Solid Biomass Use Technologies and Trends in Germany

Transcription

1 Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum German Biomass Research Centre Solid Biomass Use Technologies and Trends in Germany Janet Witt Syracuse, June 2009 Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Str. 116, D Leipzig,

2 Agenda Introduction Political framework Electricity Market Heat market Innovative Applications Untapped biomass potential Conclusions 2

3 Introduction DBFZ background Institute for Energy founded in 1953 today interdisciplinary research centre Owned by the Ministry for food, agriculture and consumer protection Objectives: Application-orientated research and development of technical, environmental and economic subjects including solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels Verification and certification of solid and liquid biofuels and plants for the generation of heat, power and transportation fuels Consulting of private and public institutions in all questions concerning bioenergy production 3

4 Introduction DBFZ departments 4

5 Current Situation Political framework in Germany Doubling of the share of electricity based on combined heat and power (CHP) up to 25 % until 2020 Increase of the share of heat provision based on renewable energy sources up to 14 % until 2020 Increase of the share of biofuel from 12 up to 15 % until 2020 (under discussion) OVERALL TARGET: CLIMATE PROTECTION Picture source:

6 Current Situation Market development of renewables Final energy from renewables, TWh/yr Proportion of total final energy, % Source: DBFZ 2009, based on BMU In GER the contribution of renewables to final energy consumption has been increased between 1997 and 2007 to 224 PJ/a (3 % to 8.6 %).

7 Current Situation Bioenergy supply 19% 38% 43% Electricity Heat Transportation fuel In Germany biomass contributes to final energy consumption with a share of approximately 70 %.

8 Current Situation Facilities for heat and power generation biomass input biomass input

9 Current Situation - Electricity Market Biomass CHP plants in Germany unit Solid biofuels [1] Biogas Liquid bioflues [2] Sum Status quo at the end of 2008 Number of plants 209 ca. 4,100 ca. 1,400 5,709 Installed capacity MW el 1,039 1, ,784 Average plant capacity kw el 5, Electricity generation (2008) TWh el /a Heat utilisation (2008) TWh th /a ca ca ca Biofuel demand (2008) Mio t/a (wood atro) no value [3] 0.52 (vegetable oil) PJ/a (use of residues) [1] excluding mill and paper industry [2] liquid biofuels: all values are estimated [3] no reliable value possible due to the inhomogeneous substrates

10 Current Situation - Electricity Market Historical development of CHP plants installed capacity of CHP plants (MWel) The Renewable Energy Act (EEG) came into force, 01/04/2000 The EEG was amended, 01/08/2004 The new EEG came into force, 01/01/2009 liquid biomass biogas solid biomass excl. mill and paper industry Incentives for used wood Incentives for the use of biogas and liquid biofuels

11 Current Situation - Electricity Market Market incentives The renewable energy act: Overview of the feed-in tariffs for solid biomass in ct/kwh Plant size Minimum compensation start of operation: 2009 start of operation in 2009 CHP start of operation before 2009 Bonus compensation Innovative technologies Renewable resources wood (used wood) wood from short rotation plantation 150 kw kw ,000 kw ,000 kw

12 Technologies Solid biomass CHP plants number of installed CHP plant Anlagenbestand [-] Anlagenbestand number of installed > 5 plants MWel > 5 MW el Anlagenbestand number of installed 0,5 plants - 5 MWel 0.5-5MW el Anlagenbestand number of installed 0,5 plants MWel 0.5 MW el Installierte installed capacity Leistung [MW [MWel] el ] installed electrical capacity [MW] Installierte elektrische Leistung [MW el ]

13 Technologies Solid biomass CHP plants classified biomass input vs installed number of plants The spatial distribution of solid biomass CHPplants in GER is strongly linked to locations with high population and construction centres ( used wood), but also to the forest areas in the South and East of GER ( wood residues of forestry and wood process industry) 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% used wood Altholz Gemischtholz mixed wood Wald- und Landschaftspflegeholz wood residues (industry, forestry etc.) 0% < 0,5 MWel 0,5-5 MWel > 5 MWel

14 Technologies CHP conversion technologies 100% 20 installed plants 80% 60% 40% 20% installed plants installed power spectrum installed power spectrum [MW el] 0% steam turbine steam piston engine ORC gasification Stirling-engine 0

15 Technologies CHP combustion & conversion technologies Medium and large scale (max. 20 MW el ) combustion systems for power generation and CHP could be established in the market within the last 8 years (about 110 plants) mostly stoker-fired furnaces and fluidised bed combustion in use power generation primarily via steam turbines R&D demand regarding handling of different biomass qualities (e.g. in terms of corrosion, ash content) Small-scale CHP concepts (up to approx. 2 MW el ) are available but not in widespread use, yet ( exception ORC-facilities) approx. 20 plants based on steam engines approx. 60 ORC plants installed since 2002 R&D demand with regard to higher efficiencies as well as decreasing investment costs CHP plants use mainly woody residues in form of wood chips as fuel; high potentials of straw are available in GER but technology problems are still a challenge (e.g. corrosion, emissions)

