"In-situ observations; status and challenges towards developing an adequate monitoring capacity".

Transcription

1 "In-situ observations; status and challenges towards developing an adequate monitoring capacity". Kjetil Tørseth, EMEP-CCC/NILU EMEP-HTAP workshop, Geneva 4-6. Jan 7 The operational system of the CLRTAP Assessment of effects WGE WGSR Proposed strategies Implementation Committee Emission data EMEP Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes CCE Critical load maps CIAM Source-receptor relationships MSC-W MSC-E CCC Critical load Stock at risk Scenarios Transport Costs, fluxes technologies Emissions Monitored data Countries FP5 GMES-GATO

2 Integrated observations (Google; 1. hits) [Wikipedia; Integration is a process of combining or accumulating, may be any bringing together of things, Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts ] Combining data from different sources/platforms to improve our basis for interpretation (possibly also through the use of models). Integration with respect to - capacities in order to provide a reasonable geographical coverage? - approaches in order to provide comparable results across initiatives? - related topics (ecosystems, health, materials, climate) - scales (local regional global) - data provision, meta data definitions etc? - ambition of various organisations to be important players - irrasjonalities on a national level

3 "In-situ observations; status and challenges towards developing an adequate monitoring capacity". Main focus; - capacities, - quality and intercomparability - availability of data (for integration with other observations). - relevant initiative which will support HTAP (GEOMON)

4 Surface in-situ Air Quality networks Human exposure focus (high conc.), incomplete list of parameters for process understanding, site representativity highly variable, many sites Types of data Background chemical composition networks S-R relationships, trends, international framework, well established dataflow Supersites process oriented, more complex to assess, discontinuous, often limited access Vertical in-situ Balloon soundings free troposphere, stratosphere Aircraft based mainly free troposhere (commercial aircrafts and campaigns) Remote sensing (active or passive), vertical profiles, total coloumn Surface based Aircraft based Satellite based Multi-media concentrations and bi-directional fluxes biota, water, soil, ice

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7 WMO ICP

8 Results from the th EMEP laboratory inter-calibration (absolute value of the average percent error). Lab \ component SO impr. SO abs. HNO 3 NH 3 NO CS DK FI FR.9 DE HU IS IE 1.1 NO PL PT.3 ES SE CH.4 RU UK SK LT 1. LV TU HR.8 SI EE 4..7 PL Env Lab \ component SO4-S NO3-N NH4- N Mg Na Cl Ca K Cond. ph diff ph (H+) 1AT CS DK FI FR DE(Leip.) DE(Schau.) HU IS IE (MET) IT- CNR NL NO PL PT RO ES SE CH RU GB YU CA US-I IT( ISP) 31 SK LT LV TR CR SI IE ( ESB) EE PL ( Env.) MK <5% 5-1% 1-% >%

9 Field intercomparison The Netherlands (Bilthoven) The Dutch measurements of SO and NO are done using UV-fluorescence and chemiluminescence monitors respectively. The analysis of SO 4 - and NO 3 - are done on PM 1 aerosol samples SO SO 4 μg-s/m NILU y =.69x +.6 R = RIVM NILU filterpack RIVM monitor μg-s/m NILU RIVM NILU 3 1 y = 1.8x +.1 R = RIVM 1 apr.1 jun.1 jul.1 sep.1 nov.1 des.1 feb. apr. mai. apr.1 jun.1 jul.1 sep.1 nov.1 des.1 feb. apr. mai. NO 5 NILU 4 y = 1.1x +.4 RIVM R =.7 NO 3 sum NO3 (NILU) 4 NILU μg-n/m RIVM 1 apr.1 jun.1 jul.1 sep.1 nov.1 des.1 feb. apr. mai.

10 Field intercomparison Slovenia (Iskrba) Filter-pack sampling and analysis by IC SO SO NILU Iskrba 9-feb- NILU NILU 5.5 NILU Iskrba μg-s/m feb- y = 1.1x +.8 R = Iskrba μg-s/m 3 3 y = 1.1x +.9 R = Iskrba 1 1 μg-n/m 3 aug-1 okt-1 des-1 jan- mar- mai- jun- aug NILU 6 4 excluding aug,oct, nov, may and june: y = 1.15x +.17 R = Iskrba snhx Iskrba NILU μg-n/m 3 aug-1 okt-1 des-1 jan- mar- mai- jun- aug- 4 3 Iskrba NILU NILU 4 data expt may & june: y =.67x +.1 R = Iskrba sno 3 1 1

11 Comparison of SO measurements (filterpack vs. TCM) in Germany and Turkey.5 Filterpack TCM filterpack y =.87x +.34 R =.6 Schauinsland (DE3) μgs/m TCM julian day, 1 Filterpack 8 TCM 6 μgs/m 3 4 filterpack y = 1.18x -.5 R = TCM Zingst (DE9)

