3rd Year Geography Higher Level

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1 3rd Year Geography Higher Level Rivers No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from The Dublin School of Grinds. Ref: 3/geo/h/wh/ Rivers

EASTER REVISION COURSES Looking to maximise your CAO points? Easter is a crucial time for students to vastly improve on the points that they received in their mock exams.

2 EASTER REVISION COURSES Looking to maximise your CAO points? Easter is a crucial time for students to vastly improve on the points that they received in their mock exams. To help students take advantage of this valuable time, The Dublin School of Grinds is running intensive, examfocused Easter Revision Courses. Each course runs for five days (90 minutes per day). All courses take place in Stillorgan, Co. Dublin. The focus of these courses is to maximise students CAO points. EASTER REVISION COURSE FEES: 6TH YEAR & 5TH YEAR COURSES PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS 1st Course nd Course rd Course FREE th Course th Course th Course ,025 7th Course ,220 8th Course ,465 9th Course ,710 3RD YEAR COURSES PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS SPECIAL OFFER 1st Course nd Course To avail of this offer, early booking is required as courses were fully booked last year. 3rd Course FREE th Course th Course th Course th Course th Course BUY 2 COURSES GET A 3 RD COURSE FREE What do students get at these courses? minutes of intensive tuition per day for five days, with Ireland s leading teachers. 99 Comprehensive study notes. 99 A focus on simple shortcuts to raise students grades and exploit the critically important marking scheme. 99 Access to a free supervised study room. NOTE: These courses are built on the fact that there are certain predicable trends that reappear over and over again in the State Examinations. DSOG Easter pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 2 25% SIBLING DISCOUNT AVAILABLE. Please call to avail of this discount. FREE DAILY BUS SERVICE For full information on our Easter bus service, see 3 pages ahead. Access to food and beverage facilities is also available to students. To book, call us on or book online at 20/02/ :25

3 Timetable An extensive range of course options are available over a two-week period to cater for students timetable needs. Courses are held over the following weeks:»» Monday 10th Friday 14th April 2017»» Monday 17th Friday 21st April 2017 All Easter Revision Courses take place in The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly known as The Stillorgan Park Hotel). 6th Year Easter Revision Courses SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME Accounting H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Agricultural Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Applied Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Art History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Biology Course A* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Biology Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Biology Course B* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Biology Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Business H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Chemistry Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Chemistry Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Classical Studies H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Economics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am English Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am English Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am English Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am French H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm History (Europe)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm History (Ireland)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Home Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Irish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Maths Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths O Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Physics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Spanish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Note: 5th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 6th Year courses above. * Due to large course content, these subjects have been divided into two courses. For a full list of topics covered in these courses, please see 3 pages ahead. To book, call us on or book online at 5th Year Easter Revision Courses SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Note: 4th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 5th Year courses listed above. 3rd Year Easter Revision Courses SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Studies English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am English H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Geography H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Science H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Note: 2nd Year students are welcome to attend any of the 3rd Year courses above. 6th Year Oral Preparation Courses With the Oral marking component worth up to 40%, it is of paramount importance that students are fully prepared for these examinations. These courses will show students how to lead the Examiner towards topics they are prepared for. This will equip students with the information they need to maximise their performance in the State Examinations. FEES: 140 VENUE: The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly The Stillorgan Park Hotel) SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME French H Sunday 12th March 9:00am - 1:00pm German H Saturday 11th March 9:00am - 1:00pm Irish H Sunday 19th March 9:00am - 1:00pm Spanish H Saturday 11th March 2:00pm - 6:00pm BUY 2 COURSES & GET A 3 RD COURSE FREE!

4 Contents: River Features and Landscape.3 Stages of a River 4 Types of Erosion...5 Exam Question on Water Fall Formation.. 6 V- Shaped Valleys..7 What is Deposition..8 Exam Question on Levee Formation.9 How People Use Rivers..10 How People Pollute Rivers...11 Hydroelectric Dams..12 Benefits and Disadvantages of Flooding...13 Short Exam Questions.14 2

Estuary: Mouth: The part of the river that is tidal. It is the part of the river that meets the sea.

5 River Features and the Landscape: Features of Rivers: Source: Tributary: The area where a river begins. Where a smaller river joins a larger river. Confluence: A point where two rivers meet. Estuary: Mouth: The part of the river that is tidal. It is the part of the river that meets the sea. Watershed: It is high ground which separates different river basins. Course: The route the river takes as it passes from the upland areas at its source to the sea. What are the stages of a river? Youthful stage Middle or mature stage Old age stage 3

Features of each stage: Youthful stage: Occurs in the upland areas where the land is quite steep. A large amount of vertical erosion occurs at this stage as the water is moving very fast.

6 Features of each stage: Youthful stage: Occurs in the upland areas where the land is quite steep. A large amount of vertical erosion occurs at this stage as the water is moving very fast. Examples of features: Waterfalls, V- Shaped valleys and Interlocking spurs Mature stage: Occurs in areas where there is a gentle slope or gradient. A large amount of water erodes the river sides (laterally erosion) Examples of features: Meanders and valley troughs. Old age stage: Occurs in lowland areas where the land is almost flat. Water is moving very slowly so a large amount of deposition takes place. Examples of features: Ox- bow lakes, Levees, flood plains and deltas. 4

7 Types of erosion: Hydraulic action: Solution: Abrasions: Attrition: Moving water erodes rock along the river bank and bed creating its load. River water can contain (carbonic acid) chemicals which dissolve certain rocks. Occurs when small pieces of rock and sand (river load) in the river erodes the larger rock along the river bed and banks. When rocks are carried along the river bed, they become smooth and rounded as they are continuously rubbing of each other. Features of River Erosion: Waterfall V- Shaped valley Interlocking spurs 5

Exam paper 2007, Question 2a: Name one feature of river erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed: Formation of a waterfall: A waterfall can be found in the youthful stage of a

Waterfalls are formed from different types of erosion which include hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition. A waterfall forms when a layer of hard rock lies on an area of soft rock.

