The hydroelectricity has existed for the 19th century but the hydro-electric energy's systems have existed for the Antiquity, It is the oldest

Transcription

1

2 The hydroelectricity has existed for the 19th century but the hydro-electric energy's systems have existed for the Antiquity, It is the oldest sources of energy and the bigest renewable energy in france and in the world. In France, the pourcentageof utilisation's energy is 11,1%

3 High voltage line Transformer Turbo generator set Penstock Dam Water reservoir

4 Operating Principles : Hydropower has a policy of using force water. A dam holds back the natural flow of water, with the accumulation of water that form the reservoirs. Once the water is stored, valves are opened so that water rushes into long metal tubes called penstocks. These pipes lead water to the hydroelectric power plant, located below. The plant capacity depends on the height of the fall and the water flow. The more they are, the more this power will be. A transformer increases the voltage of the electric current produced by the alternator so that it can be more easily carried in the lines with very high and high voltage. The water turbines which lost power joined the river by a special channel called tailrace. Most hydropower plants in France are automated, they start walking as electricity needs.

5 Ascending tide Ebb tide Principle of functioning A tidal power plant is a hydroelectric station including a dam separating the sea from Of a pond between whom(which) we create a level difference of waters used to run turbines producing some electricity.

6 This energy stemming from tides is totally predictable (contrary to the other renewable energies).. The tidal energy is clean(appropriate), natural and renewable. The tidal energy is without danger on the environment. Few places in the world can be equipped with tidal power plants of production. This energy requires important arrangements(development s), which disrupt(perturb) the ecological balances. The corrosion of the materials of the factory by the sea water.

7 Source : The Rance

8 Model of the tidal water plant of the Rance By Clipper ebarrage_rance.jpg?uselang=fr Its electrical power, MW 240, is only one fifth of that of a nuclear reactor. Its cost per kwh is 20 cents to 46 cents against the production kwh for electricity from nuclear power. The factory of the Rance is mainly used when energy demand peaks because their use can be programmed with certainty.

9

10

11 Every day, a French consumes 137 liters of water on average. To preserve this resource and save money every day, simply to adopt good habits that everyone can do: Ø I take a shower instead of a bath. A 4 to 5 minute shower uses 30 to 80 liters of water while a bath request 150 to 200 liters. Ø I close the tap while washing hands, brushing teeth, shaving... Ø I collect rain water or rinse water and I use it for watering flowers or to wash the car. Data come from :

12

13

14

15

16

17

18 The water is an Stake sustainable development : essential to all forms of life as well as human activities, this resource is fundamental to meet the biological and health needs of individuals and societies, as well as industry and agriculture. Water resource management is critical because water is vital. However, it is unequally available and accessible to people of the planet. This is problematic because the needs are growing up with population growth and the increase in human activities. Create effective facilities that ensure good water supply to the entire planet, while respecting the renewal of the resource is a crucial objective. Water covers 72% of the surface of the Earth, but 97% of this reserve consists of salt water. Only 3% of the total volume can be directly used by man. How to protect this resource?

19 The increase in water demand forces people to make adjustments to control the resource. For them, the control(master's degree) of the water is vital. They built, dams(roadblocks) to store the water of rivers or drilled wells to draw the water from groundwaters. They also dug(accentuated) channels(canals) to bring the water in fields or in villages. These former methods were resumed and modernized. The objective is to improve the storage, the transfer and the distribution of the water towards the populations and the activities which need it. Thus of big dams reservoirs were built in the 20th century at first in the countries of the North, and today in the emerging countries. canal networks (of aqueduct) transfer the water of the zones of storage towards zones in state of hydric stress. These infrastructures can extend over hundreds of kilometers. to distribute the water in the urbanized zones, we realized networks of water conveyance and improved the systems of irrigation by spraying. Finally, desalination plants transform the sea water into drinking water.

20 Source : Mbz1, The dark tide : The origin of an oil spill can often originates from a ship as a result of a deliberate release or an accident. Oil spills are hazardous to the marine environment, since they greatly disturb the marine fauna and flora. Source : Eutopio,

21 PESTICIDE GROUND GROUNDWATER

22 Urbanization, development of industry and intensive agriculture have increased pollution of watercourses. Half of the rivers are polluted on the planet. This chemical pollution comes from other fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, and releases oftheactivity.

23 - Consume organic products, which limit the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. - Reducing our consumption of industrial products. - Use of health products and ecological cosmetics. - Do not discharge toxic in water.

24 The demand(request) in water increases strongly, for three essential reasons: the strong growth world population. the constant increase of the surfaces of irrigated farmlands. The change of lifestyle and the economic development of emerging countries: domestic uses (drinks, showers, etc.) and industrialists (manufacturing of energy, etc.) grow.

25