LEDS Action Planning by Sub-National Authorities: Outcomes of LEDS Interventions in Indian and Indonesian Cities and Linkages to National Policy

Transcription

1 Case Study LEDS Action Planning by Sub-National Authorities: Outcomes of LEDS Interventions in Indian and Indonesian Cities and Linkages to National Policy October, 2016 Content: A. Introduction B. GreenClimateCities A Low Carbon Planning Framework for Cities C. Low Emission Development Strategies and Pilot interventions in India and Indonesia D. Measuring, Reporting and Verification of Low Emission Interventions E. Inter-linkages of Subnational Actions with the National Policy F. Conclusion A. Introduction Global urban population has grown rapidly from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in More than 54% of the world s population resides in urban areas, which is expected to increase to 66% by Asia has about 53% of world s urban population. Out of the 20 megacities 2 and 30 large cities 3 in the world, 28 (56%) are in Asia. Due to increasing residential activities and economic growth, Asia added to about 30% of the world s CO 2 emissions in the year Considering a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, Asia s share in the global energy-related CO2 emissions has been estimated to increase to 45% by 2030 and 60% by India and Indonesia, two of the emerging countries in Asia, are witnessing significant pressure of managing urban and economic growth along with the growing challenges of climate change impacts. Both countries have taken measures to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and address the impacts of climate change. Both countries have submitted their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in October India has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level. India has also agreed to enhance its forest cover from 24% of the geographical area in 2013 to 33% of its geographical area in the long term. Indonesia through its INDC has committed to reduce GHG emissions by 29% unilaterally and up to 41% with international support by 2030 based on a 2010 projected BAU scenario. India has also deposited its instrument of ratification of the Paris Agreement with the United Nations on October 2, Table 1: India and Indonesia s GHG Emission and Energy Key Performance Indicators Particulars Indonesia India Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MtCO 2 e) 6, 7 Share in Global CO Emission (%) 8 Per Capita Emission (MtCO equivalent)

2 Particulars Indonesia India CO 2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP) Energy Use (kgoe per capita) In India, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) launched in 2008, was the initial basis for low carbon planning. Sub-national governments in India have prepared State (provincial) level action plans on climate change, in line with the NAPCC. The local governments are the implementing agencies of the state action plans. Similarly in Indonesia, the INDC target is being implemented through the National Action Plan for GHG Emissions Reduction (RAN-GRK). The subnational governments are responsible for developing and implementing a Local Action Plan for GHG Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK) in line with the RAN-GRK. Ambitious action plans are in place in both the countries and it is essential to ensure and monitor their implementation. Successful implementation of these plans requires effective vertical integration at all governance levels (national, state and local) and horizontal integration of concerned line ministries and/or departments. Therefore, a robust and context specific planning and implementation framework for ensuring low carbon urban development at the subnational level is required to mainstream climate goals in these countries. B. GreenClimateCities A Low Carbon Planning Framework for Cities GreenClimateCities (GCC) is one such framework that provides a comprehensive methodological framework to guide and support the local governments in defining and adopting a low emission development pathway into their urban development policies, plans and processes. It is designed by ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) under the GCC program and builds on more than 25 years of expertise and experience of ICLEI s Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) Campaign the first and largest global campaign of Local Governments addressing climate change. The GCC program supports local communities in addressing the challenges and opportunities of urban growth, and enhancing their green economy and green infrastructure. It assists subnational governments in progressing local low emission planning and execution of low emission development strategies (LEDS) to the next level. It also helps sub-national governments assess and address gaps in institutional capacities, local capabilities and regulation, to create enabling conditions for delivery of climate action plans. The GCC methodology is a nine step process offering process guidance, access to tools, instruments, best practices and process management support as presented in figure 1. Figure 1: GreenClimateCities Methodology 7. Integrate & Collaborate 6. Implement & Monitor 8. Review & Upscale 5. Detail & Finance Projects 9. Advocate & Inspire 1II. Accelerate 1I. Act 4. Develop Strategy 1. Analyze 3. Set Baseline 2. Research & Assess 1. Commit & Mobilise The process follows a flexible and proven approach to accommodate different contexts and allowing engaging at its own pace. The programme also offers a tailor-made Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework that local governments can use to demonstrate their local commitment, capacity and results achieved in terms of climate change mitigation and other sustainable development to the governing political council, community, partners and funders in a transparent and credible way. Some of the widely used tools and resources available through the GCC to assist subnational authorities in their low carbon goals and actions are listed in Table 3. 2