8 Exam paper 2007, Question 2a: Name one feature of river erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed: Formation of a waterfall: A waterfall can be found in the youthful stage of a river. The water is moving extremely fast in this stage which causes a large amount of erosion. Waterfalls are formed from different types of erosion which include hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition. A waterfall forms when a layer of hard rock lies on an area of soft rock. The soft rock erodes faster than the soft rock by hydraulic action and abrasion. A vertical drop or overhang forms. The falling water now forms a plunge pool due to hydraulic action and abrasion. Example: Torc water in Killarney. Powers court waterfall in Co. Wicklow. Marking scheme to question: Name the feature = 2 marks Two 4 marks (St: 2marks + Dev 1 mk + ref. to diagram 1 mark) 6

V- shaped valleys are formed from different types of erosion which include hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition.

9 Other features of river erosion: V- Shaped valley: A V- shaped valley can be found in the youthful stage of a river. The water is moving extremely fast in this stage which causes a large amount of erosion. V- shaped valleys are formed from different types of erosion which include hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition. Vertical erosion occurs which creates steep sides to the river. The sides of the river are weathered away and mass movement carries the material down the slope and into the river. This material is now transported downstream in the rivers load. A V- shaped valley is formed. Example: Youthful stage of the River Liffey Interlocking spurs: 7

10 What is deposition? Deposition occurs when a river drops its load. When does deposition normally take place: When a river slows down in the old age stage of a river. When the land is quite flat. When a river enters the sea at the mouth of the river. Features of river deposition: Ox- bow lakes Levees Flood plains Meanders Deltas Exam paper 2007, Question 2b: Name one feature of river deposition and with the aid of a diagram, explain how it was formed: Formation of a levee: A levee can be found in the old age stage of a river which is on land that is nearly flat. Levee s form the river banks along the side of a river. A river carries its load in suspension or as dissolved minerals in a solution. In times of flood, the water flows over the river banks and onto the flood plain depositing rich alluvial materials. The larger and coarser materials are deposited close to the river banks. The smaller and finer materials are carried and deposited further away from the river banks over the flood plain. 8

Two explanations @ 4 marks (St: 2marks + Dev 1 mk + ref.

11 Examples: Old age stage of River Liffey. Marking scheme to question: Name the feature = 2 marks Two 4 marks (St: 2marks + Dev 1 mk + ref. to diagram 1 mark) Other features of river deposition: Ox- bow lake: 9

Flood plains: Deltas: Delta Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Name and briefly explain one way that

Name @ 2 marks One explanation @ 3 marks( St 2mks + Dev 1 mk) How do people use rivers?

(HEP): people create dams across a river to produce energy for the surrounding areas (Three

12 Flood plains: Deltas: Delta Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Name and briefly explain one way that people use rivers. 2 marks One 3 marks( St 2mks + Dev 1 mk) How do people use rivers? Tourism: people use rivers for fishing and cruising (Example: River Shannon) Hydroelectric Power (HEP): people create dams across a river to produce energy for the surrounding areas (Three Gorge dam in China and Inniscarra in Cork). Transport: people use rivers to transport heavy goods and people (River Rhine is used to transport different materials throughout Europe). 10

Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Name and briefly explain one way that people pollute rivers. Name @ 2 marks One explanation @ 3 marks How do people pollute rivers?

13 Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Name and briefly explain one way that people pollute rivers. 2 marks One 3 marks How do people pollute rivers? Factories and industry dump waste products and chemicals into rivers which can kill plants and animals. Farmers spread slurry on the land which can be washed into the rivers by rain water which can kill plants and animals. Domestic houses have septic tanks which can leak causing pollution in local rivers and streams. What impact does dams and HEP stations have on a river? Negative impacts Positive impact Dams cause some land upstream to flood. This can destroy farm land and some homes. Dams create reservoirs that are used for fishing, water skiing and other water sports. Reservoirs also supply drinking water to the surrounding areas. Fish populations such as salmon and trout can decrease as their path up river is blocked. HEP stations produce large amounts of renewable energy. 11

Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Explain ONE way in which flooding damages an area and ONE way in which flooding can benefit an area: Damage: Flooding of land can cause damage to property and homes.

14 Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Explain ONE way in which flooding damages an area and ONE way in which flooding can benefit an area: Damage: Flooding of land can cause damage to property and homes. Farm land and crops can become destroyed and there may even be loss of life. Benefit: Example: The River Mississippi floods frequently. When flooding occurs in lowland areas, rich alluvial deposits provide fertile soil which produces good agricultural land. Example: The River Nile Question 2B: Exam paper 2006: Answers: i) An economic benefit of hydroelectricity is that it produces large amounts of this renewable energy which is cheaper than other forms 12

15 of energy. These hydroelectric dams create reservoirs that are used for fishing, water skiing and other water sports. This may attract tourists to the area which would improve the local economy. These reservoirs also supply drinking water to the surrounding areas. An environmental benefit of hydroelectric is that the energy is renewable. This means that it will never run out and people will always have access to this type of energy. It is also a very clean form of renewable energy as no air pollution is produced in the process. This allows the surrounding environment to be air pollution free. Short Exam Questions: 1) 13

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Flood Plain Functions

Flood Plain Functions Lesson Abstract Summary: MO GLE: Subject Areas: Students will connect knowledge from previous watershed lessons to understand the functions of flood plains by participating in group