Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets

Transcription

1 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Here we present the Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets which later on will be available on HELCOM web pages: Nitrogen emissions Nitrogen depositions: Heavy metals emissions Heavy metals depositions BaP emissions BaP depositions

2 162 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Nitrogen emissions to the air in the Baltic Sea area Authors: Jerzy Bartnicki and Anna Benedictow, EMEP MSC-W Key message In all HELCOM Contracting Parties, nitrogen oxides emissions are 12-61% lower in 2014 than in 1995 with the most significant drop of nitrogen oxides emissions in Denmark (61%) followed by Finland (46%), Sweden (45%) and Germany (44%). Also, for all HELCOM Contracting Parties the reductions of total nitrogen emissions can be observed in the period , ranging from 3% in Estonia to 47% in Denmark. Only ammonia, annual emissions increase in three out of nine HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period These are: Estonia (10%), Germany (9%) and Finland (2%). In the remaining countries a decline (2-33%) of the ammonia emissions can be noticed. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends of annual nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions from anthropogenic sources in HELCOM Contracting Parties into the air. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea basin and catchment. Policy relevance and policy reference The HELCOM Ministerial Declaration of 1988 called for a 50 % reduction in discharges of nutrients to air and water by 1995 with 1987 as a base year. The 1992 Helsinki Convention and the 1998 Ministerial Declaration reaffirmed the need to further reduce discharges; leading to the adoption of several relevant Recommendations concerning measures to reduce emissions from point sources and diffuse sources. In 1990 HELCOM adopted its first Recommendation on Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Load (HELCOM Recommendation 11/1), which was later superseded by the Recommendations 14/1 and 24/1. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and in the EU NEC Directive. The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Gothenburg (Sweden) on 30 November The 1999 Protocol set emission ceilings for 2010 for four pollutants: sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These ceilings were negotiated on the basis of scientific assessments of pollution effects and abatement options. Parties whose emissions had a more severe environmental or health impact and whose emissions were relatively cheap to reduce had to make the biggest cuts. The original 1999 Protocol was amended in 2012 to include national emission reduction commitments to be achieved in 2020 and beyond. Following the revised Gothenburg Protocol, nitrogen oxides emissions in 2020 will be reduced between 18% and 56% in 31 countries, compared to 2005 annual emissions. The largest relative reductions will be in Denmark (56%), United Kingdom (55%) and France (50%). Ammonia emissions will be also reduced in the same 31 countries, but in the lower range 1-24%. The largest relative reductions of ammonia emissions will be in Denmark (24%), Finland (20%) and Sweden (15%).

3 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 163 Assessment Here we show and discuss nitrogen emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in 2016 and presented to Second Joint Session of the Steering Body to the EMEP and the Working Group on Effects, which took place September 2016 in Geneva. The emissions for 2014 have been derived from the 2016 official data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May The gridded distributions of the 2014 emissions have been provided by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). The emissions for the period of have been derived from the data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May Re-submissions of emission data in 2016 are not included since the gridded data set for has not been updated by CEIP this year. However, on request from Germany we also present German emission data for the period resubmitted in 2016 in Tables 2 and 3.The gridded emission data used in the model calculations this year are available on WebDab at: Time series of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen annual emissions in the period are shown, for all HELCOM Contracting Parties, in Figure 1. Time series of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen annual emissions for the same period, in percent of 1995 emissions, are shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Map of annual atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: ktonnes N/yr. Note: Different scales have been used for the various countries. The data cover emissions from all countries, except for Russia, where only emissions from the area covered by EMEP are included. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in 2016

4 164 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 2. Map of annual atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia and total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period , in percent of 1995 emissions. Note: The data cover emissions from all countries, except for Russia, where only emissions from the area covered by EMEP are included. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in For most of the countries, a decline in nitrogen emissions can be seen in the period An increase can only be noticed for ammonia emissions from Estonia, Germany and Finland. A reduction for the emissions from the Baltic Sea region in the years is more significant for nitrogen oxides emissions than for ammonia emissions. Nitrogen oxides emissions from the international ship traffic on the Baltic Sea (not shown here) are on the same level according to CEIP inventory. According to estimates of the Finish Meteorological Institute (FMI) ship emissions from the Baltic Sea are decreasing from the year 2007 and especially for the last three years. In all HELCOM Contracting Parties, nitrogen oxides emissions are 12-61% lower in 2014 than in 1995 with the most significant drop of nitrogen oxides emissions in Denmark (61%) followed by Finland (46%), Sweden (45%) and Germany (44%). Large reduction, in the considered period, can be also noticed in Latvia (33%) and Poland (32%) and smaller in Lithuania (17%), Estonia (14%) and Russia (12%). Ammonia, emissions in six out of nine HELCOM Contracting Parties are lower in 2014 than in 1995, with the largest reduction in Denmark (33%), followed by Poland (16%), Sweden (16%), Lithuania (14%), Russia (6%) and finally Latvia (2%). Compared to 1995, ammonia emissions in 2014 are higher in Estonia (10%), Germany (9%) and Finland (2%).