3 Table 2: Key Steps in GCC process Create political processes Identify LEDS priorities Compile greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory Review contexts Build capacity Initiate stakeholder involvement Set up (or fine-tune) structures, tasks and responsibilities, and institutionalizing processes. Exploring 1-2 actions that can be fast-tracked for implementation Inventory-building process, with reporting of results in the ccr Understand national, regional and international contexts, as well as local situation Explore and respond to capacity development needs of political leaders and staff Identify and engage with key internal and external stakeholders to ensure success. Table 3: GreenClimateCities Tools & Resources (1) The Global Protocol for Community- Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) As a global reporting standard, the GPC enables cities and communities to consistently measure and report GHG emissions and develop climate action plans and low-emission urban development strategies. For more information, please check (2) The Harmonized Emissions Analysis Tool plus (HEAT+) The Harmonized Emissions Analysis Tool plus (HEAT+) is ICLEI s multilingual online emissions inventory tool to help local governments to account Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs), Common Air Pollutants (CAP) and other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). HEAT+ is compliant with the IPCC 2006 guidelines and with the GPC. For more information (3) Solutions Gateway The Solutions Gateway, is an online platform on Low Carbon Solutions for Urban Development created for cities and towns. It is available to all local governments, free of charge at (4) Pool of Experts The Pool of Experts is a multi-disciplinary network of professionals around the globe to provide local governments with expertise on urban Low Emission Development. groups/ (5) carbonn Climate Registry (ccr) The carbonn Climate Registry (ccr) is the world s leading reporting platform to enhance transparency, accountability and credibility of climate action of local and subnational governments. For more information, The GCC can effectively support the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). From low-emission to carbon neutrality, the GCC supports scaling up efforts, meeting global standards, reporting to a global platform, and improving and tracking performance. C. Low Emission Development Strategies and Pilot interventions in India and Indonesia Strategic LEDS action planning for cities serves as a foundation for smart and sustainable urban transformation. It enables cross-sectoral analysis and planning, addressing the long term goal of promoting socio-economic development and improving quality of life for citizens while conserving natural resources and tackling climate change. Three cities from India - Rajkot, Thane and Panaji and two cities from Indonesia - Bogor and Balikpapan, have developed comprehensive LEDS and action plans under the project Promoting Low Emission Urban Development Strategies in Emerging Economy Countries (Urban LEDS). The project aimed at enhancing the transition to low emission urban development in emerging economy countries by offering the selected local governments in Brazil, India, Indonesia and South Africa a comprehensive methodological framework (GCC) to integrate 3

4 low-carbon strategies into all sectors of urban planning and development. It is funded by the European Commission and supported by ICLEI and UN-Habitat 12. All the five cities under study, adopted the systematic and integrated process of the GCC framework to prepare their LEDS. The LEDS planning process included extensive consultations with city government officials from all departments, concerned community stakeholders, technology providers and financiers. The measures and specific actions proposed under the LEDS are built upon the cities priorities and sustainable initiatives already identified across sectors under various plans. Several pilot projects were identified and implemented under the programme. The key indicators related to energy and GHG emission and the LEDS targets adopted by the five cities from India and Indonesia are provided in the following Table 4. 1) LEDS Action Plan for Panaji city, India Panaji is the capital city of the state of Goa in India. The city has a resident population of 40,017 as per the Census of India, 2011 and covers an area of 8.2 sq. km. It is a major tourist center, with tourism and related activities, such as trade and commerce, hospitality, hotels and restaurants, driving its economy. The LEDS for Panaji were prepared in November 2015, with an objective to mainstream low emission measures in conventional development planning, resource allocation and decision making and in the pursuit of long-term, transformative and climateresilient growth. Panaji LEDS plan includes various renewable energy and energy efficiency measures such as installation of a 100 LPD capacity Solar Water Heating System (SWHS) in 5,000 Households, installation of 2,400 kwp Solar Photo voltaic systems for home inverters (500 WP) catering to 4,800 households in Residential sector, and installation of 2,771 kw of Solar PV Rooftop Solar PV in Hotels, Hospitals, Health care centres and police stations. Replacement of conventional electrical appliances with the energy efficient appliances in Residential and Commercial sector has been initiated. Public bicycle sharing (PBS) system having about 1560 cycles and an intelligent parking management system are also being considered by Panaji. Through implementation of these measures, Panaji aims to reduce GHG emission by 27,331 tco2e by end of the year The cumulative potential GHG emission reduction from the actions proposed is estimated to be about 19% of Panaji city s baseline annual GHG emissions in the year Panaji is one of few leading cities in India, which has undertaken such a comprehensive assessment through the climate lens, set sectoral targets and developed an action plan. In May 2016, Panaji was selected to be developed as a Smart City under the Government of India s (GoI) flagship programme Smart Cities Mission. Under the Area-based Development (ABD) 14 proposal in Panaji s Smart City Plan, a core city area spread over 2 sq. km was identified to be taken up for retrofitting. The Pan-city initiatives were developed to complement existing and proposed infrastructure with smart solutions and achieve impacts across the city. Two of the main solutions proposed are (a) Smart Transport and Eco-mobility (b) Smart Environmental Services with focus on ICT based solutions for Solid Waste Management. Panaji has also received approval for its Service Level Improvements Plans to transform the city s basic service infrastructure for water supply and sewerage under the GoI s Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) mission. Table 4: Energy and GHG emission related Indicators for the Five Cities India Indonesia Cities (base year)/particulars Rajkot Thane Panaji ( ) ( ) ( ) Bogor Balikpapan Total energy consumption (Million- GJ) GHG emission (Million tco 2 e) Per capita GHG emission (tco 2 e)

