Monitoring and modelling air pollution effects on a European scale in the framework of the Convention on Longrange Transboundary Air Pollution

Transcription

1 The Potential for Further Developing Effects Monitoring Monitoring and modelling air pollution effects on a European scale in the framework of the Convention on Longrange Transboundary Air Pollution Dr.Heinz-Detlef Gregor, WGE Bureau Consultant, Director and Professor a.d., Umweltbundesamt Germany Recommendations for Increasing EECCA Participation

2 In the beginning were the effects... Photo: B.O. Rosseland Photo: H.D.Gregor

3 Export [ 10 5 kg nitrogen], i.e. Depositions in other European countries, caused by Germany, IE 7 year 2000 IS 5 NO 194 DK 132 SE 371 FI 142 GB 58 PL 702 NL 79 BE 48 LU 7 FR 210 ES * 10 5 kg N UA BY 133 RU 653 LV 61 EE 44 LT CZ 329 SK 67 TR 39 GR 18 AL 7 HU 76 PT 2 BG 30 RO 112 CH 44 HR 36 MD 11 YU SI 21 IT 96 BA 30 AT 268 HR 42 FYM 4 MK 5

4 Import [10 5 kg nitrogen], i.e. depositions in Italy, caused by other European countries, year 2000 IS 0 IE 2 NO 1 DK 3 SE 1 CH 42 AT 30 DE 96 FI 0 PL UA 6 BY 1 RU 5 LV 0 EE 0 LT 0 GB 21 NL 15 BE 12 LU 1 FR * 10 5 kg N 22 CZ 18 SK 4 HU 13 TR 6 GR 25 AL 7 MK 3 ES 182 PT 17 CY 0 51 MD 0 YU 13 SI 19 BA 19 RO 13 BG 9 HR 23

5 34 51 Parties to the Convention Barents Sea Kara Sea Artic Ocean Canada Iceland Pacific Ocean North Sea Finland United of America States of America Norway Sweden Estonia Russian Federation Latvia Denmark Lithuania Ireland Belarus United Kingdom Netherlands Poland Belgium Germany Czech Rep. Ukraine Luxembourg Slovakia Austria France Switzerland Liechtenstein Hungary Moldova Atlantic Ocean Slovenia Croatia Romania Monaco Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro Bulgaria Black Sea Italy F.Y.R.of Albania Macedonia Spain Portugal Greece Turkey Georgia Armenia Caspian Sea Azerbaijan Aral Sea Kazakhstan Kyrgyzsta n Malta Mediterranean Sea Cyprus

6 The Protocols - ambition levels increased stepwise and 1994 Sulphur Protocols 1988 NOx Protocol 1991 VOC Protocol 1998 Heavy Metals Protocol 1998 POP Protocol 1999 Gothenburg Protocol multi-pollutant multi-effect S N VOC HM POP Multi

7 Protocols to the Convention The Convention has been extended by eight protocols which are all in force: Protocol Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone; Establishment Entering into force Parties May Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Oct Protocol on Heavy Metals Dec Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Aug Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Longrange Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) Sept Feb Sept Jan (status June 2007 What are the main obstacles for so many Parties to sign/ratify Protocols?

8 M&M Protocol obligations: The Parties shall reduce their emissions (Art. 2), support the provision of information (Art. 5), gather information on effects on human health, ecosystems and materials and ensure its availability (Art. 6). submit emission data on S, N, VOC (Art. 7), support harmonisation of methods for monitoring and assessment of effects and trends (Art. 8).

9 EOA: monitor state of the environment and changes with causative explanations develop and Cause-effect validate models approach detect changes Cross-media by biomonitoring flux approach investigate ecosystems, cross-media fluxes cause-effect approach stocks at risk/risk assessment critical levels/loads and exceedances

10 Monitoring the Environment with Effects in Mind

11 ICP VEGETATION The International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) and the Task Force on Health: observation networks Effects Community: Integrated Monitoring

12 ICP Forests ICP Waters Participation in EOA ICP Materials ICP Vegetation ICP Integr. Monitoring ICP Modelling and Mapping Taskforce Health mt data mt dt m data mt data mtg data mtg data mtg Armenia 2007 Belarus level I (HM) Azerbaijan 2007 Georgia Kazakhstan 2007 Kyrgyzstan Republic of Moldova level I Russian Federation Tajikistan* (soil) (HM) Turkmenist.* Ukraine 05 level I Uzbekistan* O 3 HM * not Party to the Convention Data for moss survey in will be supplied in Data for defoliation for some years. What are the main obstacles for so many Parties to join EOA?

13 Level II plots

14 30 mean defoliation [%] year Pinus sylvestris Picea abies Fagus sylvatica Quercus robur+q.petraea Quercus ilex+q.rotundifolia Pinus pinaster Figure 1: Development of mean defoliation of the 6 most frequent species. Mean defoliation could be calculated only from 1989 onwards, because in 1988 defoliation was assessed in the traditional defoliation classes instead of 5% steps. Number of trees: Pinus sylvestris: 2532; Picea abies: 3012; Quercus robur and Q. petraea: 1215; Fagus sylvatica: 2593; Pinus pinaster: 1374; Quercus ilex and Q. rotundifolia: 2254.