5 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 165 For all HELCOM Contracting Parties the reductions of total nitrogen emissions can be observed in the period , ranging from 3% in Estonia to 47% in Denmark. Besides Denmark, large reductions of total nitrogen emissions in the considered period can also be observed in Finland and Sweden both 33%. Emissions from outside the Baltic Sea region add to the nitrogen loads entering the Baltic, as do emissions from the ships. In 2014, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from international ship traffic on the Baltic Sea contributed 12% to oxidised nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea basin. Data Table 1. National total emissions of nitrogen oxides from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in For nitrogen oxides these emissions are the same as resubmitted by Germany in Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

6 166 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 2. National total emissions of ammonia from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in On request from Germany, we also present ammonia emissions resubmitted to CEIP by in 2016 (Italics). Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

7 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 167 Table 3. National total emissions of total nitrogen from individual HELCOM Contracting Parties in the period Units: kt N/yr. Emission data as used in the EMEP MSC-W model calculations performed in On request from Germany, we also present ammonia emissions resubmitted to CEIP by in 2016 (Italics). Year Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,4

8 168 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Meta data Technical information 1. Source: EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). 2. Description of data: The gridded distributions of the 2014 emissions have been provided by CEIP. The emissions for the period of have been derived from the data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May Resubmissions of emission data in 2016 are not included since the gridded data set for has not been updated by CEIP this year. However, on request from Germany, ammonia emissions from Germany emission resubmitted in 2016 are presented in Tables 2 and resulting emissions of total nitrogen in Table Geographical coverage: EMEP domain covering Europe, a part of Asia and a part of Atlantic Ocean. 4. Temporal coverage: Data on nitrogen oxides and ammonia emissions are presented here for the period Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to CLRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat; the methodology is based on combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted data are passing through QA/QC procedure and stored in the EMEP Centre for Emission inventories and Projections CEIP in Vienna, Austria. Quality information 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database; Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions which have to be corrected by experts. Delays in updating historical emission data submitted by the EMEP Contracting Parties. 7. Uncertainty. No official information about the uncertainty of provided nitrogen emission data is available from CEIP. 8. Further work required: Further work on emission uncertainty is required. Last updated:

9 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 169 Atmospheric nitrogen depositions to the Baltic Sea in the period Authors: Jerzy Bartnicki and Anna Benedictow, EMEP MSC-W Key message Depositions of oxidised nitrogen and total nitrogen, calculated with the EMEP/MSC-W model are 27% and 17% lower in 2014 than in 1995 respectively, while deposition of reduced nitrogen remains on the same level in There is a clear decreasing tendency in calculated normalised annual total deposition of nitrogen in the period , which corresponds to decreasing nitrogen emissions from the HELCOM area of interest in the same period. Compared to 1995, calculated normalised depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen in 2014 are lower: 36% and 12%, respectively. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in oxidised reduced and total atmospheric nitrogen depositions to the Baltic Sea. The depositions of nitrogen compounds represent the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea basin and catchment. Policy relevance and policy reference The HELCOM Ministerial Declaration of 1988 called for a 50 % reduction in discharges of nutrients to air and water by 1995 with 1987 as a base year. The 1992 Helsinki Convention and the 1998 Ministerial Declaration reaffirmed the need to further reduce discharges; leading to the adoption of several relevant Recommendations concerning measures to reduce emissions from point sources and diffuse sources. In 1990 HELCOM adopted its first Recommendation on Monitoring of Airborne Pollution Load (HELCOM Recommendation 11/1) which was later superseded by the Recommendations 14/1 and 24/1. Assessment Here we show atmospheric depositions of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen computed with the latest version of the EMEP/MSC-W model. The latest available emission data for the HELCOM countries and all other EMEP sources have been used in the model calculations. The emissions for 2014 have been derived from the 2016 official data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May The gridded distributions of the 2014 emissions have been provided by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). The

