Moulds: there exists a wide variety of moulds and. Yeasts: these are moulds consisting of one cell. They

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Thanks to germicidal lamps purification and disinfection is made possible without addition of chemicals.

2 2 Micro-organisms Introduction Sylvania offers a wide range of germicidal, UV-C lamps, from the smallest 5W Lynx-S lamp to the long T5 types. The main application area s for germicidal lamps are water, air and surface disinfection. They are very effective in the destruction of bacteria, viruses, mould spores and other micro- organisms. Thanks to germicidal lamps purification and disinfection is made possible without addition of chemicals. Micro-organisms BR Micro-organisms have very small dimensions and therefore classified separately from plants and animals. They are considered as death when they lose the ability to cell divide. A fluid, a gas or a surface is sterile when all micro-organisms are killed. Pasteurisation or the use of preservatives leads only to the reduction of the total amount of microorganisms. Several methods can be used to achieve purification: moist heat, dry heat, filtration, chemical agents and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. There are three types of micro-organisms: bacteria and bacterial spores, moulds and yeasts and viruses. Bacteria and bacterial spores: they appear both as one cell or multicellular and multiply rapidly. They are found in water, air, soil, plants and animals and rotting organic materials. Bacterial spores are resistant to high temperatures and dryness. They don t lose their ability to germinate. BR Moulds: there exists a wide variety of moulds and they can be found everywhere. Most of them are saprophytic and cause enormous food spoilage. Some types are parasitic. Yeasts: these are moulds consisting of one cell. They multiply by means of sprouting. They are used quite a lot in food industries like wine, beer, bread Viruses: are extremely small and are always parasitic. They don t divide themselves but survive in living cells and kill the host cell. Viruses cause a lot of diseases with human beings: chicken pox, mumps,measles, warts, the common cold and influenza. They are equally the reason for many diseases with animals: foot-and mouth disease, bird flu are a few examples. Also plants are subject to diseases caused by viruses.

3 UV-C light characteristics and germicidal action Germicidal lamps are low pressure mercury lamps and radiate almost exclusively at 254nm of the spectrum.

3 3 UV-C light characteristics and germicidal action Germicidal lamps are low pressure mercury lamps and radiate almost exclusively at 254nm of the spectrum. At that value they have their optimal germicidal effect. However, in order to get this optimal effect the ambient temperature should be at 25 and the bulb temperature around 4. Lower or higher temperatures will decrease/increase the mercury vapour pressure in the lamp and decrease the UV-C output. Some lamps used in air purification systems function in lower ambient temperatures caused by the air flow. In these cases it is advisable to use lamps with higher wattage than normal for their linear dimension: HO (High Output) types. The UV-C light output is expressed in W(watts) and the irradiation density is expressed in W/m². In order to kill the micro-organisms a certain dose is needed. The dose is expressed in W/m² or the irradiation density multiplied by the time (t) in seconds and expressed in Joules per square meter (J/m²). UV-C radiation is most effective to kill microorganisms at 265nm. See Figure herewith. As germicidal lamps radiate at 254nm their action on the DNA of the micro-organisms will be 85%. The resistance to UV-C of a micro-organism and the dose needed to destroy a certain micro-organism will vary a lot. See table on page?? With doses needed to kill 9% 1 UVC UVB UVA BR Dirrections for use Maximum exposure limits are set by EN :1997 at an effective 1, milliwatt per metre squared (1, mw/m²) measured at a distance of 1 metre originally based on the recommendations of the National Radiological Protection Board in the UK. The irradiance value for a single BL BL368- lamp measured without reflector and/or fixture, in free air at 25 celsius, is varying between,2 and,4 mw/m² depending on the wattage.

4 Air purification Air can be purified rather easily because it has a low absorption coefficient. It means that the UV-C can relatively easily reach the bacteria etc. and kill them.