5 India Indonesia Cities (base year)/particulars Rajkot Thane Panaji ( ) ( ) ( ) Bogor Balikpapan Target GHG emission reduction (Million tco 2 e) LEDS implementation period to to to GHG emission reduction target as a share of base line GHG emissions (%) Total investment required (Million USD) NA 30 Table 5: Potential reduction in energy consumption & GHG emission for proposed priority actions in Panaji LEDS Annual Reduction in Energy Consumption Proposed Priority Actions Reduction in Annual GHG Emission Electricity Reduction in Fuel Reduction (tco 2 e) Consumption Consumption (Million kwh) Renewable Energy Measures kiloliters (kl) of diesel 14,101 Energy Efficiency Measure 9.9 _ 8,496 Transportation Sector Measures _ 137 kl of diesel and petrol 323 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 3,285 kg of liquefied _ System (DEWATS) petroleum gas (LPG) 10 Waste to Energy: bio-methanation plant of 50 tonnes per day (TPD) 1.5 _ 1,267 Water Supply and Sewerage service as 3.8 _ 3,134 per Service Level Benchmark 15 norms Total kl of diesel and petrol; 3,285 kg of LPG 27,331 Figure 2: Sector-wise Share of GHG Emission Reduction under Panaji LEDS 2) LEDS Action Plan for Rajkot city, India Rajkot is the fourth largest city in the state of Gujarat, India. The city has a total population of 1.28 million as per the Census of India, 2011 and covers an area of 128 sq. km. Rajkot has emerged as a strong industrial town in the Saurashtra- Kutch region of western India. The major industries in Rajkot are foundry, metal based, and machine tools. With increasing industrial and trade and commerce activities, there has been tremendous growth in the population of the city. Rajkot is facing several issues, due to rapid urban development, which include water scarcity, transportation, service provision, and energy supply and demand concerns. The city is applying forward-thinking low-carbon strategies to guide its growth and development while maintaining its livability. The LEDS action plan for Rajkot city, prepared in March 2016, provides smart and sustainable development opportunities across the community and municipal service sectors. The implementation of the actions proposed in the plan has a potential to reduce Rajkot s GHG 5