10 % of EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM emissions for the period of have been derived from the data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May Re-submissions of emission data in 2016 are not included since the gridded data set for has not been updated by CEIP this year. Because of improvements in the model and emissions updated for previous years, deposition trends in the period are different this year. This is mainly visible in deposition of oxidised nitrogen and in wet deposition to the Baltic Sea basin. There is a clear descending tendency in deposition of oxidised nitrogen, whereas deposition of reduced nitrogen remains on similar level. Calculated annual oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen depositions to the entire Baltic Sea basin in the period are shown in Figure Year Total N Oxidised N Reduced N Figure 1. Atmospheric deposition of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to the entire Baltic Sea basin for the period , in per cent of 1995 value. No significant trends could be detected in annual deposition of reduced nitrogen to the Baltic Sea basin in the considered period. However, a decreasing tendency is clearly visible in both, depositions of oxidised and total nitrogen. Depositions of oxidised nitrogen and total nitrogen are 27% and 17% lower in 2014 than in 1995, respectively, while the reduced nitrogen deposition remains on the same level in 1995 and Mainly because of inter-annual changes in meteorological conditions, calculated annual nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins varies significantly from one year to another in the entire period Maximum annual deposition of oxidised nitrogen (190 kt N), reduced nitrogen (119 kt N) and total nitrogen (309) to the Baltic Sea takes place in the same year Minimum of annual deposition can be noticed in the years 2013 and 2004 for oxidised nitrogen (124 kt N) and reduced nitrogen (94 kt N), respectively. Minimum of total nitrogen deposition (220 kt N) occurs in the same year 2013 as minimum of oxidised nitrogen deposition.

11 Annual deposition (kt N) Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 171 To avoid a strong influence of inter-annual meteorological variability on annual nitrogen deposition, the so called normalised nitrogen deposition was calculated in the way described in Appendix D of the EMEP report for HELCOM. The calculated normalised annual deposition of total nitrogen in the period is shown in Figure Total N Year Maximum Normalised Annual Minimum Figure 2. Normalised deposition of total nitrogen for the period Minimum, maximum and actual annual values of the deposition are also shown. The minimum and maximum annual values are determined by the meteorological conditions for each particular year. A quick inspection of Figure 2 indicates clearly decreasing tendency in normalised annual total deposition of nitrogen which corresponds to decreasing nitrogen emissions from the HELCOM area of interest. Compared to 1995, normalised depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen in 2014 are lower: 36% and 12%, respectively. Calculated annual total nitrogen depositions to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea in the period are presented in Figure 3.

12 172 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 3. Atmospheric deposition of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period Units: ktonnes N/year. Note: the scales for the sea regions are different! Sub-basins: ARC=Archipelago Sea; BAP=Baltic Proper; BOB=Bothnian Bay; BOS=Bothnian Sea; GUF=Gulf of Finland; GUR=Gulf of Riga; KAT=Kattegat; SOU=The Sound; WEB=Western Baltic. Click image to enlarge. Calculated annual depositions of oxidised nitrogen are clearly lower (13-34%) in 2014 than in 1995 in all subbasins. Also depositions of total nitrogen are lower in 2014 compared to 1995 in the range of 2-28%. Annual depositions of reduced nitrogen are higher in 2014 than in 1995 in three out of nine sub-basins only: KAT (13%), WEB (6%) and BAP (3%). They are lower (5-16%) in remaining six sub-basins. There is a significant inter-annual variability in annual nitrogen depositions to individual sub-basins, but for most of them maximum of the deposition can be noticed in the year 2000.

13 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 173 Data Table 1. Calculated, with the EMEP/MSC-W model, annual depositions of oxidised nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

14 174 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 2. Calculated, with the EMEP/MSC-W model, annual depositions of reduced nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

15 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 175 Table 3. Calculated, with the EMEP/MSC-W model, annual depositions of total nitrogen to the sub-basins and the entire basin of the Baltic Sea in the period Units: kt N per year. YEAR Sub-basin ARC BAP BOB BOS GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS

16 176 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 4. Calculated, with the EMEP/MSC-W model, normalised depositions of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen to the Baltic Sea basin in the period Units: kt N per year. YEAR OXIDISED RREDUCED TOTAL Metadata Technical information 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-W. 2. Description of data: The atmospheric depositions of oxidised and reduced nitrogen were calculated with the latest version of EMEP/MSC-W model in Oslo. The latest available official emission data for the HELCOM countries have been used in the model computations. The emissions for 2014 have been derived from the 2016

