Mercury emissions from industrial sources in India

Transcription

1 Mercury emissions from industrial sources in India Arun B. Mukherjee 1, Prosun Bhattacharya 2, Atanu Sarkar 3 and Ron Zevenhoven 4 1 Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. arun.mukherjee@helsinki.fi 2 KTH-International Groundwater Research Group, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE Stockholm, Sweden 3 Dept of Policy Studies, TERI University, The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi , India 4 Heat Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN Turku/Åbo, Finland

2 Purpose of the study To find out source categories of mercury emissions from industrial sources in India; To estimate mercury emissions from industrial sources; Effects of mercury in the aquatic species in the river Ganges; Mercury concentration in the industrial areas; Conclusion and Future direction.

3 Acknowledgements I thank Dr. Nicola Pirrone, CNR Institute for Atmospheric Pollution, Rende, and the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land & Sea for giving me the opportunity to attend the UNEP F&T-TF HTAP meeting in Rome. I also thank my co-author, Dr. Atanu Sarkar, The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI); New Delhi for collection of data from different sources and forwarding the same to me in Helsinki.

4 Sources and mercury estimation procedure Sources: Coal combustion; Iron & Steel Industry; Non-ferrous metallurgical industry (Cu, Pb and Zn); Chlor-alkali plants: Cement industry; Wastes (MSW, Hazardous wastes & E-waste) Others (Brick manufacturing, instruments & clinical thermometers) Hg-estimations procedure: Published EF and estimation.

5 Coal mining area = 855 km 2 Coal mines = 572 Production = 373 Mt in 2004

6 Coal mining information India is the third hard coal producer in the world after PR China and the USA; There are 170 opencast mines; 359 underground and 33 mixed mines; About 70% of the heat and electricity production in India depends on indigenous coals. About 41 Mt of coking coals were imported in 2005.

7 Figure 1. Chemistry of wet deposition of mercury (reproduced from Lindqvist et al., 1991)

8 Table 1. Production of coal, metals, residue fuel oil, cement in India, (Mt) (USGS 2005). Element Copper, Cu Sec. Copper# Lead, Pb Sec. Pb# Zinc, Zn Sec. Zn# 0.065e 2 Pig Iron, Fe Raw Steel Hard coal e 373 Residue fuel oil production 3 Cement e e = Estimated value 1 Indian Copper Development Center, Kolkata (2007) 2 Indian Lead Zinc Dev Association, Delhi (2007); Note: The authority mentioned that production of secondary lead varies between to in a year 3 IEA (2007); #Secondary metal production for 2004

9 Table 2. Leading Hg users in India ( ) Sector Mercury content per unit Number of units produced Chlor-alkali About 200 g Hg used per ton of Cl 2 produced. 450, Thermometers g 8957, Batteries *Alkaline not more than NA 25 mg Hg-Zinc Total 33 to 50 per cent 1,650 million 3 25 by wt of the battery Zn-Carbon Total 1% Hg by wt of the NA battery Fluorescent g/lamp million lamps Thermostat 3 6 g 4051, switches Alarm clocks Average g/unit 1481, Hearing aids 0.4 g/unit 95, Total mercury (in tons)

10 Table 4. Samples collected from eight coal based power plants in India (BHEL, 2004 vide Pande, 2006 Names of power plants Hg in coal mg/kg GHTTP, Lehra, Mohabatt 0.26 Anpara, UP (BTPS) 0.26 North Chennai 0.33 NLC TPS II 0.18 Chandrapura STPS Kolaghat TPS (West Bengal) 0.61 Talchar TPS 0.33 Gandhinagar TPS 0.42 Range/Mean Range: ; mean: 0.376

11 Table 5. Atmospheric emissions from Indian power plants, Year Coal, Mt Hg in coal, mg/kg Hg emission (t) * e *Pacyna & Pacyna (2000); Based on emission factor 0.5 g Hg/t coal Note: Estimated emission factor in this study g/t based on 12 µg/mj; Calorific value of coal 27 MJ/kg

12 Table 6. Atmospheric mercury emissions (in tons) from Iron & Steel Industry in India, Element Crude steel Production (in Mt) Hg emissions (t) Based on estimated Emission factor* g Hg/t steel. * Estimated in this study

13 Locations of Cu, Pb and Zn smelters in India, Element Location Process Copper Khetri (Rajasthan) Flash Smelting Lead Ghatsila (Jharkhand),, Dahej (Gujarat),, Tuticoran (Tamil Nadu) Ausmelt Tundoo (Jharkhand)Blast Furnace Chhhattisgarh (Rajasthan) Imperial Smelting (IS) Chhattisgarh Zinc Udaipur (Rajasthan) Hydrometallurgy IS

14 Table 7. Atmospheric emissions of nonferrous metals in India, (Emission factors are based on Pirrone et al., 1996; Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988) Metal EF Emission (t/yr) g Hg/t (in tons) Copper Lead Zinc Note: All production values are in Mt (million metric tons)

15 Table 8. Mercury emissions (t/yr) from cement plants in India, Emissions Cement production: Mt/yr; Emission factor: 45.6 mg/ton of cement (in this study)

16 Solid waste generation in India (Reproduced from Singhal & Pandey, 2001)

17 Table 9. Estimation of the essential parts of MSW in India based on the study for Allahabad city (After Sharholy et al. 2007) Elements in MSW % of weight % of weight based on 21 mega cities* Paper Cardboard Metal, tin cans Glass Food wastes Textile rags ,5 Plastic (Poly bag) Mis. (bricks, ash Rubber, wood etc) Total Moisture 25 % * (CPCB, 1999); Note: mega city = Population > over millions