6 emissions by 451,825 tco2e over a period of 5 years, which is about 25% of Rajkot s base line GHG emissions in Table 6: Potential reduction in energy consumption & GHG emission for proposed priority actions in Rajkot LEDS Annual Reduction in Energy Consumption Proposed Priority Actions Reduction in Electricity Consumption Reduction in Fuel Consumption Annual GHG Emission Reduction (tco 2 e) (Million kwh) Renewable Energy Measures 180 _ 148,141.3 Energy Efficiency Measure 62.3 _ 51,251.9 Transportation Sector Measures _ kl of diesel & petrol 13,184.9 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment kl of diesel; 1,340, System (DTS plant) and reuse of water kg of LPG 6, Waste to Composting plant of 100 tonnes per day (TPD) capacity Waste to Energy: Pyrolysis of Mixed _ 228,180.3 waste of 350 tonnes per day (TPD) capacity Water Supply and Sewerage service as 5.1 _ 4,163.3 per Service Level Benchmark 17 norms Total kl of diesel & petrol; 1,340,222 kg of LPG 451,825.7 About 40 percent of the city is not connected to the existing sewage network. This leads to discharge of untreated wastewater into the Aji River which flows through the city, posing health risks to the surrounding communities and impacting the ecology and biodiversity. Also the capacity of the centralized wastewater treatment system in Rajkot is insufficient to treat all the domestic wastewater generated in the city. To address this challenge a pilot scale decentralised wastewater treatment system (DTS) having 100 kiloliter per day (kld) capacity was designed and constructed to cater to the wastewater being discharged by low income households in the Jilla Garden neighborhood. The biogas generated during the treatment process can be used for cooking or heating purpose in the nearby households, which will contribute to emission reduction. Simultaneously, replacement of 291 high pressure sodium vapour (HPSV) street lights with light emitting diode (LED) street lights on selected roads of Rajkot has been undertaken This pilot intervention has significantly improved the illumination levels from 7 lux previously to 25 lux at present and reduced electricity consumption by 70,000 kwh and GHG emissions by 60 tco2e annually. Based on the results, Rajkot Municipal Corporation (RMC) will be upscaling the project to cover all 52,000 streetlights in the city. A budgetary allocation for the same has been made in the RMC administrative budget for In order Figure 3: Sector-wise Share of GHG Emission Reduction under Rajkot LEDS 6

7 to promote eco-mobility, RMC has also initiated a public bicycle sharing pilot project at four prime locations in the city. 60 bicycles are also available on a rental basis at all 18 bus rapid transit system (BRTS) stations along with another 15 bicycles in RMC zonal offices. More than 700 citizens are using the bicycles available on rent per week. 3) LEDS Action Plan for Thane city, India The city of Thane is part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and is located in the state of Maharashtra in India. Thane is spread over an area of 128 sq. km and has a population of 1.84 million. Thane is one of the fast developing cities and has witnessed high growth in commercial and realty sectors due to its vicinity to India s financial capital Mumbai. Thane city has witnessed a shift in the nature of economic activities from traditional manufacturing industries to the service sector. There has been a substantial increase in number of establishments as well as employment in the finance, banking and service sector. This growth in population, commerce and industry, has led to an increased demand for services provided by the Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC), as well as an increased need to provide energy to power this growth. TMC is well recognized for its pioneering work on renewable energy and energy efficiency. It has been engaged in national and international climate and energy initiatives over a sustained duration of time and recognizes the need to facilitate the city s low emission development. Thane city developed its LEDS action plan in March 2016 which is in the process of approval from the City Legislative Council. The proposed interventions will result in emission reduction of 30.9% of Thane s baseline GHG emissions in and 17.7% of the annual GHG emissions under the BAU scenario in the year The estimated investment required for the proposed actions is Million USD 18. and regular monitoring of the LED street lights retrofitted on a smaller scale (522 street lights) in Thane s slum areas led to actual energy savings of 66 percent (about 25,100 kwh) per month. It also improved the illumination levels from 20 lux previously to 35 lux. TMC learnt from these experiences and scaled up the LED retrofit project to12,000 street lights. The city has adopted the Energy Service Company (ESCO) based shared savings model, developed in the context of Thane s street lighting infrastructure, to avoid making any upfront investments and instead leverage private finance for this large scale project. Low emission measures implemented at the municipal school at Vartak Nagar, include energy efficiency retrofits, smart metering and a 15 kw grid interactive Solar PV system, with potential for net-metering. These measures have reduced energy consumption in the school by 73 percent, and saved 17,200 kwh of grid supplied electricity annually. Owing to the combination of energy efficiency and renewable energy interventions, the school acts as Net Zero Energy building completely independent of grid power supply - during the summer months. TMC intends to replicate this concept across its other municipal schools. Plans are underway to install net-metering based solar PV systems of 10 MW capacity and to explore other renewable sources in the form of tidal power and micro hydel power. TMC is also planning to procure about 100 electric buses to promote low carbon mobility. Thane s proposal submitted under the GoI s Smart Cities Mission includes the LEDS formulated. Figure 4: Sector-wise Share of GHG Emission Reduction under Thane LEDS The city has been proactive in identifying and trialing initiatives at a pilot scale, monitoring of the results and assessing their effectiveness to enable upscaling of projects to have greater and more wide-spread impacts. Implementation 7