17 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 177 official data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May The gridded distributions of the 2014 emissions have been provided by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP). The emissions for the period of have been derived from the data submissions to UNECE CLRTAP as of May Re-submissions of emission data in 2016 are not included since the gridded data set for has not been updated by CEIP this year. 3. Geographical coverage: Atmospheric depositions of oxidised, reduced and total nitrogen were computed for the entire EMEP domain, which includes Baltic Sea basin and catchment. 4. Temporal coverage: Time series of computed annual atmospheric depositions to the Baltic Sea basin and its sub-basins are available for the period Methodology and frequency of data collection: Atmospheric input and source allocation budgets of nitrogen (oxidised, reduced and total) to the Baltic Sea basins and catchments were computed using the latest version of EMEP/MSC-W model. EMEP/MSC-W model is a multi pollutant, three-dimensional Eulerian model which takes into account processes of emission, advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformations, wet and dry depositions and inflow of pollutants into the model domain. Complete description of the model and its applications is available on the web Calculations of atmospheric transport and depositions of nitrogen compounds are performed annually two years in arrears on the basis of emission data officially submitted by Parties to CLRTAP Convention and expert estimates. Quality information 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: annually updated information on atmospheric input of oxidised and reduced nitrogen to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins. Weakness: gaps and uncertainties in officially submitted by countries time series of nitrogen emissions to air increase the uncertainty of computed depositions. 7. Uncertainty: The results of the EMEP/MSC-W model are routinely compared with available measurements at EMEP and HELCOM stations. The comparison of calculated versus measured data indicates that the model predicts the observed air concentrations of nitrogen within the accuracy of approximately 30%. 8. Further work required: Further work is required on reducing uncertainties in emission data and better parameterization of physical processes in the EMEP/MSC-W model. Last updated: 24 November 2016

18 178 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Atmospheric emissions of heavy metals in the Baltic Sea region Editor(s): Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual atmospheric cadmium and mercury emissions of HELCOM countries have decreased by 39% and 48% during the period from 1990 to Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in cadmium and mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries to the atmosphere. The emissions of heavy metals represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea region and subsequently on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of heavy metals to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol on Heavy Metals on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). It targets three particularly harmful metals: cadmium, lead and mercury. According to one of the basic obligations, Parties have to reduce their emissions for these three metals below their levels in The Protocol has been entered into force in 2003 and has been signed and/or ratified by 41 countries. Assessment Annual emissions of heavy metals from HELCOM countries have decreased during the period by 39% for cadmium, and 48% for mercury (Figure 1). The most significant drop of cadmium emissions can be noted for Finland (81%) and Estonia (80%). Cadmium emission of Latvia has increased by 27% since Mercury emission most significantly declined in Denmark (90%) and Lithuania (85%). The reduction in heavy metal emission to the atmosphere is a consequence of increased use of cleaner production technologies as well as of economic contraction and industrial restructuring in Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia in early 1990s. In comparison to previously submitted emission data for the period , HM emission of the HELCOM

19 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 179 countries presented in this report for years from 2007 are considerably higher. The increase of HM emissions takes place mostly due to the updated estimates of HM emissions of the Russian Federation, carried out by CEIP (Tista et al., 2016). In particular, estimates of national emission of Russia for the period were complemented by the emissions from GNFR sector A_PublicPower, extrapolated from the years 2002 to In 2014 total annual emissions of HELCOM countries amounted to 83 tonnes of cadmium, and 37 tonnes of mercury. Among the HELCOM countries the largest contributions to cadmium total emission belong to Russia (71%) and Poland (17%), and for mercury to Russia (43%), Poland (26%) and Germany (25%). Maps with time-series of annual total Cd and Hg emissions of HELCOM countries are shown in Figures 2-3. The diagrams also present the fractions of emissions deposited to the Baltic Sea. The largest fractions belong to Denmark and Sweden (about 20% for cadmium and 10% for mercury), and the lowest one to Russia (about 0.5%). Emission, % to Cd Hg Figure 1. Total annual emissions of cadmium and mercury to air from HELCOM countries in period (% of 1990).

20 180 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 2: Map of cadmium emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

21 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 181 Figure 3: Map of mercury emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries!

22 182 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Data Numerical data on HM anthropogenic emissions of HELCOM countries are given in the following tables that can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (HM_emissions_data.xls). Table 1. Cadmium emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM Table 2. Mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM

23 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Meta data Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E, EMEP/CEIP. 2. Description of data: Annual total emissions of all three metals were officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) ( 3. Geographical coverage: EMEP region 4. Temporal coverage: Data on cadmium and mercury annual emission totals are available for the period for all HELCOM countries but Russia. The Russian Federation did not submitted information for 2001, 2007, 2008, and Values of HM emissions from Russia for were estimated by CEIP (Tista et al., 2016). 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on HM emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to LRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat. The methodology is based on combination of measurements of releases to the atmosphere and estimation of emission based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted emission data are processed using quality assurance and quality control procedure and stored in the UN ECE/EMEP emission database at EMEP/CEIP Centre. Quality information:

