The population of Bhopal city is 14,54,830 as per the census of 2001.

Transcription

1 7.2 BHOPAL Location is located at latitude ' N and longitude ' E Population The population of city is 14,54,830 as per the census of Climate and Rainfall The climate of city is characterized by hot summer and well spread rainfall during the South-West monsoon season. There are three well-defined seasons. The winter commences from middle of November and lasts till end of February with January being the coldest month. The summer season stretches from March to first week of June with May being the hottest month. January is the coldest month with the average minimum temperature of C and average maximum at C. May is the hottest month with average minimum temperature of 25.5 January is the coldest month with the average minimum temperature of C and average maximum at C and average maximum of 40.7 January is the coldest month with the average minimum temperature of C and average maximum at C. The South-West monsoon is effective during June to September and it contributes 92% of the annual rainfall. The normal annual rainfall of city is about mm. Maximum rainfall takes place in August and is around 389mm Physiography city forms a part of Malwa plateau and the topography is generally undulating. Vindhyan hill ranges cover a major part and Deccan Trap basalts occupy the valleys. There are several hills scattered around Upper Lake and the highest of them is Singarcholi near Lalghati, which has an elevation of 625 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The elevation of city generally varies from 490 to 601 m MSL and the average elevation is 523 m above MSL. There is no major river flowing through the area of investigation. The southern part is drained by river Kaliasot, a small drainage

2 course. It is an outlet of Upper Lake and becomes a tributary of Betwa river in the downstream. A limited area in the western side is drained by Kolans river. Patra nala, which receives overflow of Lower Lake drains the central and northern parts of the city Geology The area is occupied by the rocks of Vindhyan super group, Deccan trap and Alluvial formations. The general geological succession in the city is as under: Quaternary Alluvium Unconformity Upper Cretaceous to Deccan Basalts (Trap) Eocene Unconformity Upper Vindhyan Bhander Bhander sandstones Proterozoic Super Group Group and shales Vindhyan Super Group The rocks of Vindhyan Super Group consist of Upper Bhander sandstone with intercalations of shales and conglomerates and they cover the complete central part of the city as well as some area lying in eastern and southern parts. The hard and compact nature of these sandstones in greater part of the area suggests that these are orthoquartizes with a ferruginous matrix of the quartz grains. The compact nature of these sandstone makes them poor repository of groundwater. The joints and fractures control occurrence of groundwater in areas located in topographical depressions and adjacent to surface water bodies. The soil and weathered profile developed on the Vindhyan sandstone is generally thin and as a result groundwater occurs at shallow depth under unconfined conditions in areas where the formation is weathered, jointed and fractured. Deccan Traps The Deccan trap (basalts) occur in the area as lava flow infillings in the valleys of the pre-existing Vindhyan topography. Individual lava flow ranges from 10 to 30 m in

3 thickness and consists generally of two units, i.e. (i) the uppermost vesicular / amygdaloidal basalts with their weathered top portion, often overlain by grey or red clay and (ii) massive and compact basalt which occasionally contains a thin amygdular layer (with pipe amygdules) towards the bottom. Shallow groundwater occurs in the weathered, vesicular, jointed and fractured basalt under unconfined conditions. In areas, where the weathered basalt layer is extensive, a continuous phreatic aquifer can be traced to some distance. However, due to low permeability of weathered basalts the aquifer sustains limited groundwater withdrawal, mainly through open wells. On higher grounds, the weathered basalts may be thin or even absent and in such a situation groundwater occurrence is restricted to the joints and fractures Hydrogeological Characteristics The most promising aquifers are of confined type and are at a depth up to 70 m. The shallow aquifer occurs mainly in (i) Alluvium (ii) Weathered and jointed fractured portions of Deccan traps and (iii) Weathered and jointed Vindhyan sandstone. Most of the porosity is of secondary nature in the form of fractures Water Supply At present, 231 million litres per day (mld) water is being released from surface water sources and 23 mld through tube wells and large diameter dug wells to the consumers for domestic purpose Quality of Groundwater The quality of groundwater from selected locations in city has been studied earlier by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB),. The analysis is done only for physico-chemical parameters. The results show that groundwater is generally alkaline earth-bicarbonate type. The ph values in groundwater vary from 6.54 to The electrical conductivity (E.C.) in groundwater in the major part of the city varies from 300 to 1410 µs/cm at 25 0 C. It has been found in the range of 1730 and 2830 µs/cm in the localized patches. The electrical conductivity in groundwater in the major part of the city is well within the permissible limit. The E.C. between 250 and 750 µs/cm found in the area