8 Table 7: Potential reduction in Sectoral energy consumption & GHG emission for Thane LEDS Annual Reduction in Energy Consumption Proposed Priority Actions Reduction in Electricity Consumption Reduction in Fuel Consumption Annual GHG Emission Reduction (tco 2 e) (Million kwh) Residential _ 225,242 Commercial and institutional 33.5 _ 26,541 Transportation kl of diesel & 957 kl of petrol 8,616 Waste (Waste to Energy) 48 _ 334,260 Municipal Facilities 34.5 _ 28,301 Total kl of diesel & 957 kl of petrol 622,959 4) LEDS Action Plan for Bogor city, Indonesia Bogor, formerly Buitenzorg, is located inland in a mountainous region of West Java, about 60 kilometers to the south of Indonesian s capital city Jakarta. The city is home to just over 1 million inhabitants with an area covering sq. km. Bogor is amongst the fastest growing cities in Indonesia, due to its close proximity to the capital city. As a rapidly urbanizing city, Bogor faces numerous challenges, including controlling urban sprawl and the rapid deployment of infrastructure and services to keep pace with population growth. Aware of these challenges, Bogor, under the Urban-LEDS programme has set itself on a low-emission trajectory, through prudent urban planning to guarantee long-term sustainable development. The City aims to reduce 29% of its emission by 2030 through a set of actions on renewable energy, energy efficiency and others across its key priority sectors. The interventions under implementation for Bogor include LED retrofitting of street lights, non-motorized transport program to promote pedestrian movement and use of bicycles, energy conservation measures instituted by passing a memorandum to regulate use of air conditioners and lighting, a City Regulation on Waste Management formulated in 2016 to promote a city-wide sustainable waste management system, and the development of green building standards. Table 8: Potential reduction in GHG emission for proposed priority actions in Bogor LEDS Annual GHG Proposed Priority Actions Emission Reduction (tco 2 e) Energy Efficiency Measures 1,440,518 Transportation Sector Measures 599,869 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System 20 Total 2,072,487 Figure 5: Sector-wise Share of GHG Emission Reduction under Bogor LEDS 5) LEDS Action Plan for Balikpapan city, Indonesia Balikpapan is a seaport city on the east cost of the island of Borneo, in the province of East Kalimantan in Indonesia. The city is home to 559,685 inhabitants living in the sq. km city area. It has proposed a LEDS action plan to potentially reduce GHG emissions by 1,142,864 8

9 tco2e over the period of five years. The actions proposed include smart street lighting, developing a BRT system, methane capture at solid waste disposal site, to name a few. These actions lead to a reduction of about 27.4% of Balikpapan City s GHG emissions under the BAU scenario in the year Estimated total investments required for the proposed actions is approximately 30 million USD. The proposed LEDS action plan in Balikpapan has been incorporated into the city s strategic environmental assessment as well as into its 5 years development plan. Table 9: Potential reduction in GHG emission for proposed priority actions in Balikpapan LEDS Annual GHG Proposed Emission Sectors Priority Actions Reduction (tco 2 e) Institutional 990,800 Energy and Transportation 94,833 Transportation Residential 1,645 Total 1,087,278 Solid Waste 44,779 Municipal Waste Waste Water 376 Total 54,115 AFOLU Agriculture 1,471 Total 1,142,864 Figure 6: Sector-wise Share of GHG Emission Reduction under Balikpapan LEDS D. Measurement, Reporting and Verification of Low Emission Interventions To enhance the effective implementation of any low emission development policy or measure at the subnational level, it is imperative to strengthen the measuring and evaluation (M&E) mechanism at the administration/organizational levels. The M&E and /or MRV system forms an important input in the Step 9 Review and Enhance of the GreenClimateCities Framework. An MRV process is typically defined upstream when financing arrangements are made, and varies depending on the funding entity (e.g. project specific indicators and timelines. Climate mitigation funding will require measurement of impacts based on GHG accounting. MRV can also be developed by the city on a voluntary basis. The MRV system includes: Measurement of indicators linked to the implementation of actions and their impacts (defining what data needs to be captured, who will capture, what stages need to be reviewed and also to set milestones) Reporting according to the specifications of the funders will typically cover emissions reduction and funds utilization, Verification system: City self-verification of emissions and/or third party verification - after identification of verifiers and acceptance of MRV system by the national/ local government. Verification should ideally be overseen by an external or 3rd party to ensure transparency and an objective assessment. There is a lack of standard uniform approach for Measuring, Reporting and Verification of subnational low carbon actions in South Asian region, while there is some experience of MRV during the Clean Development Mechanism. The subnational authorities followed the MRV framework given in the CDM projects in line with their respective designated national entities for implementing individual projects. There is need for a robust MRV framework for low carbon projects implemented by subnational 9