24 184 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM 6. Strength and weakness: Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions, uncertainties in national emissions, lack of gridded emissions, and incompleteness 7. Uncertainty: Among the HELCOM countries the level of uncertainty of official data on HM emission was reported by Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, and Sweden. From other EMEP countries the information on uncertainties of HM official emissions is available for Belarus, Belgium, France, Croatia, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom. The uncertainty of reported data on HM emissions expressed as percentage relative to mean value of emission is as follows: Finland: Cd % Hg ±21% Denmark: Cd 427% Hg 91% Estonia: Cd 130% Hg 138% Latvia: Cd 80% Hg 66% Poland: Cd 70% Hg 53% Sweden: Cd 35% Hg 56% Belarus: Cd 175% Hg 107% Belgium: Cd 231% Hg 145% France: Cd 28% Hg 20% Croatia: Cd 278% Hg 76% Cyprus: Cd 81% Hg 13% UK: Cd -30% to >50% Hg -30% to 50% 8. Further work required:

25 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 185 References Further work of national experts on emissions of heavy metals is required to fill the gaps in the emission time-series and to reduce their uncertainties. Tista M., Mareckova K. and R.Wankmueller [2016] Methodologies applied to the CEIP GNFR gap-filling Part I: Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Hg). Technical report CEIP 01/2016. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals on the Baltic Sea Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Levels of annual total atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to the Baltic Sea have decreased in period from 1990 to 2014 by 54% for cadmium, and 24% for mercury. Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in cadmium and mercury atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea. The deposition of heavy metals represents the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. Assessment Levels of annual total atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to the surface of the Baltic Sea have substantially decreased in the period from 1990 to 2014 (Figure 1). The figure illustrates relative changes of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium and mercury to the Baltic Sea along with changes of normalized deposition which reflect the effect of emission variations only without the influence of inter-annual variations of meteorological conditions. Description of the procedure applied for normalization of annual deposition is given in the Annex D of the Joint report of the EMEP Centres (Bartnicki et al., 2016).

26 186 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Levels of annual total atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to the Baltic Sea have decreased in period from 1990 to 2014 by 54% for cadmium, and 24% for mercury. For the individual sub-basins the most substantial decrease of HM deposition can be noted over the Bothnian Bay sub-basin for cadmium (68%) and over the Sound sub-basin for mercury (55%). The highest level of HM deposition fluxes over the Baltic Sea in 2014 is noted for its southern and western parts, in particular, the Belt Sea, the Kattegat, and the Sound. The most significant contributions among the HELCOM countries to HM deposition over the Baltic Sea in 2014 were made by Poland, Russia, and Germany. The reduction of atmospheric input of cadmium and mercury to the Baltic Sea is a result of abatement measures as well as of economic contraction and industrial restructuring in Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia in early 1990s Deposition in % to Cd Hg Deposition in % to Cd Hg a) b) Figure 1: Relative changes of modelled (a) and normalized (b) total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium and mercury to the Baltic Sea for the period , (in % to deposition in 1990).

27 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 187 Figure 2: Time-series of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of cadmium to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in tonnes/year as bars (left axis) and total deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for total deposition in tonnes/year and the same scales for total deposition fluxes.

28 188 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 3: Time-series of computed total annual atmospheric deposition of mercury to nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in tonnes/year as bars (left axis) and total deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for total deposition in tonnes/year and the same scales for total deposition fluxes.

29 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 189 Data Numerical data on computed HM depositions to the Baltic Sea are given in the following tables and can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (HM_deposition_data.xls). Table 1. Computed total annual deposition of cadmium to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins, the whole Baltic Sea (BAS) and normalized deposition to the Baltic Sea (Norm) for the period ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS Norm Table 2. Computed annual total deposition of mercury to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins, the whole Baltic Sea (BAS) and normalized deposition to the Baltic Sea (Norm) for the period ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS Norm

30 190 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Table 3. Computed contributions by country to annual total deposition of cadmium to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins for the year Country ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS DK 8.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 EE 3.8E E E E E E E E E E-01 FI 7.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 DE 4.5E E E E E E E E E E-01 LV 3.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 LT 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 PL 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-01 RU 2.4E E E E E E E E E E-01 SE 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 AL 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-04 AT 3.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 BE 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 BG 2.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 BA 1.7E E E E E E E E E E-03 BY 3.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 CH 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 CY 6.4E E E E E E E E E E-05 CZ 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 ES 6.5E E E E E E E E E E-02 FR 6.7E E E E E E E E E E-02 GB 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-02 GR 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 HR 8.7E E E E E E E E E E-03 HU 2.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 IE 5.7E E E E E E E E E E-03 IS 2.3E E E E E E E E E E-05 IT 4.8E E E E E E E E E E-02 MD 8.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 MK 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-04 NL 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 NO 2.7E E E E E E E E E E-03 PT 1.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 RO 8.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 SK 4.5E E E E E E E E E E-02 SI 6.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 UA 8.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 RS 2.6E E E E E E E E E E-03

