COMMUNITY AND PERSONAL EXPOSURES TO AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS IN AN URBAN-INDUSTRIAL HOT SPOT
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1 COMMUNITY AND PERSONAL EXPOSURES TO AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS IN AN URBAN-INDUSTRIAL HOT SPOT Maria T. Morandi, Ph.D. CIH University of Texas Houston HSC School of Public Health
2 Topics: Describe the complexity of the urban-industrial conurbation in Houston, TX Present data on residential indoor, outdoor, and personal exposures to air pollutants in this urban-industrial complex (RIOPA Study). Show that fixed-site ambient concentrations of air pollutants can underestimate community- level concentrations and exposures.
3 Background The Texas Upper Golf Coast is home to the largest concentration of petrochemical facilities in the nation. These facilities are currently located very close to or within urban areas because of urban growth. Several of the urban and near-urban areas have extensive ambient monitoring networks which show elevated ambient levels of several l air toxics compared to other cities. The Houston Metropolitan Area (fourth largest in the US) has some of the largest TRI emission facilities in the country together with an extensive network of roads, rail, and waterway transport systems that serve e those industries. These characteristics suggest that the population in this area may m be at increased risk from exposures to industrial and other source emissions. In contrast to the potential exposure and health risks, relatively ly little is known about community/personal exposures to airborne contaminants or their potential impact on health in the Houston Metropolitan area.
4 Houston - TRI Facilities
5 Harris County- Houston Ambient Monitoring Sites
6 Annual Average Ambient Butadiene Concentrations Source: TCEQ Interoffice Memorandum, 01/03/05
7 Source: TCEQ Draft Interoffice Memorandum, 2006
8 Milby Park Monitoring Site Source: TCEQ Interoffice Memorandum, 01/03/05
9 Manchester area
10 Clinton Drive
11 RIOPA Study Design: Purpose: : Determine the contribution of outdoor air to indoor concentrations and personal exposures to selected airborne pollutants ( ).( Sample: : 100 non-smoking homes in each of three urban centers: Elizabeth, NJ; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, CA, near and away from sources (near 0.5 km from source; 75% of households) Target pollutants: : VOCs, PAHs, PM2.5 (elements/functional groups), carbonyls, EC/OC Measurements: : 48-hour samples: personal (adult and children), residential indoor & outdoor air. In-vehicle during driving (carbonyls). Residential AER and I/O temperature. Questionnaires (e.g., time-location patterns)
12 City Selection Criteria NJ - mixture of point, area, and mobile sources TX - predominantly industrial (point) CA -predominantly (mobile) Differences in meteorology and housing characteristics across the three cities: Elizabeth, Houston, and Los Angeles
13 RIOPA-TEXAS Sampling Locations
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18 RIOPA In-Vehicle Carbonyl Monitoring
19 RIOPA-TEXAS Personal Time- Location Patterns (% time) Mean HOME SCHOOL INDOOR OTHER OUTDOOR-NEIGHBORHOOD OUTDOOR AWAY CAR-WINDOWS OPENED CAR-WINDOWS CLOSED TOTAL INDOORS TOTAL OUTDOORS TOTAL IN CAR ADULTS CHILDREN
20 RIOPA Air Exchange Rates AIR EXCHANGE RATE (1/hr) Mean Median STD G. Mean N NJ TX CA Total
21 RIOPA Benzene Log 10 Benzene (µg/m3) N = STATE NJ TX CA INDOOR OUTDOOR PERSONAL SAMPLE LOCATION
22 RIOPA-TEXAS Benzene by Area
23 RIOPA TEXAS MTBE by Area
24 RIOPA TEXAS PERC by Area
25 RIOPA TX p-dichlorobenzenep
26 RIOPA PM2.5 INDOOR/OUTDOOR RELATIONSHIPS (by AER) AIR EXHANGE RATE REGRESSION COEFF P-VALUE (r.c.) INTERCEPT P-VALUE (INT.) R** 2 N >
27 EC 7% (1.2 µg/m 3 ) RIOPA TEXAS PM 2.5 CA indoor (ave. mass conc. = 16.6 µg/m 3 ) Other 12% (2.0 µg/m 3 ) Soil 5% (0.9 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 27% (4.4 µg/m 3 ) Other 36% (7.1 µg/m 3 ) CA outdoor (ave. mass conc. = 19.8 µg/m 3 ) Soil 4% (0.8 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 25% (4.9 µg/m 3 ) OM 48% (8.0 µg/m 3 ) EC 7% (1.3 µg/m 3 ) OM 29% (5.8 µg/m 3 ) EC 6% (1.2 µg/m 3 ) NJ indoor (ave. mass conc. = 19.7 µg/m 3 ) Soil 3% (0.6 µg/m 3 ) Other 17% (3.3 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 20% (3.8 µg/m 3 ) NJ outdoor (ave. mass conc. = 15.8 µg/m 3 ) Soil 5% (0.9 µg/m 3 ) Other 24% (3.8 µg/m 3 ) EC 8% (1.3 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 32% (5.1 µg/m 3 ) OM 55% (10.7 µg/m 3 ) OM 30% (4.8 µg/m 3 ) EC 3% (0.6 µg/m 3 ) TX indoor (ave. mass conc. = 17.7 µg/m 3 ) Other 14% Soil 5% (2.4 µg/m 3 ) (0.9 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 17% (3.0 µg/m 3 ) EC 4% (0.7 µg/m 3 ) TX outdoor (ave. mass conc. = 14.9 µg/m 3 ) Soil Soil 7% (1.1 µg/m 3 ) Other 26% (3.9 µg/m 3 ) Sulfate 33% (4.9 µg/m 3 ) OM 61% (10.7 µg/m 3 ) OM 29% (4.3 µg/m 3 ) Polidori et al; under review (125 homes)
28 RIOPA-TEXAS PM 2.5 AREA OUTDOOR INDOOR PERSONAL AER 1/hr CASE Mean Median N CONTROL Mean Median N Total Mean Median N
29 Summary The urban-industrial hot spot includes both industrial and mobile sources. Fixed-site ambient monitoring concentrations can underestimate not only personal exposures but also outdoor residential concentrations. Residential characteristics (e.g., AER), lifestyle choices, and household activities are very important modifiers of exposure-ambient concentration relationships.
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