16 installed electrical capacity [MW] installierte Anlagenleistung [MW el] Technologies Perspective of CHP plants Further development of solid biomass CHP plants in Germany Anlagenprognose Biomasse-HKW nach EEG (including (einschl. Papier- mill and und paper Zellstoffindustrie) industry) currently no 0 significant growth on the solid biomass market is expected * 2012* 2014* 2016* 2018* 2020* in future more CHP plants in the small and medium scale sector will be installed (short rotation wood will be available not before 2012) number of installed CHP plant Anlagenanzahl *Prognose: *Prognose DBFZ, DBFZ more large scale projects are expected after 2015 (e.g. gasification concepts and plant repowering)

17 Current Situation - Heat Market German heat market First half of 2008 Heat generator (total) + 7% = 261,000 units Heat generator (gas/oil) Distribution in % Oil / gas Oil / gas (condensing boiler) Biomass boilers and heat pumps + 12% = 226,000 units Biomass boilers + 33% = 11,000 units Heat pumps - 15% = 24,000 units Solar heating Systems + 62% = 803,000 m 2 = 80,300 Anlagen Forecast % = 633,000 units In total: about 15 Mio. solid biomass boilers exist in GER <1,000 kw which use approx. 265 PJ biomass (230 PJ < 150 kw)

18 Current Situation - Heat Market Biomass heat market The heat generation from wood is already established in all ranges of performance Typical biomass combustion systems for heat provision are split logs mainly in stoves, chimneys in households but also used in central heating systems (e.g. gasification boilers) 81% of all biomass plants <1,000 kw (93% <150 kw) wood chips for medium scale applications and district heating systems 14% of all plants < 1,000 kw (2% <150 kw) pellet stoves and boilers as small scale application (<50 kw) in households and apartment buildings only 5% of all plants <1,000 kw (5% <150 kw), but with high expectations Straw and other solid biomass fuels (e.g. cereals) are only used in pilot plants or small amounts as co-firing fuel, high requirements on emission limits in Germany

19 Current Situation - Heat Market Technologies Biomass stoves and chimneys are used as single room heating and to save fossil fuels Biomass central heating: focus on small and medium scale biomass boilers with automatic feeding systems Biomass district heating are mainly grate firing boilers to cover the base load; to supply the peak load an additional boiler (mostly based on fossil fuels) is installed

20 Current Situation -Heat Market Market incentives Market Incentive Program (MAP): Promotion of biomass utilization for heating purposes Overview of the promotion rates for solid biomass in Plant type Level of funding Pellet boiler 27 /kw installed (5 kw up to 100 kw) but min. 1,500 Pellet boiler plus newly fitted buffer storage 27 /kw installed with a capacity of at least 30 l/kw but min. 1,875 (5 kw up to 100 kw) Wood chip heating system plus newly fitted buffer storage with a capacity of at least 30 l/kw (5 kw up to 100 kw) Firewood gasifier boiler plus newly fitted buffer storage with a capacity of at least 55 l/kw (15 kw up to 50 kw) 750 per plant 843,75 per plant

21 Current Situation - Heat Market Pellet combustion units growth total units 2009: target 140, : Increase: 40,000 Total units: 180, : Increase: 140,000 Total units: 620,000 source: DEPV 2008 Currently, pellet heating system account for 4% among all new installations of central heating systems in Germany (total number: 20 Mio. units) Significant increase to 5% by 2010 and 8-10% by 2015 is expected

22 Technologies Pellet combustion units market of pellet boilers source: DEPV 2008 Large share of small scale pellet boilers (<50 kw) But also larger systems become more and more attractive Most boilers require premium pellet quality (certification: DIN 51735, DIN plus, ÖNorm M 7135)

23 Current Situation Bio-Heat Market Perspective of GER wood pellet market Forecast Prognose of Pelletbedarf pellet demand in t/a in t/a dynamische Dynamic development Entwicklung moderate Moderate Entwicklung development 0 Good future development of the 2007 pellet 2008market A market 2011 growth of the 2014 factor is expected till At present, there is also a rising interest of the GER power plant industry in wood pellets for co-firing sustainable wood pellet supply must be certified!