31 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 191 AM 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-06 AZ 6.3E E E E E E E E E E-04 KZ 4.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 GE 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-04 TR 4.3E E E E E E E E E E-02 LU 2.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 MC 6.1E E E E E E E E E E-05 KY 8.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 UZ 4.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 TU 3.2E E E E E E E E E E-05 TJ 9.0E E E E E E E E E E-05 MT 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 ME 7.5E E E E E E E E E E-04 AF 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 AS 2.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 NSR EMEP HELCOM Total Table 4. Computed contributions by country to annual total deposition of mercury to nine Baltic Sea sub-basins for the year Country ARC BOB BOS BAP GUF GUR KAT SOU WEB BAS DK 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 EE 9.6E E E E E E E E E E-02 FI 1.5E E E E E E E E E E-02 DE 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-01 LV 1.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 LT 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 PL 2.8E E E E E E E E E E-01 RU 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-02 SE 7.0E E E E E E E E E E-02 AL 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-04 AT 5.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 BE 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 BG 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-04 BA 6.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 BY 1.5E E E E E E E E E E-03 CH 4.1E E E E E E E E E E-03 CY 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-06 CZ 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-02 ES 1.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 FR 2.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 GB 6.0E E E E E E E E E E-02 GR 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-03 HR 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-04 HU 5.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 IE 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 IS 1.4E E E E E E E E E E-05 IT 1.8E E E E E E E E E E-03 MD 1.0E E E E E E E E E E-04 MK 7.3E E E E E E E E E E-04 NL 8.6E E E E E E E E E E-03

32 192 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM NO 5.4E E E E E E E E E E-03 PT 1.7E E E E E E E E E E-04 RO 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 SK 1.3E E E E E E E E E E-03 SI 6.8E E E E E E E E E E-04 UA 5.4E E E E E E E E E E-02 RS 5.3E E E E E E E E E E-03 AM 3.1E E E E E E E E E E-05 AZ 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-05 KZ 8.2E E E E E E E E E E-03 GE 1.9E E E E E E E E E E-05 TR 1.6E E E E E E E E E E-03 LU 4.3E E E E E E E E E E-04 MC 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-05 KY 2.9E E E E E E E E E E-06 UZ 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-04 TM 1.2E E E E E E E E E E-05 TJ 5.4E E E E E E E E E E-05 MT 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-06 ME 3.0E E E E E E E E E E-04 AF 3.9E E E E E E E E E E-03 AS 5.0E E E E E E E E E E-03 NSR EMEP HELCOM Total Metadata Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E 2. Description of data: Levels of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals over the Baltic Sea were obtained using the latest version of MSCE-HM model developed at EMEP/MSC-E (Travnikov and Ilyin, 2005). The latest available official emission data for the HELCOM countries have been used in the model computations. Emissions of all three metals for each year of this period were officially reported by most of HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) ( The information on the HM emission data used for modelling is presented in the indicator on the HM emission to the air. 3. Geographical coverage: Atmospheric deposition of cadmium and mercury were obtained for the European region and surrounding areas covered by the EMEP modelling domain. 4. Temporal coverage: Time-series of annual atmospheric deposition are available for the period

33 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Methodology and frequency of data collection: Atmospheric input and source allocation budgets of heavy metals (cadmium and mercury) to the Baltic Sea and its catchment area were computed using the latest version of MSCE-HM model. MSCE-HM is the regional-scale model operating within the EMEP region. This is a three-dimensional Eulerian model which includes processes of emission, advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformations of mercury, wet and dry deposition, and inflow of pollutant into the model domain. Horizontal grid of the model is defined using stereographic projection with spatial resolution 50 km at 60º latitude. The description of EMEP grid system can be found in the internet ( Vertical structure of the model consists of 15 non-uniform layers defined in the terrain-following - coordinates and covers almost the whole troposphere. Detailed description of the model can be found in EMEP reports (Travnikov and Ilyin, 2005) and in the Internet on EMEP web page under the link to information on Heavy Metals. Meteorological data used in the calculations for were obtained using MM5 meteorological data pre-processor on the basis of meteorological analysis of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Calculations of atmospheric transport and deposition of cadmium and mercury are provided on the regular basis annually two years in arrears on the basis of emission data officially submitted by Parties to LRTAP Convention. Quality information: 6. Strength and weakness: 7. Uncertainty: Strength: annually updated information on atmospheric input of cadmium and mercury to the Baltic Sea and its sub-basins. Weakness: uncertainties in officially submitted data on emissions of heavy metals. The MSCE-HM model has been verified in a number of intercomparison campaigns with other regional HM transport models (Sofiev et al., 1996; Gusev et al., 2000; Ryaboshapko et al., 2001,2005) and has been qualified by means of sensitivity and uncertainty studies (Travnikov, 2000). It was concluded in these publications that the results of heavy metal airborne transport modelling were in satisfactory agreement with the available measurements and the discrepancies did not exceed on average a factor of two. The comparison of calculated versus measured data indicates that the model predicts the observed air concentrations of lead and cadmium within the accuracy of 30%. For concentrations in precipitation the difference between calculated and measured values may reach two times. Computed mercury concentrations deviate from measured values within a factor of two. The model was thoroughly reviewed at the workshop held in October, 2005 under supervision of the EMEP Task Force of Measurements and Modelling (TFMM). It was concluded that MSC-E model is