4 4 Air purification Air can be purified rather easily because it has a low absorption coefficient. It means that the UV-C can relatively easily reach the bacteria etc. and kill them. Airborne infections in a room are the reason for many illnesses and those can be seriously reduced by installing an air purification system. Several types of systems are possible: 1. ceiling mounted lamps: can only be used when the room is unoccupied or when people take protective clothing against UV-C. 2. upward radiation: irradiates the upper air by using reflectors facing BR upwards. No protective clothing is necessary. 3. downward radiation: irradiates the floor zone by using downward facing reflectors. Should be installed at a maximum 6cm above the floor level. 4. airducts Lamps are installed prior to the air entry and radiate the air before it enters the room. As there are no humans present, the applied dose can be very high, which is a big advantage. Dust filters need to be installed in these systems because lamps might become dusty and hence less effective. By designing such a system one has to take into account humidity and temperature conditions as they have an impact on the efficiency of the system. Also the reflectance of the inner surfaces is important and should be taken into account. Aluminium foil is therefore an excellent reflective surface material. 5. stand alone units These units are mostly portable and easy to install in a room. They use a filter in combination with one or more UV-C lamps. A fan leads the air through the system. Germicidal lamps application table T5 Short T8 linear T5 Long Lynx-S Lynx-L Air Upper air Airconditioning Cooling coils Dish dryer Water Municipal drinking water Municipal waste water Residential drinking water Ultra pure water Process water Swimming pools & Spas Agricultural recycling Ponds Aquaria Surfaces Food processing Packaging

5 Water/Liquid purification In order to install the right size of UV equipment for a desired level of purification we need to take into account the peak flow rate, required dose and the UV

See other examples in the table herewith.

Municipal drinking water: filtering techniques cannot eliminate all micro-organisms from the water. Therefore UV-C is used more and more and avoids to use chlorine.

5 5 Water/Liquid purification In order to install the right size of UV equipment for a desired level of purification we need to take into account the peak flow rate, required dose and the UV transmittance The purification efficiency of UV-C in water greatly depends on the absorption coefficient of a certain liquid. This varies widely: from Drinking water (,1) to Red Wine (3). See other examples in the table herewith. Municipal waste water: germicidal lamps are replacing more and more chlorine in these installations, because chlorine is associated with environmental problems and health effects. Municipal drinking water: filtering techniques cannot eliminate all micro-organisms from the water. Therefore UV-C is used more and more and avoids to use chlorine. Residential drinking water: the ANSI/NSF Standard 55(UV Microbiological Water Treatment Systems) describes two classes: -Class A: they are POU (Point of Use) or POE (Point of Entry) systems. Waste water is not allowed to be used as feed water. The minimum dose to be delivered is 4mJ/cm² -Class B: these are POU (Point of Use) systems only. Can only be used for supplementary treatment.these systems should have a minimum UV-dose of 16mJ/cm². Water coolers-dispensers: they are vending machines dispensing non-chlorinated water, but equipped with a purification installation. Spas and swimming pools: traditionally pools are being treated with chlorine and use filters in a close loop system. By installing a UV-C purification unit, the use of chlorine can be reduced up to 5%. Cooling towers: the formation of micro-organisms in these towers will be strongly decreased by including a UV-C lamp unit. Fish ponds: a UV-C lamp installed in a close loop system will reduce algae substantially. The water passes the UV-C radiation a few times per day. Aquariums: as with ponds a UV-C installation will keep the aquarium free from algae and parasites in a close loop system. BR Surface purification Requires high intensities. Lamps are therefore mounted very near to the surface that needs to be disinfected. The surface has to be as even as possible in order to get the highest dose and not leave any holes that the radiation cannot reach.

6 6 Radiation Doses for Inactivating Various Micro-organisms The following values relate to an inactivation of 9% at a wavelenght of 254 nm, where UV radiation is particularly effective against bacteria. The radiation dose H is defined as UV power x time/irradiated area (Ws/m 2 ). Values in bold are mean values for the respective families of microbes. Values in brackets show the range of values found in the literature. Additionally, individual examples of the microbe families are listed. Bacteria Bacillus (vegetative) 32 (13-58) Bac. anthracis 45 Bac. Megatherium 13 Bac. paratyphosus 32 Bac. subtilis 58 Legionella longbeachae 2 1 Legionella oakridgensis 22 Legionella micdadei 18 Legionella jordanis 11 Legionella wadsworthii 4 Legionella pneumophila 25 Legionella bozemanii 2 Bacillus (spore) 118 (11-365) Bac. Megatherium 27 Bac. subtilis 12 Bac. anthracis 45 Bac. Subtilis (ATCC6633) 365 Bacillius subtilis 11 Bac. subt. spore ATCC Campylobacter jejuni 29 Clostridium tetani 13 Coryneb. diphteria 34 Leptospira 2 (8-28) Leptospira biflexa 23 Leptospira illini 8 Leptospira interrogans 28 Micrococcus 8 (61-1) Micrococcus candidus 61 Microc. Sphaeroides 1 Neisseria catarrhalis 44 Pseudomonas aerug. 35 (15-55) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 55 Citrob. freundii (ATCC89) 42 Enterob. Cloaca (ATCC1347) 64 Escherichia coli : 45 (7-58) Escherichia coli 3 Escherichia coli (in air) 7 Escherichia coli (in water) 54 Escherichia coli ATCC Escherichia coli ATCC Escherichia coli K 12 AB Escherichia coli B/ r ATCC Klebsi. Pneumon. ATCC Legionella 15 (4-26) Legionella dumoffi 24 Legionella gromanii 26 Legionella micdadei 15 Legionella longbeachae 1 12 Salmonella 43 (21-8) Salm. Typhimurium 8 Salm. Enteritidis 4 Salmonella typhi 21 Serratia marcescens 32 (7-85) Shigella paradysenteriae 17 Staph 44 (18-11) Staph. albus 18 Staph. aureus 26 Staph. epidermis 11 Streptococcus 36 (18-65) Strep. haemolyticus 22 Strep. lactis 62 Strep. viridans 2 Strep. faecalis (ATCC29212) 65 Strep. faecalis 55