4 lying in eastern and western parts of the city leaving isolated patches around Piplani, Anand Nagar, Patel Nagar and around Bairagarh where it is observed between 750 and 2000 µs/cm at 25 0 C. E.C. values between 750 and 2000 µs/cm are found around Bus stand, Chhola and Nibibagh in the north and around Bhanpura, Damkhera, Narela Shankari and Govindpura in the north-east and east. Electrical conductivity in the same range is also observed in the substantial area lying around Bhandbhada, Nehru Nagar, South T.T. Nagar, Arera Colony, Piplia Pendekhan, Barkhera and Misrod. The results of analysis from the selected places are presented in Table Sewerage System Municipal Corporation area is broadly divided into 11 zones and subdivided into 66 wards. The newly developed areas have well developed sewer network whereas the old ones have partial sewer network. Upto May 2001, there were 2688 dry latrines and in many areas the effluent is connected with the sewerage system. The zone wise status of sewer network in is as follows: Zone 1: Partially sewered Zone 2: Partially sewered Zone 3: Partially sewered (Housing Board and Development Authority) Zone 4: Sewered (Ward no 17,18 & 19 have s) Zone 5: Partially sewered (Ward no 26 & 27 have s) Zone 6: Partially sewered Zone 7: Marginally sewered (All s except Housing Board Colonies) Zone 8: Marginally sewered (All s except Housing Board Colonies) Zone 9: Newly developed and sewered Zone 10: Newly developed and sewered Zone 11: Newly developed and sewered Water Borne Diseases The city has incidence of Gastroenteritis and diarrhea (Table 33). Some deaths are also reported. However, incidence of jaundice is very low.

5 Selection of Sampling Sites The visit to city revealed the scenario wherein the city had well organized water supply through the Municipal Corporation (BMC) with very poor sewer network. In many localities, there are public borewells under the control of BMC. After extensive visit to different localities, 3 sites were selected keeping in view the desired objectives of the project. The sites correspond to situation wherein the public bore wells are close to houses having individual. In view of the prevailing field conditions, samples could not be collected at the predefined distance intervals from the on-site sanitation systems. However, the collection of samples was planned in a manner so that the basic objectives of the study are fulfilled. The areas selected for on-site sanitation studies do have organized pipe water supply through BMC but the period of supply is very less and intermittent. The three sites selected are namely Congress Nagar (Site 1), Kainchi Chola (Site 2) and Mulla Colony, Karod (Site 3). Among all the above sites, Mulla Colony in Karod represented a site of community with groundwater sources scattered around it. The control sites are selected in different places in the city. The details of the sample locations for Congress Nagar, Kainchi Chola, Karod and Control site are presented in Tables 34, 35, 36 & 37. The samples were collected from groundwater sources where water is withdrawn manually or through pumps. Surface water sources were not available in the study area and hence the study is only addressing ground water sources. Efforts were made to collect the quality of groundwater before the implementation of On-site sanitation systems. It was not forth coming from secondary sources including literatures on urban hydrogeology pertaining to the city or web sites. The relevant information regarding the sanitation units and groundwater sources of the study sites was collected through discussions with residents of the area and by field observations. Site 1 : Congress Nagar The area is unsewered and individual s were constructed. Residents are dependent on bore wells and dug wells for the domestic and potable water. The area is also having public water supply system from bore wells constructed by BMC.

6 The area is lacking facilities for disposal of domestic waste and the overall sanitary conditions are not satisfactory. The samples were collected from jet pumps (bore wells) as well as from dug wells and the depth of water table varies from 10 to 50 m. Shallow unconfined aquifer is tapped for extraction of the groundwater. Site 2 : Kainchi Chola It is located on the north west of city. This site corresponds to a situation where in there are borewells, open wells near individual s. The settlements are very closely located and the overall sanitation scenario is far from satisfactory. Site 3 : Mulla Colony, Karod This site corresponds to a scenario where there are houses with individual bore wells and a community located within the colony. The locality is more than 15 yearss old. The distance of the borewell from the community varies between 15 m to 35 m. The houses are evenly spaced and people rely on the groundwater sources. This locality was added to the study sites in winter. Control site: Samples were collected from sewered areas to serve as control samples Results and Discussion The results of samples collected in the four seasons for Congress Nagar, Kainchi Chola, Karod and the control site are presented in Tables 38, 39, 40 & 41 respectively.

