The Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise on Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the Delaware River Estuary

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1 The Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise on Tidal Freshwater Marshes of the Delaware River Estuary Nathaniel B. Weston Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University Melanie A. Vile Department of Biology, Villanova University Scott C. Neubauer Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina David J. Velinsky Patrick Center for Environmental Research, The Academy of Natural Sciences Delaware Estuary Science and Environmental Summit 14 January 2009

2 Sea Level Rise Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (2007)

3 Coastal Tidal Marshes

4 How Will Tidal Marshes Respond to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise?

5 Marshes Mass Must Balance Accrete in Tidal to Keep Marshes Pace With Watershed Inputs Rising Sea-Levels CO 2 CO 2 & CH 4 Primary Production Export Inorganic Sediment Burial Organic Matter Marsh Accretion Microbial Respiration CO 2 & CH 4 MSL

6 Estuarine / Marsh Coastal Ecosystem Tidal Freshwater Marsh Salt Marsh River Estuary Ocean

7 Estuarine / Marsh Coastal Ecosystem Changing Precipitation River Salt Water Intrusion Rising Sea Level Ocean

8 What are the impacts of salt water intrusion on TFMs? Watershed Inputs CO 2 CO 2 & CH 4 Primary Production Export Inorganic Sediment Burial Organic Matter Marsh Accretion Microbial Respiration CO 2 & CH 4 MSL

9 Microbial Respiration Processes Freshwater Marshes: Freshwater Marshes: Methanogenesis C 6 H 12 O H 2 O 3 CH HCO H +

10 Microbial Respiration Processes Salt Marshes: Sulfate Reduction C 6 H 12 O SO HS HCO H + Sulfate - Major constituent in seawater

11 Delaware River Estuary Laboratory Experiment Philadelphia Wilmington

12 Long-Term Salinity Intrusion Experiment CO 2 & CH 4 Gas Flux Rates CO 2 & CH 4 Gas Flux Rates 5 Saltwater CO 2 & CH 4 CO 2 & CH 4 Gas Flux Rates Gas Flux Rates Sulfate Reduction and Methanogenesis Rates and other Biogeochemical Measurements Freshwater

13 CO 2 Flux Month

14 Sulfate Reduction Rates

15 CH 4 Flux Month

16 Total C Gas Flux Month 50% Higher C Flux over 1 Year

17 Freshwater Marsh Undergoing Salinity Intrusion Watershed Inputs Plant Response? CO 2 CO 2 &CH 4 Primary Production Inorganic Sediment Organic Matter Microbial Respiration Mth Methanogens Sulfate Reducers CO 2 & CH 4 MSL Microbial Response

18 Delaware River Transplant Experiment

19 Rancocas Transplants May 2007

20 Delaware River Transplant Experiment - Conductivity 25 ctivity (m ms cm -1 ) Stow Salem Condu 5 0 Transplants Raccoon Rancocas Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan

21 Conductiv vity (ms cm-1) Stow Salem 5 Raccoon Rancocas 0 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan m -2 ) Bio omass (g 600 Salem 500 Raccoon 400 Pontederia 300 cordata 200 Rancocas 100 Transplants Stow 0 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan

22 Delaware River Transplant Experiment Rancocas (Fresh) Stow (Brackish) May 2007 J July 2007

23 Conductiv vity (ms cm-1) Stow Salem 5 Raccoon Rancocas 0 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan m -2 ) Bio omass (g Pontederia 300 cordata Transplants Salem Raccoon Rancocas Zizania aquatica 1600 g m -2 Spartina alterniflora Stow 0 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan

24 Watershed Inputs Shift to Salt Marsh? CO 2 CO 2 &CH 4 Primary Production Inorganic Sediment Organic Matter Marsh Accretion Microbial Respiration Mth Methanogens Sulfate Reducers CO 2 & CH 4 MSL

25 Watershed Inputs Loss of TFM? Plant Response Climate Feedback CO 2 CO 2 &CH 4 Primary Production Inorganic Sediment Organic Matter Loss of Marsh Microbial Respiration Mth Methanogens Sulfate Reducers CO 2 & CH 4 MSL Microbial Response

26 Future Work TFM Organs Elevation Relative to Local Marsh Platform +20 cm +10 cm 0 cm -10 cm -20 cm -30 cm

27 Changes in Metabolic Activity and Community Composition of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in Tidal Freshwater Marsh Soils in Response to Climate Change and Saltwater Intrusion Poster: Tatjana Prša

28 *Patrick Costello *Ray Dixon *Amanda Foskett Olivia Gibb Paul Kiry Chris McLaughlin *Tatjana Prša James Quinn *Daniel Russo Kimberli Scott *Paul Weibel (* - Undergraduate Student) Environmental Protection Agency, STAR Program Villanova Department of Biology

29 Delaware River Transplant Experiment - Inundation Maximum m Inunda ation (cm m) Stow Salem Raccoon Rancocas 0 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

30 Response of Freshwater Marsh Plants to Salinity Intrusion TFM Plant Biomass (g m -2 ) = 10.8 [Conductivity (ms cm -1 )] [Temperature ( C)] 1.4 [Inundation (cm)] 23.1 R 2 = 0.37; p < 0.001

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