34 194 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM suitable for the evaluation of long-range transboundary transport and deposition of HMs in Europe [ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2006/4]. 8. Further work required: Further work is required to reduce uncertainties in HM modelling approaches applied in the EMEP MSCE-HM model. References Gusev A., Ilyin I., Petersen G., van Pul A. and Syrakov D. [2000] Long-range transport model intercomparison studies. Model intercomparison study for cadmium. EMEP/ESC-E Report 2/2000, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East, Moscow, Russia. ( Ilyin I., O. Rozovskaya, V. Sokovykh, O. Travnikov (2007) Atmospheric modelling of heavy metal pollution in Europe: Further development and evaluation of the MSCE-HM model. EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 4/2007. ( Ryaboshapko A., Ilyin I., Bullock R., Ebinghaus R., Lohman K., Munthe J., Petersen G., Segneur C., Wa ngberg I. [2001] Intercomparison study of numerical models for long-range atmospheric transport of mercury. Stage I: Comparison of chemical modules for mercury transformations in a cloud/fog environment. EMEP/MSC-E Technical report 2/2001, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East, Moscow, Russia. ( Ryaboshapko A., Artz R., Bullock R., Christensen J., Cohen M., Draxler R., Ilyin I., Munthe J., Pacyna J., Petersen G., Syrak ov D., and Travnikov O. [2005] Itercopmparison study of numerical models for long-range atmospheric transport of mercury. Stage III. Comparison of modelling results with long-term observations and comparison of calculated itens of regional balances. EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2005, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East, Moscow, Russia. ( Sofiev M., Maslyaev A. and Gusev A. [1996] Heavy metal model intercomparison. Methodology and results for Pb in EMEP/MSC- E Report 2/1996, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East, Moscow, Russia. ( Travnikov O. [2000] Uncertainty analysis of heavy metals long-range transport modelling. EMEP/MSC-E Technical note 9/2000, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East, Moscow, Russia. ( Travnikov O. and Ilyin I. (2005) Regional Model MSCE-HM of Heavy Metal Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe. EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 6/2005. ( Bartnicki J., Gusev A., Aas W. and A. Benedictow (2016) Atmospheric supply of nitrogen, cadmium, mercury, Benzo(a)pyrene, and PBDEs to the Baltic Sea in EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM. EMEP/MSC-W Technical Report 1/2016. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Oslo, Norway. Available also on the web:

35 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 195 Atmospheric emissions of Benzo(a)pyrene in the Baltic Sea region Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual emissions of benzo(a)pyrene in HELCOM countries have decreased by 51% during the period from 1990 to Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in emissions of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries to the atmosphere. These emissions represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea region and subsequently on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment. Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of B(a)P to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). According to one of the basic obligations, Parties to the Convention shall reduce their emissions of B(a)P below their levels in The Protocol has been entered into force in 2003 and has been signed and/or ratified by 40 countries. Assessment Based on officially reported inventories of POP releases, annual emissions of B(a)P in HELCOM countries have decreased during the period from 1990 to 2014 by 51% (Figure 1). The most significant drop of B(a)P emissions (see Figure 2) is noted for Germany (82%), Latvia (46%), and Finland (38%). Other HELCOM countries are characterized by less significant changes of emissions from 2% to 36%. At the same time emissions of Denmark and Poland in 2014 were higher than emissions for 1990, by 24% and 20% respectively.

36 196 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM In 2014 total annual B(a)P emissions of HELCOM countries amounted to 108 t. Among the HELCOM countries the largest contributions to total annual B(a)P emissions of HELCOM countries belong to Poland (40%), Germany (23%), and Russia (21%). Maps with time-series of annual total B(a)P emissions of HELCOM countries are shown in Figure 2. The diagrams on the map also show the fractions of emissions deposited to the Baltic Sea. The highest fractions belong to Denmark and Sweden (13% and 12%, respectively), and the lowest one to the Russian Federation (about 0.4%) Emission, % to Years Figure 1. Total annual emissions of B(a)P to air from HELCOM countries in period (% of 1990).

