Global Warming. By Daisy Richmond, Kristi Wyrobek, Leah Gross, and Linnea Sorlien

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1 Global Warming By Daisy Richmond, Kristi Wyrobek, Leah Gross, and Linnea Sorlien

2 Global Warming Global Warming: the recent increase in the world's temperature that is believed to be caused by the increase of certain gases (such as carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere -Merriam-Webster Dictionary

3 Global Warming Models 1. Black Body Planet a. Simplest possible planetary model b. Assumptions: i. surface is at a constant temperature ii. emissivity and absorptivity are 1 c. Using the power of the Sun and the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun, the surface temperature of the Earth would be 279 K d. The current mean temperature of the Earth is 288 K e. According to this model, there is 9 K of global warming

4 Global Warming Models Cont. 1. Effect of greenhouse gases a. Water vapor is the greenhouse gas that contributes the most to global warming b. Sun s rays are not absorbed by water vapor when entering the atmosphere c. But radiation from Earth s surface is absorbed by the gas d. Because of this the air is warmed by radiation and convection e. The water vapor reduces the Earth s emissivity and increases its absorptivity

5 Effects of Greenhouse Gases on Global Warming This is a diagram of how the greenhouse effect works.

6 Global Warming Models Cont. This graph shows how the increase in aerosols in the lower atmosphere over time has caused an increase in air temperature. This is also a rather conservative model, so the effects of aerosols could be much greater.

7 Coefficient of Volume Expansion The coefficient of volume expansion is a type of coefficient of thermal expansion that describes how the volume of an object changes with a change in temperature.

8 Coefficient of Volume Expansion Cont. Equation for the coefficient of volume expansion: V is the change in volume V0 is the initial volume theta is the change in temperature

9 Coefficients of Volume Expansion for Some Common Materials Material Coefficient of Volume Expansion Aluminum 75 x 10^-6 Brass 56 x 10^-6 Copper 50 x 10^-6 Gold 42 x 10^-6 Iron or Steel 35 x 10^-6 Gasoline 950 x 10^-6 Mercury 180 x 10^-6 Water 210 x 10^-6 Air 3400 x 10^-6

10 How the Coefficient of Volume Expansion Relates to Global Warming The coefficient of volume expansion can be used to measure the rise of sea levels and how other materials, such as buildings, change as a result of global warming.

11 The Albedo Effect Albedo: the fraction of incident radiation (as light) that is reflected by a surface or body -Merriam Webster Dictionary

12 Surface condition Percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight

16 Rise of the Mean Sea-Level The temp. rise melts glaciers in the South and North Pole. With the water becoming warmer, and due to volume expansion, the water will need more volume. This increases the overall mean sea-level of the world.

17 Interfering Factors with Predictions of Rise of Mean Sea-Level Difference between ice melting on sea vs on land: if ice melts in water, it does not increase mean sea-level, but if it melts on land, it does.

19 Deforestation Deforestation: the act of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area Merriam Webster Dictionary

21 Photosynthesis

25 Water Vapor

26 Fossil Fuels: Cause of Global Warming Fossil Fuels are likely a major cause of global warming. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is an important component of global warming and it is released through the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels contain carbon. When they are burnt, the carbon combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide.

27 Fossil Fuels: Cause of Global Warming Cont. This graph shows how from 1845 to 2005 the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased drastically, which also correlates with a significant increase in temperature.

28 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere results in more heat being retained and an overall warming of the Earth s temperature -JNCC

29 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

30 Greenhouse gases caused by human activity Carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide fluorinated gases.

31 Greenhouse Gases Contribute more to global warming The effects of Greenhouse gases on global warming is much greater than any other factors that affect the overall climate of the earth.

33 Does more greenhouse gas contribute to global warming? (Co2)

34 How does Carbon Dioxide effect global warming? Carbon Dioxide has heat trapping properties. Co2 absorbs and re-emits longwave radiation. Increased Co2, causes the earth to warm up.

35 Scientific Findings Scientists have found: less longwave radiation leaving earth at specific wavelength of GHG Higher amounts of longwave radiation from GHG at earths surface.

36 Climate Change Climate change leads to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, leading to an increase in average surface temps.

38 Problems Related to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 1. Each year, 5.5 x 10^24 Joules reaches the earth from the sun. However, only 50% of this energy is able to pass through the atmosphere. Assuming all energy that reaches the earth goes into raising its temperature, how much does the temperature of the earth change every year? (cearth = 3176 J / kg C ; mearth = x 10^24 kg) Answer: Q = mc T (5.5 x 10^24)0.50 J = (5.974 x 10^24 kg) (3176 J / kg C) T T = 1.4 x 10^-4 C

39 Problems Related to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 2. Using this temperature change and the equation, V = BVO T, calculate the volume expansion of water on earth. (In the equation above, B = coefficient of volume expansion and VO is the original volume.) (Bwater= 210 x 10 ^-6 C-1 ; VO = 1.3 x 10^9 km^3) Answer: V = BVO T V = (210 x 10^ -6 C^-1)( 1.3 x 1018 m^3)(1.4 x 10^-4 C) V = 3.8 x 10^10 m^3

40 Problems Related to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 3. If 10% of the Earth s surface is covered in ice at 0 C, calculate the mass of ice melted in one year. Answer: Q = mlf (5.5 x 10^24)(0.10)(0.5) = m (3.34 x 10^5 J / kg) M = 8.2 x 10^18 kg

41 Efforts to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect. The UN recommended: stabilizing GHG at ppm Global and local organizations to reduce GHG emissions

42 Kyoto Protocol The Protocol sets binding targets for developed countries, known as Annex I Parties, to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions - Yvo de Boer, Executive Secretary United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

43 Protocols (2008)

44 Ecuador asks world to pay to keep Yasuni oil underground International community provide $3.6 Billion would prevent the emission of 410 million metric tons of Co2. Prevent the release of 800 million tons of Co2.

