2015 Higher Level Geography Exam Answers JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Geography Higher Level 2015 Exam Answers

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1 2015 Higher Level Geography Exam Answers JC-Learn JC-Learn Geography Higher Level 2015 Exam Answers 1

2 2015 Higher Level Geography Exam Answers JC-Learn 2 Section 1 Allow 20 3 marks each = 60 marks 1. (i) Limestone Pavement (ii) Chemical Weathering (iii) The Burren 2. (i) Metamorphic (ii) Igneous (iii) Sedimentary 3. (i) River basin (ii) Confluence (iii) Estuary 4. (i) Cold (ii) South-easterly trade winds (iii) High pressure 5. 2, 4, 5 6. (i) High (ii) Low (iii) Africa 7. (i) Civil unrest (ii) Better services (iii) Immigration law 8. (i) Depression (ii) Windy (iii) Isobars 9. An industry not tied to any one location. 10A. 10B. 11A. 11B. (i) Sea arch (ii) Erosion (iii) Hydraulic action (i) Fiord (ii) Erosion (iii) Plucking and abrasion X Y A 3 B 4 C 1 D 2 (i) True (ii) True (iii) False

3 12A. 12B Cirrus clouds Boreal X Y A 2 B 1 C 4 D 3 1, 3, 5 Bull Alley St (i) False (ii) True (iii) False X Y A 3 B 1 C 4 D 2 Left foreground Concave slope The River Rhine rises in Switzerland and enters the sea in the Netherlands. 3

4 Question 1 Section 2 A. (i) The epicentre is the place on the surface found directly above the focus. (ii) The effects of the earthquake were greater in Christchurch than in Wellington because the epicentre of the earthquake was right at the area of Christchurch, so the shock waves would be greatest here, causing the most destruction in this area. (iii) You can reduce the impact of an earthquake building earthquake-proof buildings in regions susceptible to earthquakes. B. (i) A = Ash cloud B = Vent C = Magma chamber D = Lava flow (ii) Positive impact: Many active, dormant and extinct volcanoes attract thousands of visitors every year, so generate tourism. Negative impact: The loss of life from volcanoes can be huge. C. Levees These are raised banks found alongside a river at its old stage. 4

5 When the river is in flood and spreads out over the flood plain, it deposits its load of rich alluvium. It drops the larger particles close to the edge of the river and transports the lighter, smaller particles further away. These larger particles gradually build up to form a levee. An example of a levee is at the old stage of the River Liffey. 5

6 Question 2 A. Relief Rainfall This occurs when warm, water-bearing air is forced to rise when it reaches a mountain range. The air is then forced up over an area of high land. This causes the air to cool and the moisture in the air condenses resulting in the production of clouds and rainfall. Rain falls on the windward side of the mountain. As the air moves over the mountain, it descends on its leeward slope (rain shadow). B. (i) (ii) C (iii) Human activity contributes to global warming in a few ways; here is two main ways. 6

7 Humans are burning more fossil fuels, in order to supply the increased demand for energy. The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide. This is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases absorb heat from the earth s surface. This means less heat escapes from the atmosphere, so global warming is increased. Humans are cutting down more and more trees in forests, in order to supply the increased demand for wood for the population. This deforestation contributes strongly to global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, so when more trees are being cut down there is more carbon dioxide in the air. This, again, absorbs heat from the earth s surface; meaning less heat escapes from the atmosphere. (iv) The rise in sea levels due to melting ice caps could flood the coastal areas of Ireland. Land erosion around the coast could increase. C. (i) These are two effects of acid rain: Tourism Acid rain wears away metal and stonework, making the maintenance of buildings more expensive. The major threats are to older buildings. Some of Europe s most treasured buildings are being seriously damaged by acid rain. Agriculture Acid rain makes land more acidic. The land is then less suitable for growing crops and yields can be reduced. Crops themselves can be damaged. (ii) The following two ways reduce acid rain. Using sources of coal and oil, which are low in sulphur, can reduce the amount of pollution from burning fossil fuels. This means there is less carbon dioxide in the air to react with the rain in the air. 7