7 7 Strep. pyogenes 22 Strep. salivarius 2 Strep. albus 18 Vibrio 24 (8-39) Yersinia enterecolitica 15 DNA-Viruses Parvovirus 35 (3-4) Bov. Parvovirus 4 Kilham rat virus 3 HCC (Dog hepat. Adenov) 265 Herpers virus 57 (15-165) Pseudorable virus 7 Herpes simplex MP str. 67 Herpes simplex MP str. 15 Herpes simplex, type HIV (H9) 24 HIV (PHA-stim.PBL) 13 Phages Bacteriophages 152 (65-31) Bac. subt. phage SP2C12 15 Bac. subt. phage SPP1 195 Bac. subt. phage diam Bacteriophage F specific 292 Coliphage f2 31 Staph. Phage A Yeasts 59 (23-1) Oospora lactis 5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baking yeast, brewing yeast) 33-1 Saccharomyces ellipsoideus 6 Saccharomyces sp. 8 Torula sphaerica (in milk and cream) 23 Vaccinia 18 Fungi 713 (13-3) RNA-Viruses Picornavirus 72 (36-186) Poliovirus 11 Poliov type 1 Mahoney 67 Poliov 133 Poliov type 1 36 Poliov Mahoney 45 ECBO 8 Coxsackiev 186 Reovirus 12 (18-163) Reovirus type 1 48 Reov type 1 (Lang str) 163 Rotav 159 Rotav SA11 65 Paramyxovirus 35 (15-55) Sindbis virus 55 Newcastle Disease 15 Ortomyxovirus 35 Influenza 35 Aspergillus glaucus 44 Aspergillus flavus 6 Aspergillus niger 132 Aspergillus niger (pasta) 15 Aspergillus amstelodami (meat) 7 Candida paraposilosis 22 Cladospor. Herbarum (cold stores) 5 Mucor racemosus 17 Mucor mucedo (meat, bread, fat) 6 Oospora lactis 5 Pencilium chrysogenum (fruit) 5 Pencilium roquefortii 13 Pencilium expansum 13 Pencilium digitatum 44 Rhisopus nigricans 11 Rhizopus nigricans (cheese) 11 Scopularipsis brevicaulis (cheese) 8 Protoza 6-1 Algae 3-6 Green algae, blue algae, diatoms HIV (Lentiv) 1438 (6-24) HIV (HTLVIII) 6 HIV (Sup T1) 145

8 Germicidal Linear D L Features These lamps consist of a tubular glass envelope and emit more than 85% of their energy in the UV-C ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 253.

ambient temperature of 25 All lamps are Ozone free A protective coating on the inside of the lamp limits the depreciation of the UV-C output applications Residential drinking water units Stand alone

8 8 Germicidal Linear D L Features These lamps consist of a tubular glass envelope and emit more than 85% of their energy in the UV-C ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 253.7nm for germicidal action Shape, electrical characteristics and lighting circuits are similar to general fluorescent lamps The majority of germicidal lamps operate most efficiently in still air at an ambient temperature of 25 All lamps are Ozone free A protective coating on the inside of the lamp limits the depreciation of the UV-C output applications Residential drinking water units Stand alone air purifiers Wall mounted air purification units PER CENT RATED (1h) OUTPUT ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AS RELATED TO THE LIFE G3T8-AN 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, HOURS LIFE (h) Ordering Code Item description Watt (W) Voltage (V) Current (A) UV output at 25 C W Cap L (mm) D (mm) Life (hrs) Packing Quantity 2328 G4 T G G6 T G G8T G G11 T5 HO 11 37,33 2,2 G G16 T5 HO 16 5,35 3,2 G G11 T5 HO 4-pin 11 37,33 2,2 Four Pin , G16 T5 HO 4-pin 16?,4 3,9 Four Pin , G1 T G G15 T G G25 T G G3 T G G36 T G G55 T G G58 T G G2 T G G4 T G