7 Table 32 Measurements of E.C. and chloride in groundwater in City Sl. No. Location Source E.C. value 1. Bhanpura T.W. (45 m) Chloride (mg/l) Remarks In the premises of Biological Fertilizer Plant where municipal waste is dumped in huge quantity along Patra Nallah in alluvial soil. 2. J.P. Nagar I.I.P Karim Nagar Colony 4. Cryogenic Plant (O 2 & N 2 gases) Compress Air Plant I.I.P These G.W. structures are located in the vicinity of Ganda Nallah. T.W. (45 m) 5. Karod Kalan T.W. (40 m) 6. Chandbad (New Railway Station) 7. Semra kalan D.W. (90 m) 8. Govindpura (Guru Nanak Foundry) 9. Khanu Gaon (East of village) Localised higher mineralization. H.P In the vicinity of Patra Nallah carrying wastewaters The tube well is located in the industrial area and is in vicinity of a drain carrying industrial effluent. H.P In the close vicinity of a drain carrying wastewater of the village and where water with filthy material gets accumulated in a pit. Source : C.G.W.B., North Central Region,, 2001.

8 Table 34 Details of sampling location and sources Site 1, Congress Nagar, Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 1. BC1 In front of tea stall, small square, Congress Nagar, Hand pump, 10 years old, weathered sandstone, septic tanks years old, depth 30 m from nearest septic tank of well 50 m 2. BC2 Opposite Masjid, Nagar Nigam Supply Bore well, fitted with pump, Nagar Nigam PWS well. No 15m and 20 m from the well, Congress Nagar, treatment. Constructed nearest tanks 4 years back, weathered 3. BC3 Nagar Nigam Public Water Supply well, Congress Nagar, 4. BC4 In front of Mohammad Laik house, Congress Nagar, 5. BC5 Near Convent School, Opposite water tank under construction, Congress Nagar, 6. BC6 Nagar Nigam Colony, Near New Water Tank, Duplex Scheme, Community Library, Congress Nagar, sandstone, 65 m depth Dug well, 20 m depth, water table depth is 13 m, Constructed upto 7 m, weathered sandstone, 30 years old. Water used for all purpose supplied to the locals through PWS without treatment, depth 65 m, weathered sandstone, 10 years old Bore well with hand pump. used for general purpose. Constructed 5 years back, 50 m total depth 40m from nearest tank 25 m from nearest tank. 50 m away from nearest tank pump supplied 40 m from to the locals through PWS nearest tank without treatment, depth 65 m, weathered sandstone, 6 years old

9 Table 35 Details of sampling location and sources Site 2, Kainchi Chola, Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 1. BK1 Shri R. A. Sharma, Plot no. 56, Bore well with pump, 25 m depth, 5 years old well and 8m away from Near Mata Madhyya, 11 years old, Kainchi Chola, weathered sandstone BK2 Shri R. H. Raikwar, Plot no. A/23, Near Mata Madhyya, Kainchi Chola, -10 Bore well with pump, 40 m depth, both well and septic tank 7 years old, weathered sandstone 10 m away from 3. BK3 Nagar Nigam Public Water Supply well (sump well), Care taker Shanker lal Kushwaha, Kainchi Chola, BK4 Nagar Nigam Public Water Supply well, Near Rly. crossing bridge, Kainchi Chola, BK5 Nagar Nigam Public Water Supply well, Near the square, near old abandoned dugwell, Kainchi Chola, BK6 Shri M. P. Choudhary, Near Mata Madhyya, Kainchi Chola, BK7 Shri Gopilal Sahu, 6/25, Gopi Kirana Stores, Near Mata Madhyya, Kainchi Chola, -10 Dug well, plastered upto 10 m, total depth 16 m, water table 13 m, PWS well Nagar Nigam. Water from BK-4 & BK-5 borewells is stored and supplied after treatment, used from 8-10 years depth 67 m, water supplied to sump well no. BK-3, 5 years old depth 67 m, water supplied to sump well no. BK-3, 5 years old total depth 35 m, 20 m weathered material and soil followed by fresh sandstone, water used for all purpose, 8 years old total depth 35 m, 20 m weathered material and soil followed by fresh sandstone, 5 years old 20m from nearest 7m and 35m from nearest septic tanks 35 m from nearest 10 m from nearest tank 20 m away from Contd