24 Innovative Applications Classification of existing and future technologies Technology availability - term short medium long Micro-GT, Stirling Biomethane from Bio-SNG Gasification gas motor Biomethane from biogas Gasification - GT Biorefinery Complex biorefinery Bioethanol (Lig.) BtL Heat Electricity / CHP Basic chemicals Biofuels Heat unit Heat plant Biogas-CHP Bioethanol (Corn) ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 10,000, Biomass demand in t /a CHP plant - DT Biodiesel biomass conversion technologies Demand for on generating capital investment heat, electricity and biofuels are basically available many new technologies are still Regional in R&D development stage in the medium term a strong increase of biomass demand, especially on woody biomass IE-Leipzig,

25 Current Situation German biomass resources and use National Imports Biomass origin (2007) Heat Power CHP Biofuels Biogas Depending on the political framework a further growth of the biomass and market development is expected. Till 2020 the raw material potential will represent approx. 2,000 PJ/a Biomass use (2007) National potential (2010) Biomass from forests Wood residues of Straw industry and landscape management Energy crops (min /max ) German biomass resources and use in PJ/a 1.600

26 Conclusions The German biomass potential is currently only partially used but a dynamic extension of the biomass usage has started already this is true for Germany, other parts of Europe and the world The biomas heat use will further increase by facing high oil prices. Key questions are the expansion of the fuel basis (energy crops) and the reduction of the emissions. For the power generation the EEG (Renewable Energies Act) promotes biomass usage; efficiency improvements can be achieved through new technologies and concepts (e.g. for gasification) Increasing numbers of plants as well as intensive research activities can be observed in the German biomass sector at the moment. However the planning security is limited additional targets and restrictions are expected by the EU (e.g. to prove sustainable bioenergy supply and raw material origin). GER discusses much stronger emission limits for biomass heating plants (e.g. max. 60 mg/nm³ dust, 800 mg/nm³ CO 2 for wood pellet boilers <500 kw)

27 Thank You For Your Attention! DBFZ German Biomass Research Centre. Solutions and innovations for today and tomorrow. Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße Leipzig Germany Contact: MSc Dipl.-Ing. Janet Witt / janet.witt@dbfz.de 27

28 Backup Various pathways of bioenergy production Harvesting / Collecting / Provision Pre-treatment Transport Storage BIO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION Anaerob. Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Composting 28

29 Backup Global wood growth 1 and use 2 today energy wood industrial used wood annual growth source: Pöyry ) annual growth of the following forest areas: global forest areas available for wood supply, timber forest (China), closed forest areas (Latain America, rest of Asia, Africa) 2) total wood used for energy purposes (from forest and non-forest areas)

30 Backup Global biomass growth 1 and use 2 source: Pöyry 2008

31 Backup Global wood trade Important trading routes of stemwood & industrial wood (incl. wood chips) in Mio. m³ source: Pöyry 2008 industrial wood is used nearly completely locally In total, only few amounts are traded globally approx. 9% of the global demand

32 Backup Technologies Grenzwerte gemäß 1.BImSchV (Sept. 2002) a) Dioxine/ NWL Staub CO NO x Furane Grenzwerte im Entwurf zur Novellierung der 1.BImSchV (2007) a) NWL Staub CO NO x Dioxine/ Furane kw mg/m³ N mg/m³ N mg/m³ N ng/m³ N kw mg/m³ N mg/m³ N mg/m³ N ng/m³ N Holzpellets > > c) / 20 d) Stroh, Getreide (Ganzpflanzen, Körner, Pellets) b) > < c) / 20 d) 1000 c) / 400 d) / 250 d,e) 600 c,e) / 500 d,e) 0,1 e) a) alle Grenzwerte beziehen sich auf 13% Bezugssauerstoff b) nur in automatisch beschickten Feuerungsanlagen; Einsatz bis 48 Monate nach Verkündung der novellierten 1.BImSchV nur in Betrieben der Land- und Forstwirtschaft, des Gartenbaus und in Betrieben des agrargewerblichen Sektors, die Umgang mit Getreide haben (z.b. Mühlen, Landhandel). c) nach Inkrafttreten der novellierten Verordnung d) für Anlagen, die nach dem errichtet werden e) Nachweis durch Hersteller im Rahmen einer Typenprüfung (einmalig) Quelle: IE, Stand 10/2007

33 Backup Installed wood pellet plants USA Germany

34 Backup European pellet market Kapazität Produktion inländischer Verbrauch Pellets in t/a DBFZ 2008 Schweden Dänemark Finnland Deutschland Österreich Polen Estland Pellet production capacity in Europe (incl. Russland) between 10-11,000,000 t Real pellet production in Europe 7-8,000,000 t (9-11,000,000 t worldwide)

35 Backup Growing wood pellet trade CA is one of the most largest wood pellet supplier to the EU (e.g. NL, BEL, SE) Its wood pellet quality fits only industrial requirements (cofiring) GER and AUS can cover the domestic premium pellet demand but export and trade industrial pellets