10 governments to enhance transparency, track impacts, build trust among stakeholders, meet climate financing requirements and instill confidence in the post 2012 international climate regime. As envisaged in the GCC Framework, local governments are expected to implement MRV systems for internal assessment of all LED strategies, programs and projects by tracking progress against overall objectives and specific targets using well defined key performance indicators (KPIs). As per the framework, in order to institutionalize the process, a Climate Core team should be established in the city, comprising of key city level decision makers and stakeholders to evaluate the progress of LEDS implementation. The team would also monitor direct impacts of proposed low emission projects such as reduction in energy consumption GHG emissions along with co-benefits. Implementing agencies will be tasked with developing measuring frameworks and to build capacities of municipal staff for specific projects to record and assess implementation impacts. Implementation barriers will be identified and discussed and solutions will be proposed by the Core Climate team on an annual basis, before the municipal budget is drawn up and finalized. Ongoing implementation issues shall be discussed on an as is needed basis. The LEDS plan and strategies itself shall be reviewed and prepared once every 3 years, to ensure a rolling plan and allow for mid-course corrections. The cities will update their GHG emissions inventories once in two years. GHG emissions reductions accruing from proposed low emission actions shall be regularly reported on the ccr and also on the local government s website to ensure recognition and visibility of the efforts. Each individual project will be monitored and evaluated according to its specific KPIs to enable introduction of corrective or additional measures if needed to ensure delivery of expected performance and results. Such project specific KPIs will also be used to arrive at KPIs for the overall LED Strategy. The evaluation of the implementation of the LEDS could be done either by an external expert or a cross-departmental team from within the city, potentially including external stakeholders. MRV considerations formed a critical aspect during the design and implementation of the pilot demonstration projects in the cities participating in the Urban- LEDS programme, including the five cities covered in this document. Measuring of results and system performance post-implementation was included within the scope of work of the implementing agency or contractor and duly linked to the payment terms for the pilot projects. Under the Urban-LEDS program, project cities have made an attempt to implement principles of robust MRV while designing and implementing projects. For instance, at the RMC owned Sarojini Naidu municipal school in Rajkot, a 20 kw grid interactive roof top solar photovoltaic system has been installed, with an online realtime remote monitoring system set-up to track and record hourly solar power generation and evaluate the performance of solar photo-voltaic system. For Thane s large scale ESCO based LED street light retrofit project, GPS-based inventory mapping for streetlight fixtures/ assets was undertaken and detailed investment energy audit was conducted in order to have an accurate pre-implementation stage baseline and to establish a robust methodology for performance assessment and verification of energy savings. Roles and responsibilities of various agencies with regards to MRV, such as the TMC, the ESCO implementing the project, power distribution company, and the third party verifier have been clearly defined in the project contract documents. It is understood that the cities may also need to report to national and sub-national levels of government, using the relevant reporting frameworks. Depending on this, a technical consultant may be required to assist the city develop a project specific MRV system. The MRV process is supposed to be implemented with regular reporting feeding into relevant processes. E. Inter-linkages of Subnational Actions with the National Policy A number of opportunities exist to mitigate and adapt to climate change at the city and 10