Germicidal Compact 9 C A B C A B Features These lamps have all the benefits of linear germicidal lamps, but have also a very compact design. This allows for compact fixture design.

characteristics and lighting circuits are similar to general lighting compact fluorescent lamps The majority of germicidal lamps operate most efficiently in still air at an ambient temperature

units Stand alone air purifiers PER CENT RATED (1h) OUTPUT 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AS RELATED TO THE LIFE GPX11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, HOURS LIFE (h) C B Ordering

4 G23 145 28 8 5 2512 G9 Lynx-SE 4-pin 9?,17 2,4 2G7 145 28 8 5 2551 G11 Lynx-S 11 89.16 3. G23 215 28 8 5 2547 G13 Lynx-S 13 59.285 3.6 GX23 17 28 8 5 2549 G18 Lynx-L 18 58.375 5.

9 Germicidal Compact 9 C A B C A B Features These lamps have all the benefits of linear germicidal lamps, but have also a very compact design. This allows for compact fixture design. As they are single ended, replacement is very easy The HO (High Output ) lamps are most efficient in air purification installations, as they are wind chill corrected Shape, electrical characteristics and lighting circuits are similar to general lighting compact fluorescent lamps The majority of germicidal lamps operate most efficiently in still air at an ambient temperature of 25 All lamps are Ozone free A protective coating on the inside of the lamp limits the depreciation of the UV-C output applications residential drinking water Pond water Induct air treatment units Stand alone air purifiers PER CENT RATED (1h) OUTPUT A ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AS RELATED TO THE LIFE GPX11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, HOURS LIFE (h) C B Ordering Code Item description Watt (W) Voltage (V) Current (A) UV output at 25 C W Cap L (mm) D (mm) Life (hrs) Packing Quantity 2546 G5 Lynx-S G G9 Lynx-S G G9 Lynx-SE 4-pin 9?,17 2,4 2G G11 Lynx-S G G13 Lynx-S GX G18 Lynx-L G G36 Lynx-L G G55 Lynx-L G G18 Lynx-L HO 35?,85 11, 2G G36 Lynx-L HO 65?,8 19, 2G G55 Lynx-L HO 9?,8 27, 2G

1 Germicidal Linear T5 Long D D L L Features These lamps have a smaller diameter than the conventional, linear T8 lamps Lamps consist of a tubular glass envelope and

7nm for germicidal action They exist in single pin or with four pins at one end for easy handling The majority of germicidal lamps operate most efficiently in still air

free A protective coating on the inside of the lamp limits the depreciation of the UV-C output PER CENT RATED (1h) OUTPUT 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 applications

G64T5L,G64T5L/842/4P 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, HOURS LIFE (h) Ordering Code Item description Watt (W) Voltage (V) Current (A) UV output at 25 C W Cap L (mm) D (mm) Life

10 1 Germicidal Linear T5 Long D D L L Features These lamps have a smaller diameter than the conventional, linear T8 lamps Lamps consist of a tubular glass envelope and emit more than 85% of their energy in the UV-C ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 253.7nm for germicidal action They exist in single pin or with four pins at one end for easy handling The majority of germicidal lamps operate most efficiently in still air at an ambient temperature of 25 In air purification installations the HO (High Output ) versions are most efficient, as they are wind chill corrected All lamps are Ozone free A protective coating on the inside of the lamp limits the depreciation of the UV-C output PER CENT RATED (1h) OUTPUT applications Municipal water treatment systems Swimming pool applications Residential drinking water systems Air treatment units ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AS RELATED TO THE LIFE G64T5L,G64T5L/842/4P 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, HOURS LIFE (h) Ordering Code Item description Watt (W) Voltage (V) Current (A) UV output at 25 C W Cap L (mm) D (mm) Life (hrs) Packing Quantity 255 G36 T5 L 4W 4-Pin Four pin G64 T5 L 75W 4-Pin Four pin G36 T5 L 4W Single Pin Single Pin G64 T5 L 75W Single Pin Single Pin

11 BR

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Moulds / Yeasts: A broad variety of multi-cellular

Moulds / Yeasts: A broad variety of multi-cellular 2 Micro-organisms Introduction Sylvania covers the full spectrum of Germicidal UV-C lamps, from the smallest compacts to the longest T5 and the most powerful high pressure types. Their primary application