12 QA flags for SO based on field intercomp. IE FR

13 Measurement and model intercomparison Cd in precip at FI Mod Obs?? ES NO ,Jan 199,Jul 1995,Jan 1997,Jul,Jan,Jul

14 Current integration initiatives WMO-GAW SACs and WCCs! Bi-lateral cooperation between regional networks (EANET, EMEP, CASTNET, CAPMON ) EECCA region, Russia (EMEP/EANET) monitoring capacity Initiatives providing capacity building and improvement in infrastructures Field data resources meta data compilation (ACCENT) Quality assurance documentation archive (ACCENT) Support towards access to infrastructures and mobility (EU FP6 and FP7) Infrastructures projects (FP6 and FP7) Development of new reference methods (e.g. EC/OC) Initiatives towards data flow harmonisation (including meta-data harmonisation) Current EMEP monitoring strategy is for the period 4-9, input from the HTAP related to the coming revision is needed. Harmonsation of monitoring strategies outside the EMEP domaign should be considered (initiatives to provide funding for selected observations at inflow/outflow sites, or similar)

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16 XX Field intercomparisons Aerosols by filterpack Outside Europe SO4 XX NH4 XX Na XX

17 New EMEP sites in the EECCA region Support from: CAPACT Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs KZ: Borovoye MD: Leovo UA: Danube delta GE: Abastumani AR: In process

18 Intercomparison of filter methods, North America EMEP (Dave McTavish) The intercomparison will include the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). There will be four intensive sampling periods each of which will encompass four consecutive weeks of ambient measurements. The goal is to cover all four seasons with the first sampling period tentatively scheduled to begin sometime during January 7. Ambient measurements will be carried out at the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE) located at Egbert, Ontario, Canada (Latitude , Longitude ).

19 Obstacles for adequate observation data provision Key points; - long term commitment is important - performing measurements requires significant efforts and is thus expensive - funding comes partly from monitoring obligations, offers a long term perspective - dependent of political priorities - many measurements are funded through institute funding - data openness is less developed in some regions - capacities and/or competencies do not exist - intellectual property rights, co-authorship is seen important - data reporting requires some effort, many initiatives and often many formats - data are only reported if one is required or if one see a benefit - any additions to cost must be compensated by a reduction of same magnitude - any reduction to a programme is difficult to re-establish - long response-time for introducing changes (bi-directional) - competitive market

20 In-situ observations Higher level information, Integration with other data, Assessment - Reporting according to obligations - Voluntary reporting to community resources Data use, at project level - evaluation and interpretation - PI s, intellectual prop rights - data restrictions Feedbacks - securing funding for continued operation - improved monitoring Sites - various levels of sophistication - geographical coverage - methodologies - representativity - quality, access to data - funding issues

21 Data sharing agreements AIRBASE WMO WDCA WMO WDGG WMO WDPC Above: Complex data infrastructure and formalized routines for data flow AMAP OSPAR COMISSION HELCOM OECD-LRTAP Below: Ad-hoc and independent archival, snap-shot db s, flatfile depositories, virtual data compilations

22 EBAS facts Official database for EMEP, OSPAR, HELCOM and AMAP (CREATE/EUSAAR), 878 chemical/physical components 43 countries 55 sites 15 data sets (1 site x 1 component x 1 year)

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24 Activities include; QA and methodology development and harmonisation NRT-data provision (with QA) Poor mans lidar (Max-DOAS) I3-project Coord. Flossmann/Laj, CNRS

25 CEN Develop air quality standards for Europe (linked to EU directives). Important to have a close link to similar work in EMEP. Heavy metals incl Hg PAH and other POPs PM Sampling head 1 diam. Denuder diam. 1 Quartz filter C- imp. glass filter EUSAAR Develop standard for EC/OC QA of new type of aerosol measurements (nephelometer, DMPS..) Data reporting and dissemination

26 FP6, Integrated Project, , European Atmospheric Observation Systems; Coordinated by P. Ciais, CEA-LSCE Sustain and analyze European ground based observations of atmospheric composition, complementary with satellite measurements Lay foundations for a European contribution to GEOSS and optimize the European strategy of environmental monitoring in the field of atmospheric composition observations Allow access to data through a common data centre Enable innovative ground based measurements complimentary to satellites and more USERS Additional measurements performed in GEOMON (to fill gaps and to link with EO observations) GHGs -AGAGE, -CMDL -CarboEurope -IMECC -Others Reactive Gases -EMEP, -AirBase -NitroEurope -Others Aerosols -EMEP (WDCA), -EUSAAR -AirBase -EARLINET ASOS -AERONET -Others Ozone/UV -NDACC -WOUDC -WRC -others

27 G. Jennings