8 Energy can be produced from less polluting sources, such as hydroelectric, wind etc. This would also result in less carbon dioxide in the air to react with the rain. 8

9 Question 3 3A. (i) Fold Mountains When the earth s plates move towards each other and eventually collide, the rock layers are compressed and buckle. This results in the formation of fold mountains. Examples are Caledonian fold mountains (Donegal, Scotland etc.) and Armorican fold mountains (mountains in Munster). (ii) Magillycuddy s Reeks 3B. (i) 20.8 (ii) Germany have an ageing population, and this will result in a high demand for pensions and accommodation for the elderly. This may put a strain on their services. 9

10 Germany also have a low birth rate due to their declining population and this will result in a lack of students for their schools, meaning their schools will suffer. (iii)brazil have a higher population in the 0-14 year age group because they have a lack of family planning, children are needed to look after their parents in old age, and children work from an early age to help the family so the more they have the more money the family is receiving. 3C. (i) Climate The climate of an area is the main influence on soil type. Rainfall and temperature changes determine the weathering and erosion that the rock experiences. Moisture and heat influence the type of vegetation and microorganisms that can live in an area and therefore the organic material in the soil. When the rainfall is heavy, leaching is the result. Leaching is the washing down of minerals and nutrients to lower horizons. Parent Rock This gives the soil its character. Parent rock is the original rock, which has been broken by weathering. The process of weathering breaks down the parent material into tiny mineral particles. The minerals provide nutrients for living organisms. (ii) Soil is important to people because it allows crops to grow. Humans use crops as ingredients to prepare a variety of foods, so soil is clearly very important to people. 3D. 10

11 (i) Traffic congestion often occurs in Irish cities bat rush hour. This is the times when most people are going to/leaving work. Traffic congestion occurs due to this rush hour on the roads. (ii) One-way streets assist the flow of traffic. Roundabouts coordinate the flow of traffic at a junction. 11

12 Question 4 A. The following answers are with reference to the mixed farm in Co. Offaly. (i) Land Farm machinery (ii) One process on this farm is the milking of the cattle, to produce milk as the output. Another process is the ploughing of the farm with the farm machinery. (iii) Beef is an output and it may be used as a source of food for people. Another output is wool and this may be used for clothing of people. B. Costa del Sol would be a better location than Dublin for a sun holiday because it has more hours of sunshine every summer month. The average hours of sun during June, July and August in Costa del Sol is greater than the average hours of sun during the summer months in Dublin. Another reason for this would be as there is a higher temperature in Costa del Sol during summer. The average temperature during June, July and August in Costa del Sol is greater than the average temperature during the summer months in Dublin. C. (i) Two reasons for the over exploitation of fish: Technology - 12

13 In the past, fishing boats were mainly small and often used fishing nets made of natural fibres that fish could see. Nowadays: Large modern fishing boats (super trawlers) are often accompanied by factory boats (which process and freeze fish caught at sea). Improved sonar and radar equipment is used to locate fish. Large nets can catch many fish. Motorised winches are used to pull the fish on board the boat. Refrigeration has also improved at port facilities Profit The fishing industry employs many people in the catching, processing, transporting and marketing of fish. The industry also has many associated spin-off industries, such as boat building. This profit attracts the over exploitation of fish. (ii) Fishing quotas could be set. These place a limit on amount of fish each country may catch every year. You could also introduce minimum net mesh sizes, meaning younger, smaller fish can easily swim through. *This question only asks you to answer 3 of the 5 questions. We have answered 4 questions here, to give you a better insight into how you should answer these long questions. *All of the questions 5s were answered in all of our other past exam answers so don t worry, as you will be able to learn how to answer this type of question, with perfect answers at your service. 13