18 Table 10. Estimated medical waste generation in selected Asian countries (Visvanathan, 2006) Country Waste generation (kg/bed) Total waste (t/yr) Bangladesh ,075 (In Dhaka) Bhutan China - 730,000 India ,000 Malaysia Nepal Pakistan ,000 Sri Lanka ,600 (in Colombo) Thailand Metro Manila- 17,155 Vietnam 2.27 (Hanoi) 60,000

19 Table 11. Mercury in waste (Mt) in India Waste type EF, (g/t) Hg in waste t/yr) MSW Medical Waste E-waste Source: (Visvanathan, 2006; Sarkar, 2007)

20 Table 12. Mercury emissions from Indian brick industry Material Total production Coal used Control tech. EF Emission of brick in pieces Mt g/t t/yr Brick 140 x No Brick* 140 x Yes Note: We have assumed that wt of a brick in India is 2.5 kg**. Based on this information, the total wt of bricks in this study = 140 x 10 9 pieces x 2.5 kg = 350 Mt of bricks; Hg in coal = g/t *We have shown that applying control technology, it is possible to control dusts and other metal emissions to the surrounding of the facility. **Personal communication: TERI, New Delhi on

21 Table 13. Total Hg consumption in instrument manufacturing industry (From different sources) Instruments Unit (in kg) Used/unit (in g) Clinical thermometers 3, Lab thermometers Blood pressure monitors12, Barometers Total 16,125

22 Table 14. Mercury concentration in fish and other species Place Fish/ Hg (mg/kg) Max. mg/kg Ref. Species North Koel river Fish Mumbai, East Fish Coast Bivalves Maharashtra Gastropods Sagar Island Crabs East coast West Bivalves Bengal Binage, karwar Oyster Karnataka Ref: 1. Indian Biologist 23 (2) 1992: 58 60; 2. Chemosphere 33, 1996: ; 3. Indian Journal of marine Science 27, June 1998:

23 Table 15. mercury concentration (mg/kg of different samples of the Ganges River collected at Varanasi, India (Sinha et al., 2007) Season Fish Soil Vegetation Winter Summer Post- monsoon

24 Atmospheric Hg emissions from industrial sources in India (This study) Source (tons) Coal combustion Iron & Steel Non-ferous -Copper Lead Zinc Cement Industry Wastes -MSW Medical waste E-waste Brick Industry Residue oil Chlor-alkali plant Total

25 Note: We have assumed that in 2000, average Hg emissions from Chlor-alkali plants were ( = 264 t /2 = 132 t); In 2004, the data for 2006 has been used to estimate Hg emissions from Hg-cell plants. The best emission factor has been used 3.5 g Hg t-1 Cl2. This abnormal reduction of Hg emission in 2004 was due to conversion of Hg-cell process to Membrane-cell process. *Based on emission factor g t-1 (Mukherjee et al. 2000)

26 WCC - Chlor-Alkali Industry Number of plants and capacity of mercury electrolysis units in USA/Canada, Europe, India and Brazil/Argentina (+ 1 Uruguayan and 3 Russian plants from 2005 onwards) Number of plants 90 Capacity of plants (1000 t/y) Years

27 Chlor-alkali Industry in the past

28 Green dots represent Membraneproc ess Red represents Hg-cell Blue represents Hg + membrane process

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30 Sources of Mercury in India (Modified from Srivastava, 2003)

31 1. Conclusions India is a vast country with a population of billions of people; Surface area of the sub-continent is about 3.28 M km 2. In present study, Hg emissions vary between 310 to 222 t/yr. There is a long history of chlorine production in India. Since 1940s, chlorine production started by Hg-cell method. Due to increased contamination of Hg in soils, plants and water, 86% of hg-cell process has been converted very recently into Membrane process which is Hg free. For this reason, total Hg emission in 2004 has been obtained at 222 tons. Due to discharge of Hg, coastal waters, river waters, aquatic pieces and soils near the vicinity of plants have been contaminated. In the Ganges river near the holy city of varanasi, Hg in fish (Macrognathus pancalus) was reported at mg/kg.

32 2. Conclusion There are serious problem of MSW, hazardous waste and E-waste in the subcontinent, India. Between 2000 and 2004, 50 to 70 Mt of MSW were generated. Medical waste has been estimated at 0.33 Mt/yr and the EF was 20 g Hg/t of medical waste. The E-waste has estimated at 380 kt in 2007 and the production will increase at 470 kt in There is also illegal import of E-waste to India as well as to China and Pakistan. The Indian brick industry produce 140 billion of bricks and consume 24 Mt of coal. Uncontrolled emission of Hg has been estimated at 7.49 t/yr.

33 Future Direction It is vital for Indian scientists to determine the sources of Hg and its emissions. Often emission data in Asia have been underestimated, as a result of which large variations occurred in Hg cycle. The diversity in Asian countries will effect on the bioaccumulation, biomagnification and the uptake of Hg. Emission of Hg from brick manufacturing in Asia should be critically measured. How Global Climate change may effect on Mercury Flux in India and other countries, and exposure risk to people..

34 Schemetic framework representing anthropogenic drives, impacts of and responses to climate change, and their linkages. Source:

35 Thank you for your attention