10 Contd. Table 35 Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 8. BK8 Shri A.V. Pande A/38, Near Mata Madhyya, Kainchi Chola, -10 total depth 35 m, 20 m weathered material and soil followed by fresh sandstone, 5 years old 10 m away from

11 Table 36 Details of sampling location and sources Site 3, Karod Mulla Colony, Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 1. BKD1 Shri Ramsingh Chauhan 18 m Plot No. 6609, Ward-66, Ekta Nagar, Near New Danish Colony, depth 73 m, 7 years old well 2. BKD2 Shri Ahemed Hussain, Plot No. 89, depth 50 m, 4 years old 34 m Saied Colony, Ekta Nagar, well Near New Danish Colony, Berasia Road, Karod, 3. BKD3 Shri M. Z. Qidwai, Plot No. 62, Saied Colony, Ekta Nagar, Near New Danish Colony, Berasia Road, Karod, 4. BKD4 Shri Arvind Tiwari, Plot No. 1466, Housing Board Colony, Near 12 Shops, Berasia Road, Karod, 5. BKD5 Shri Mohd. Liyaz Khan, Plot No. 99, Saied Colony, Ekta Nagar, Near Mulla Colony, Berasia Road, Karod, 6. BKD6 Shri Sayyed Mohd. Ali, Plot No. 167, Saied Colony, Ekta Nagar, Near New Danish Colony, 7. BKD7 Shri Iqbal Baig, Plot No. 168, Near New Danish Colony, Berasia Road, Karod, depth 40 m, 6 years old well depth 22 m, 8 years old well depth 40 m, 27 m water table, 3 years old well. depth 33 m, 4 years old well depth 64 m, 4 years old well 24 m 35 m 18 m 20 m 20 m Contd

12 Contd. Table 36 Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 8. BKD8 Shri Imran Khan, 17 m Plot No. 1442, Housing Board Colony, Near 12 Shops, depth 33 m, 5 years old well 9. BKD9 Shri Ajij Khan, Plot No. 100, Saied Colony, Ekta Nagar, Near Mulla Colony, Berasia Road, Karod depth 42 m, 3 years old well 18 m 10. BKD10 Ms. Fatima Zohar Plot No. 1441, Housing Board Colony, Near 12 Shops, 11. BKD11 Shri S.B. Hassan Plot No. 774, Ekta Nagar, Near New Danish Colony, depth 36 m, 5 years old well depth 30 m, 6 months old well 17 m 18 m

13 Table 37 Details of sampling location and sources Control Site, Sl. Sample Location Source description Distance from No. code 1. BAC Inside the Masjid, Dug well with pump, 14 m Sewered Area Aishbaugh Hockey Stadium Barkhedi Road, depth, 7 m water table, Constructed with brick upto 5 m, No plaster, Weathered sandstone, 15 years old 2. BZ Shahpura Zeel, Public Hand pump Sewered Area Near Slum, Back Side of MPPCB, 3. BJM Hanuman Mandir, Jain Temple under const, Plot no.12, Arera Colony, Dug well Sewered Area 4. BE1 Awdhoot Chintan Shri Bore well with Hand pump Sewered Area Gurudev Datta Mandir, Near Bhojpur Nursury and Aaj Tak Office, Plot no.128, Arera Colony, 5. BE2 Plot no.e-2-144, Dug well fitted with pump for Sewered Area Arera Colony Garden, gardening purpose Opp.Habibganj Rly. Station. 6. BC Old Campain Hill, Near Sahahpura Zeel, Dug well fitted with pump, used for domestic purpose by locals Sewered Area

14 Table 33 Cases registered for water borne diseases, Years Month January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August Diseases Gastroenteritis Diarrhea Jaundice Typhoid Hepatitis Cholera Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Contd

15 Contd. Table 33 Diseases Years Month Gastroenteritis Diarrhoea Jaundice Typhoid Hepatitis Cholera Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * May * : Data not available Source : i) Hamidiya Medical College ii) Office of D.H.O.

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