Peatland Restoration in a Changing Climate: Risks and Chances of Salinization in Coastal Peatlands
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1 Peatland Restoration in a Changing Climate: Risks and Chances of Salinization in Coastal Peatlands Gijs van Dijk 1, Alfons J.P. Smolders 1, Roos Loeb 1, Jan G.M. Roelofs 2, Leon P.M. Lamers 2 1 B-Ware Research Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2 Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
2 Introduction Large-scale problems in wetland management, such as Eutrophication Land subsidence Desiccation Negative effects on peatland biodiversity and prospects for restoration
3 Introduction At a global scale wetlands in deltas will be influenced by salinization NL FL After Oude Essink et al. 2010
4 Introduction In European lowlands the chance of salinization in coastal peatlands increased due to Land subsidence Sea level rise Decreased summer precipitation After Oude Essink et al. 2010
5 Introduction Formerly brackish water peatlands are rare and transformed into freshwater peatlands, often in agricultural use
6 Introduction Salinization may impose risks on current freshwater peatlands Physiological stress for freshwater biodiversity Large effects on biogeochemistry Salinization may however also provide new opportunities to restore formerly brackish peatlands
7 Research questions How does salinization affect biogeochemical processes in the water and aquatic sediment of former brackish peatlands? Effects on nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions How do the effects of constant salinization differ from a fluctuating salinity?
8 Experimental set-up Two experiments: One controlled experiment in aquaria in the laboratory One experiment in the field with enclosures
9 Exp. set-up aquarium exp.
10 Exp. set-up enclosure exp.
11 Results - effects of salt - Strong and fast salt intrusion in the aquatic sediment Mobilization of cations (incl. Ca)
12 Results - effects of salt - Fluctuating salinity of the surface water has similar effects on the sediment on the long term
13 Results - effects on nutrients - Significant decrease in HPO 4 2- and P (tot) in the surface water and sediment porewater in both experiments, due to precipitation with Ca and possible lower decomposition Fluctuating salinity on the long term similar effects
14 Results - effects on nutrients - Significant decrease of NH 4 + in peat soil and significant increase in clay soil
15 Results - effects on nutrients - Significant decrease of NH 4 + in peat soil and significant increase in clay soil
16 Results - effects on nutrients - Significant decrease of NH 4 + in peat soil and significant increase in clay soil Mobilization due to Ca and Na, flux determines accumulation Decreased decomposition Fluctuating salinity on the long term similar effects
17 Results - effects on decomposition - Significant short term effects on CO 2 emission, but no sign. effects on semi-long term
18 Results - effects on decomposition - Fast significant short term effects on CH 4 concentration and production Fluctuation has the same effect
19 Results - effects on decomposition - Fast significant short term effects on CH 4 concentration and production Fluctuation has the same effect Increased sulphate causes SO 4 2- reduction and H 2 S production decreases CH 4 production but does not increase P mobilization
20 Conclusions Eutrophication Cation mobilization Decrease in P Decrease or increase in N depending on sediment type Extra SO 4 2- does not cause nutrient mobilisation in formerly brackish peatlands Carbon cycling Short term effect on CO 2, no semi-long term effects Direct decrease of CH 4 f Salinization can decrease greenhousegas emissions Fluctuating salinity can have similar effects on biogeochemistry as constant salinization
21 Cation exchange Na + Cl - SO 2-4 Ca 2+ Na + Soil adsorption complex Na + NH 4 + Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Ca 2+
22 Conclusions Eutrophication Cation mobilization Decrease in P Decrease or increase in N depending on sediment type Extra SO 4 2- does not cause nutrient mobilisation in formerly brackish peatlands Carbon cycling Short term effect on CO 2, no semi-long term effects Direct decrease of CH 4 f Salinization can decrease greenhousegas emissions Fluctuating salinity can have similar effects on biogeochemistry as constant salinization
23 Cation exchange Eutrophication Na + Cl - SO 2-4 Ca 2+ Na + Ca 2+ Na + SO 4 2- Soil adsorption complex Na + NH 4 + Organic Matter FeS S 2 Fe 2+ Ca 2+ Ca 2+ HCO 3 - PO 4 3- Fe(II)OOH-P Ca 2+ CaCO 3 (P)
24 Conclusions Eutrophication Cation mobilization Decrease in P Decrease or increase in N depending on sediment type Extra SO 4 2- does not cause nutrient mobilisation in formerly brackish peatlands Carbon cycling Short term effect on CO 2, no semi-long term effects Direct decrease of CH 4 f Salinization can decrease greenhousegas emissions Fluctuating salinity can have similar effects on biogeochemistry as constant salinization
25 Na + Cl - Cation Eutrophication Greenhouse exchange gasses SO 2-4 Ca /- Na + Ca 2+ Na + SO 4 2- CO 2 Cl - Na + Soil adsorption complex Na + NH 4 + Organic Matter FeS S 2 Fe 2+ CH 4 Organic Matter Ca 2+ Ca 2+ HCO 3 - PO 4 3- Fe(II)OOH-P Ca 2+ CaCO 3 (P)
26 Conclusions Eutrophication Cation mobilization Decrease in P Decrease or increase in N depending on sediment type Extra SO 4 2- does not cause nutrient mobilisation in formerly brackish peatlands Carbon cycling Short term effect on CO 2, no semi-long term effects Direct decrease of CH 4 f Salinization can decrease greenhousegas emissions Fluctuating salinity can have similar effects on biogeochemistry as constant salinization
27 Conclusions Salinization of wetlands does not only have negative effects Salinization can be seen as a chance for the restoration of eutrophied formerly brackish peatlands Long term effects further research Effects on biodiversity and effects on the ecosystems further research
28 Thanks for the attention, time for questions! Gijs van Dijk 1 *, Alfons J.P. Smolders 1, Roos Loeb 1, Jan G.M. Roelofs 2, Leon P.M. Lamers 2 1 B-Ware Research Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2 Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands * For further information: g.vandijk@b-ware.eu
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