11 subnational level but a range of barriers under financial, political, institutional, information and capacity areas, prevent these opportunities from being fully realized. To address these barriers and fully unlock the opportunities requires acknowledgement of the distinct dynamics which operate at national and subnational levels, and to understand how the interactions between them can help or hinder LEDS action. Rather than simply implementing stand-alone local actions or down-scaling national strategies, a range of effective solutions exist that national governments can employ to accelerate climate mitigation via integrated national and subnational action. For instance, providing clear mandates and ownership to the cities government entities on aspects related to the municipal service management, providing technical skills and knowledge support, and devising innovative financing mechanisms for implementation of priority low emission development projects. National governments often depend on cities and subnational governments to deliver mitigation actions through direct implementation of its policies. Subnational governments can strengthen and reinforce national policies to help reach higher ambitions. For example, by addressing market failures not dealt with in the national policy or increasing policy stringency in subnational delivery. In the case of India, while several Indian states have formulated netmetering guidelines, the states are facing issues in operationalizing and ensuring widespread adoption of net-metering 19. The MRV process and learnings from implementation of the pilot solar power based net-metering initiatives in the cities of Rajkot and Thane can inform state level net-metering policies and help overcome such issues that exist. Subnational governments are often best placed to identify local needs and benefits and to exploit synergies across investment priorities through mobilizing local resources and coordinating between individuals, institutions and sectors that are crucial to mitigation action. Sub-national governments have greater opportunities for policy innovation in developing tailored solutions and identifying policy complementarities, for example through local piloting and experimentation. The Government of India s Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (i.e. Clean India Campaign), launched to clean India s cities and villages by 2019 through improved sanitation and solid waste management promotes the use of decentralized on-site wastewater treatment systems, such as the pilot scale DTS plant installed at Rajkot, in urban areas which are not connected to the centralized sewerage network 20. Bogor s city government intends to retrofit all of the city s existing street lights with LED lights and has prepared a detailed Master Plan for the same, with the support of the provincial government. While Bogor has proactively moved ahead with deployment and undertaken retrofits for some of its street lights, the city is seeking further funding to scale up the project. Initiatives such as Indonesia s Smart Street Lighting Initiative NAMA provide the framework to link up with such local opportunities and facilitate access to enabling financial, technical, and capacity building support. The LEDS recommended for all five cities contribute to the INDC/NDC targets set by the respective countries and also to the provincial level climate change action plan and its associated targets. F. Conclusion As evident from the cases of the five cities, there are significant social, economic and financial benefits of LEDS planning and implementation to subnational authorities. In the five cities from India and Indonesia, the entire exercise of LEDS planning has reduced GHG emissions and significantly enhanced the inter-departmental coordination, and capacity of the stakeholders on the identification, prioritization and implementation of low emission oriented projects. It has also provided a strong base and defined the possible roles of the local authorities to meet the national/sub-national mitigation goals. All the five cities are now moving forward with implementation of their LEDS action plan for further enhancing their experience. These cities have become a lighthouse and model for other cities for developing and mainstreaming LEDS in their development process. 11

12 References 1. World Urbanization Prospects by UN DESA Cities with population exceeding 10 million 3. Cities with populations ranging from 5 to 10 million 4. The International Energy Agency, The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), The figure includes emissions from LUCF sector application/pdf/table.pdf 9. EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 10. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States, indicator/en.atm.co2e.pp.gd 11. IEA Statistics OECD/IEA Panaji City Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS), Nov Area Based Development is a component under the Smart Cities Mission targeting to develop a specific areas of the city through three strategic options - retrofitting, redevelopment and greenfield development. 15. Government of India has developed Service Level Benchmark which defines a minimum set of standard performance and service delivery parameters for the water, sanitation, solid waste management and storm water drainage services. 16. Electricity production from waste to energy plant 17. Government of India has developed Service Level Benchmark which defines a minimum set of standard performance and service delivery parameters for the water, sanitation, solid waste management and storm water drainage services. 18. Thane City Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS), March Kohli, Gayranjan. Net-Metering Is Essential For India, But Here Is Why It S Failing [Part 1 Of 2]. Bridge to India. N.p., Web. 17 Aug Ministry of Urban Development, GoI ( 2014): Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission, New Delhi Contributors: The Asia LEDS Partnership is a voluntary regional network that supports peer-to-peer learning, knowledge sharing, and improved coordination and cooperation among organizations and individuals working to achieve transformative, sustainable economic growth across Asia. Launched in September 2012, our network now includes over 150 member organizations and over 250 individual members from the public, private, and nongovernmental sectors active in designing, promoting, and/or implementing LEDS in Asia. We are one of three regional platforms of the LEDS Global Partnership. More information is available at ICLEI is the leading global network of more than 1,500 cities, towns and regions committed to building a sustainable future. By helping the ICLEI Network to become sustainable, low-carbon, Ecomobile, resilient, biodiverse, resource-efficient, healthy and happy, with a green economy and smart infrastructure, we impact over 25% of the global urban population. More information is available at & 12