37 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 197 Figure 2: Map of B(a)P emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries

38 198 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Data Numerical data on B(a)P anthropogenic emissions of HELCOM countries are given in the following table that can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (BaP_emissions_data.xls). Table 1. Total annual B(a)P emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries in period from 1990 to Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden HELCOM Meta data Technical information: 1. Source: EMEP/MSC-E, EMEP/CEIP. 2. Description of data: Annual total emissions of 4 PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene are officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) (

39 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets Geographical coverage: EMEP region 4. Temporal coverage: Data on annual emissions of benzo(a)pyrene are available for the period for all HELCOM countries but Russia and Finland. The Russian Federation did not submitted information on B(a)P emissions for the years 2001, Therefore value of PAH emissions for 2001 was obtained using interpolation. The same level of emissions from Russia as for 2002 was assumed in model simulations for Finland submitted emission data for the period on 4 PAHs without splitting for individual congeners. Estimates of B(a)P emissions from Finland have been prepared by CEIP (Tista et al., 2016). 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: National data on emissions of 4 PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene are annually submitted by countries Parties to LRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat. The methodology is based on combination of measurements of releases to the atmosphere and estimation of emission based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted emission data are processed using quality assurance and quality control procedure and stored in the UN ECE/EMEP emission database at EMEP/CEIP Centre. Quality information: 6. Strength and weakness: 7. Uncertainty: Strength: gridded information on PAH emissions Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions, uncertainties in national emissions, lack of gridded emissions, and information on congener composition of emissions Among the HELCOM countries the level of uncertainties of official data on PAH emissions were reported by Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, and Sweden. From other EMEP countries the information on uncertainties of officially reported B(a)P emissions is available for Belarus, Belgium, France, Croatia, Cyprus, and the United Kingdom. The uncertainty of reported data on PAH emissions expressed as percentage relative to mean value of emission is as follows: Finland: % Denmark: 685% Estonia: 127%

40 200 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Latvia: 70% Sweden: 660% Belarus: 237% Belgium: 291% France: 61% Croatia: 365% Cyprus: 129% UK: 447% 8. Further work required: Further work of national experts on emissions of B(a)P is required to fill the gaps in the emission timeseries and to reduce their uncertainties. The information on seasonal variations of B(a)P emissions and its congener composition is essential for modeling. References Tista M., Mareckova K. and R.Wankmueller [2016] Methodologies applied to the CEIP GNFR gap-filling Part II: Persistent organic pollutants (Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Dioxin and Furan, Hexachlorobenzene). Technical report CEIP 02/2016. Atmospheric deposition of benzo(a)pyrene on the Baltic Sea Editor: Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E Key message Annual atmospheric deposition fluxes of benzo(a)pyrene over the Baltic Sea have decreased by 40% during the period from 1990 to Results and Assessment Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment This indicator shows the levels and trends in benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea. Levels of B(a)P deposition represent the pressure of emission sources on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment.

41 Appendix C: Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 201 Policy relevance and policy reference HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. Assessment Annual atmospheric deposition fluxes of benzo(a)pyrene over the Baltic Sea have decreased by 40% during the period from 1990 to 2014 (Figure 1). The figure illustrates relative changes of modelled annual B(a)P atmospheric deposition on to the Baltic Sea. Along with that the changes of normalized deposition are presented, which reflect the effect of emission variations without taking into account the influence of interannual variations of meteorological conditions. Description of the procedure applied for normalization of annual deposition is given in the Annex D of the Joint report of the EMEP Centres (Bartnicki et al., 2016). The most significant decline of B(a)P atmospheric deposition can be noted for the Western Baltic (56%) and the Bothnian Sea (51%) sub-basins. In other sub-basins the decrease of deposition varied from 19% to 41% (Table 1). According to modelling results for 2014 the highest level of B(a)P atmospheric deposition fluxes (19 g/km 2 /y) over the Baltic Sea is estimated for the Sound sub-basin, while the lowest one (4.5 g/km 2 /y) over the Bothnian Sea. In other sub-basins the level of deposition fluxes varied from about 5 to 16 g/km 2 /y. Among the HELCOM countries the most significant contributions to deposition over the Baltic Sea was made by Poland and Ukraine. Deposition change, % of Modelled Normalized Figure 1: Relative changes of modeled and normalized B(a)P atmospheric deposition to the Baltic Sea for the period , (% of 1990).

42 202 EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM Figure 2: Time-series of computed annual atmospheric deposition of B(a)P over the nine sub-basins of the Baltic Sea for the period in kg/year as bars (left axis) and deposition fluxes in g/km 2 /year as lines (right axis). Note that different scales are used for deposition in kg/year and the same scales for deposition fluxes. Data Numerical data on modelled B(a)P depositions to the Baltic Sea are given in the following tables and can be found in the attached Microsoft Excel file (BaP_deposition_data.xls).