45 How to reduce YOUR Greenhouse Gas Emissions

46 Solutions to Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Impose taxes on carbon dioxide emissions to discourage the burning of fossil fuels Increase funding for alternative energy resources, like solar or nuclear Government regulations on fuel efficiency of cars

47 Food Eat locally Grow your own food Eat less meat

48 Reduce your heating Weather proof your home reduce your thermostat

49 Unplug Unplug unnecessary objects Use fluorescent bulbs Use a push-lawnmower Recharge your batteries instead of buying new ones

50 Conserve Water take a short shower turn off taps properly

51 Bibliography Are We Changing Planet Earth Cut." YouTube. YouTube, 02 Apr Web. 02 Mar British Geological Survey. "What Causes the Man-made Greenhouse Effect?" British Geological Survey (BGS). British Geological Survey, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Carnicom, Clifford. "Global Warming Model." Global Warming Model. Carnicominstitute, 13 Apr Web. 02 Mar CBS. "NOAA Animation Shows Rapidly Melting Arctic Sea Ice." CBSNews. CBS Interactive, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Department of Geosciences. "Dealing with the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect." Hands on Minds on Meteorology (n.d.): n. pag. Web. Department of Geosciences. "Earth in the Future." Feedback Mechanisms EARTH 103: Earth in the Future. Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Scientific American. "Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming." Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific American, 13 Nov Web. 02 Mar

52 Skeptical Science. "Climate Science Glossary." Skeptical Science. Skeptical Science, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Union Of Concerned Scientists. "Global Warming FAQ." Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d. Web. 02 Mar United Nations. "Kyoto Protocol." Kyoto Protocol. United Nations, n.d. Web. 27 Feb United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Greenhouse Gases." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Watts Up With That? "Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse worse than We Thought." Watts Up With That. Watts Up With That?, n.d. Web. 02 Mar "What Is Photosynthesis?" - Pass My Exams: Easy Exam Revision Notes for GSCE Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar Williams, Philip Lee. "Ice-free Arctic Ocean May Not Be of Much Use in Soaking up Carbon Dioxide." Ice-free Arctic Ocean May Not Be of Much Use in Soaking up Carbon Dioxide: Study. Physics.org, 2 Aug Web. 02 Mar

53 Friedman, Lisa. "Ecuador Asks World to Pay to Keep Yasuni Oil Underground." Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific American, 1 May Web. 02 Mar Geoscience Australia Department of Climate Change. "The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming)." OzCoasts Coastal Indicators:. Geoscience Australia Department of Climate Change, n.d. Web. 02 Mar GRID. "Vital Graphics." 17. Annual Deforestation in the Amazon and Resulting CO2 Emissions. GRID, n.d. Web. 02 Mar "Human-Induced Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Assessment." Google Books. Cambridge University Press, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Joint Nature Conservation Committee. "The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect." The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Jones, Nicola. "Rising Waters: How Fast and How Far Will Sea Levels Rise?" By Nicola Jones: Yale Environment 360. Yale University, 21 Oct Web. 28 Feb Kuhn, Anthony. "Battling Deforestation In Indonesia, One Firm At A Time." NPR. NPR, 31 May Web. 01 Mar NASA. "Causes." Global Climate Change. NASA, n.d. Web. 28 Feb National Geographic. "The Ocean." National Geographic. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 28 Feb National Geographic. "Signs From Earth: The Big Thaw." National Geographic. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 2 Mar

54 scientific American. "Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming." Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific American, 13 Nov Web. 02 Mar Skeptical Science. "Climate Science Glossary." Skeptical Science. Skeptical Science, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Union Of Concerned Scientists. "Global Warming FAQ." Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, n.d. Web. 02 Mar United Nations. "Kyoto Protocol." Kyoto Protocol. United Nations, n.d. Web. 27 Feb United States Environmental Protection Agency. "Greenhouse Gases." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 02 Mar Watts Up With That? "Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse worse than We Thought." Watts Up With That. Watts Up With That?, n.d. Web. 02 Mar "What Is Photosynthesis?" - Pass My Exams: Easy Exam Revision Notes for GSCE Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar Williams, Philip Lee. "Ice-free Arctic Ocean May Not Be of Much Use in Soaking up Carbon Dioxide." Ice-free Arctic Ocean May Not Be of Much Use in Soaking up Carbon Dioxide: Study. Physics.org, 2 Aug Web. 02 Mar

GREENHOUSE GASES 3/14/2016. Water Vapor, CO 2, CFCs, Methane and NO x all absorb radiation Water vapor and CO 2 are the primary greenhouse gases

GREENHOUSE GASES 3/14/2016. Water Vapor, CO 2, CFCs, Methane and NO x all absorb radiation Water vapor and CO 2 are the primary greenhouse gases GREENHOUSE EFFECT The earth is like a greenhouse The atmosphere acts like the glass which lets the sun s rays pass through. The earth absorbs this as heat energy and keeps it in, only letting a little