Integrative water resource management with a focus on semiarid and arid regions

Transcription

1 Integrative water resource management with a focus on semiarid and arid regions Prof. Dr. Uwe Tröger Technische Universität Berlin Uwe.troeger@tu-berlin.de

2 Where there is water there is life. Where there is no water there is no life. Between these two statements lies the whole history of mankind

3 Why is the focus on semiarid and arid regions? Germany uses 20 % of the annual renewable water Do we have a water problem? Egypt uses mor than 100 % of the renewable water resources Egypt depends on the run off of the Nile, little renewable amounts of groundwater at the coast, and fossil water from the Nubian aquifer With less resources in the MENA countries IWRM is a must!

4 Groundwater resources of the world (BRG)

5 Why is traditional WRM no problem-solution Focus on technical solutions - technical fix, satisfying an ever increasing demand. WRM = WR development. Build more dams Isolated projects on: Irrigation WSS Flood control Hydropower Evaluation of feasibility mainly based on economic criteria No focus on environmental and social impacts Each type of water use controlled by more or less independent, sectorial authorities: Agriculture, WSS, Transport/navigation, Energy, Fisheries, Tourism, etc

6 Major challenges for water managers Securing water for people Securing water for food production Developing other job creating activities Protecting vital ecosystems Dealing with variability of water in time and space Managing risks Creating popular awareness and understanding Forging political will to act Ensuring collaboration across sectors and boundaries

7 Why is water resources management critical?

8 What are the main challenges ahead?

9 Towards a new paradigm from sub-sectoral to crosssectoral water management Water user sector IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water land, and related resources inorder to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of the environment

10 Water and society SOCIETY Population Life style Culture Social organisation ENVIRONMENT Atmosphere Hydrosphere Land! Biota Minerals Nat. resources IMPACTS ECONOMY Agriculture Industry Households Energy Transport Service

11 Participatory approach We are all stakeholders Participation: Taking part in the decision-making process Participation more than consultation: Impact on decisions Consensus no guarantee: Conflict resolution mechanisms needed Many forms of participation. Direct management Market process Governments responsible for making participation possible; build capacity Lowest appropriate level

12 Women s role Women play a key role in collection and safeguarding of water Less influential than men in management, analysis and decision- making Largely determined by cultural, religious and other local conditions Gap between rhetoric and action Water sector must be gender aware

13 Water as an economic good Water is not free - even if we don t pay for it! Opportunity cost concept must be recognized Value and charges are two different things (economic and social good) Water value and water cost concepts important Economic instruments provide tools for demand management Transparent subsidies for targeted groups for social reasons ( subsidize the good, tax the bad )

14 Human system integration Mainstreaming of water resources (water sensitive policy/economy) Cross-sectorial integration in national policy development Macro-economic effects of water developments Basic principles for integrated policy-making Influencing economic sector decisions Integrating all stakeholders in planning and decision process Integrating water and wastewater management

15 Criteria for IWRM Economic efficiency in water use: Because of the increasing scarcity of water and financial resources, the finite and vulnerable nature of water as a resource, and the increasing demands upon it, water must be used with maximum possible efficiency; Equity: The basic right for all people to have access to water of adequate quantity and quality for the sustenance of human well-being must be universally recognized; Environmental and ecological sustainability: The present use of the resource should be managed in a way that does not undermine the life-support system, thereby compromising use by future generations of the same resource.

16 IWRM Components Principles Economic Efficiency Equity Environmental Sustainability Management Instruments Enabling Environment Institutional Framework Structure Assessment Information Allocation Instruments Policies Legislation Central - Local River Basin Public - Private Balance water for livelihood and water as a resource Prof. Tröger:Integrative water resource management with a focus on semiarid and arid regions

17 Institutional roles Co-ordination and participation by all stakeholders: By anchoring the co-ordination at the highest apex level By creating co-ordination bodies at the river basin level By devolving responsibility to the lowest appropriate level By developing human and institutional capacity

18 Management instruments Water managers need tools Water resources assessment data collection networks and assessment techniques environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques risk management tools (floods, droughts, etc.) Communication and information raise awareness - a water movement informed stakeholder participation Allocation and conflict resolution allocation through market instruments allocation based on the valuation of costs and benefits tools for conflict resolution: upstream versus downstream, sector versus sector, human versus nature

19 Management instruments (cont) Regulatory instruments direct controls - regulations, rights, standards, land use plans, etc. economic instruments - tariffs, subsidies, incentives, taxes, etc. encouraged self-regulation - benchmarking, product labelling, etc. Technology research and development technology assessment guidelines technology choice guidelines

20 IWRM The way to tomorrow The tool of IWRM is an important principle for a better distribution of water and the only way for a sustainable system The participatory approach helps all stakeholders to understand the need of the others IWRM gives stability to the use of water in a way which can guarantee sustainability

21 Water is live Education is all Awareness is essential

22 AN EXAMPLE FROM GAZA RAINWATER HARVESTING

23 % Respondents Water Experts T1: RWH for each individual house T2: RWH for group of houses T3: RWH in soak away in roads T4: RWH in central lagoons a) Type of RWH in houses with gardens T1 T2 T3 T4 NR

24 % Respondents T1: RWH for each individual house T2: RWH for group of houses T3: RWH in soak away in roads T4: RWH in central lagoons 60 b) RWH system in houses without gardens T1 T2 T3 T4 NR

25 % Respondents T1: RWH for each individual house T2: RWH for group of houses T3: RWH in soak away in roads T4: RWH in central lagoons c) RWH system in tower buildings T1 T2 T3 T4 NR

26 T1: RWH for each individual house T2: RWH for group of houses T3: RWH in soak away in roads T4: RWH in central lagoons % Respondents d) RWH system in refugee camps T1 T2 T3 T4 NR

27 % Respondents T1: RWH for each individual house T2: RWH for group of houses T3: RWH in soak away in roads T4: RWH in central lagoons e) RWH system in rural areas T1 T2 T3 T4 NR

28 % respondents 60 a) Responsibility of RWH maintenance Completely government Completely house owner Both house owner and government NGO or international No response

29 % respondents c) Responsibility to finance RWH construction Government Local people Local water utility Shared No response

30 % respondents b) Means of RWH implementation Public awareness Pre-requisite for new construction Pre-requisite for sevices Enforcement No response

31 Local house owners a) Willingness of house owner to adopt RWH Not willing in all cases, 23% To allocate area 4 m2, 23% No area available, 34% To allocate area 2-4 m2, 20%

32 To bear all costs, 3% b) Willingness of house owner to participate in construction cost To participate with 50 % 8% Not willing to participate, 70% To participate with 25% 17%

33 50% 47% a) Willingness to clean roof 30% 25% 15% 9% 0% Every month When there are sediments Once before rain season Not willing

34 50% b) Willingness to clean RWH unit 38% 36% 25% 15% 11% 0% Every month When there are sediments Once before rain season Not willing

35 IWRM for a future with water Thank you for your attention

36 Retention time of groundwater Tóth, J. of Geophysical Research, 68, 1963, 4795 ff

37 Emergency decissions

38