Production Prod. + Nutzung and use (189 Mrd. m³ N /a) Natural gas demand: D ca. 100 bill. m³/a EU-27 ca. 550 bill. m³/a Energiepflanzen Energy crops (nur (only KUP) willow) Energiepflanzen Energy crops (alle (all Optionen) options) Waldrestholz Wood biomass Industrierestholz Waste Wood 120 Gülle Excrements 80 Overall sum bill. Nm³/a Summe 2005: 300 Mrd. m³ N /a 40 0 DE EU-15 EU+10 EU+3 CIS DE EU-15 EU+10 EU+3 CIS Overall sum bill. Nm³/a Summe 2020: 484 Mrd. m³ N /a

18 Potential for biomethane production Constraints Due to increasing demand for food, feed, energy and land the competition and prices for land and biomass are likely to increase Biomethane has certain advantages (biofuel, CHP, infrastructure) but biomass is already and will be used via other pathways in the electricity, heat, mobility and industrial sectors A great number of economical, technical, environmental and social constraints along the provision chain may slow down the development of biomethane provision and trade: Biomass sources Biomass production and supply Biomass conversion to bioenergy sources Bioenergy source distribution Bioenergy use in the energy system intensification competition, urban planning, project realisation, plant management, microbiology, market maturity (Bio-SNG) consumer behaviour, range NGV gas grid access, feed in tariff (energy) price development, climate change, stability of political strategies, Know-how, international certification, acceptance 18

19 Structure 1. Introduction to biomass potentials 2. Potentials of biomethane production 3. Constraints 4. Summary 19

20 Summary Technologies for the production of biomethane are under development for almost all biomass The future biomass potential depends on many factors Residue potentials are comparable stable Energy crop potentials strongly depend on the overall development of the agriculture (land use, yields, and GHG emissions) Energy crop production on degraded lands has to be developed case by case The European biomethane potential Biomethane could supply the European energy demands strategically, but therefore a clear strategy for the use of biomass in the different energy sectors is necessary Infrastructure for European biomethane trade is available, but again there are different constrains 20

21 Thank you! Additional Information Globale und regionale Verteilung von Biomassepotenzialen BMVBS-Online-Publikation, Nr. 27/2010 Assessment of global bioenergy potentials Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum ggmbh Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 D Leipzig Daniela Thrän Tel. +49 (0)

22 Potentials for biomethane production How much is available in Europe 27 biomass origin domestic import biomass use 2007* heat power biofuels biomass resources 2010** biomass from forest unused growth wood residues+ firewood biomass residues wood residues of industry and straw landscape management other residues and municipal solid waste energy plants DBFZ % 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% % of total primary energy consumption Auch hier eher in % PEV statt in PJ Sources: * Witt, J., Kaltschmitt, M.: Erneuerbare Energien - Stand 2007 weltweit und in Europa. BWK 60, 1-2/2008, S **Thrän, D. et al.: Sustainable Strategies for Biomass Use in the European Context. IE-Report 1/2006, Leipzig 2006.