15 ICP Forests Selected major achievements (2006) Significant downward trends in S deposition, no trends in N depositions Correlations between pollution status and vegetation Biodiversity clear relationship between soil ph and ground vegetation N deposition was reflected in composition of ground vegetation Dynamic modelling Assuming Gothenburg implementation many plots will show recovery within the next decades, but the original soil ph will not be reached at all plots. The BERN Model was applied at 3 plots. Changes in the C/N ratio and base saturation as result of atmospheric deposition would lead to vegetation changes.

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17 Heavy metals moss survey European heavy metal (N) in moss survey: 2005/6 Ca (3200) sites in 32 (18) countries Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn, (N) Interlaboratory calibration exercise

18 Five regional centres to collate fieldbased evidence for effects of ozone ICP VEGETATION 25 th WGE session

19 Biological recovery (as observed by ICP Waters in Norway) shows improvements over the last years. The recovery is most pronounced the latest years Baetis Rhodani Vikedal (NO06), Baetis rhodani Spring Fall Number year EB.AIR/WG.1/2004/6

20 The catchment approach deposition wet dry tree bioelements aerosols and gases epiphyte response tree response weathering understorey veg. response litter fall throughfall soil decomposition, soil watermineralisation groundwater root uptake surface water run off process oriented - budget calculations

21 input output relations in out

22 ICP Materials Selected major achievements (2005) Areas with increased risk of corrosion

23 WEG, 25th Session, Task Force on Health Main recent activities - Health risk of heavy metals from LRTAP - Health risks of PM from LRTAP - Health risks of O3 from LRTAP - Assessment of health impacts of air pollution in EECCA

24 WGE, 25th Session, Task Force on Health Estimated rural concentrations of ozone (average meteorological data for 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2003): SOMO35, ppb.days

25 Simple Mass Balance

26 Prioritization: Pollutants: - SO x, NO y, NH x - Heavy metals Receptors: - Forest - Natural and semi-natural vegetation - Aquatic ecosystems

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28 1990 Excess deposition of acidity over Critical Loads in 1990 and 2010 if the Gothenburg protocol is fully implemented The observed decrease in exceedances is due to a substantial sulphur reduction. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides and ammonia will continue to contribute to acidification and eutrophication.

29 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation in EOA Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support.

30 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points.

31 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English.

32 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English. Design sites and start to monitor effects: Identify priority parameters and responsible experts for monitoring (for chosen most important receptors); Check minimum data requirements; Assess existing capacity for actually conducting the monitoring; Start with few sites that cover requirements of several programmes (ICPs/TF); Ensure resources to analyse data and report results.

33 Recommendations to ensure active and stepwise increasing participation Analyse current national situation: Identify existing expertise and experts in the research community; Identify existing national monitoring and modelling activities and available databases; Provide infrastructure for national coordination / subregional cooperation Describe areas where national expertise could benefit from capacity building or other support. ^^ Affiliate to activities: Prioritize receptors according to their sensitivity for monitoring, modelling and research: e.g. human health, lake and stream catchments, forest soils, trees, vegetation, crops, biodiversity, technical materials and cultural objects etc.); Nominate individual experts to coordinators and participants for prioritized programmes (ICPs/TF); Appoint official national focal points for prioritized programmes; Define basic workplans for national focal points. Participate in prioritized programme activities (ICPs/TF) with existing national data and expertise: Compile and submit existing data to resp. Programme Centres Participate actively in the evaluation of those data; Ensure experts to attend annual programme meetings, always with oral presentation / written summary in English. Design sites and start to monitor effects: Identify priority parameters and responsible experts for monitoring (for chosen most important receptors); Check minimum data requirements; Assess existing capacity for actually conducting the monitoring; Start with few sites that cover requirements of several programmes (ICPs/TF); Ensure resources to analyse data and report results. Integrate research activities: Coordinate monitoring, evaluation of data, modelling and overall assessment; Ensure cooperation, coordination and harmonisation at national and subregional levels; Conduct/participate in subregional (thematic) workshops, expert training sessions and cooperation with neighbouring countries.

34 Do you see more clearly now?? Thank you for your kind attention! See you in Geneva,, August 2007, and at 2008 programme meetings!

35 ...and report to WGE on your experiences, results, technical or scientific problems,...and expectations.

36 27 years of work under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has resulted in a wealth of published material and internet presentations that made it an easy task to collate this brochure. The effort of numerous individual authors, groups and organisations that directly or indirectly found its way into this presentation is gratefully acknowledged. Information on recent reports & publications, the 2007 TF Meetings and more details on achievements and ongoing activities of ICPs and TF Health may be drawn from the Joint Report: Doc. EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/3, the Technical Reports: Doc. EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/5... /14 and the CLRTAP s, WGE s and ICPs /TFs web sites: Need more information? Try here: or: gregor.wge@web.de Programme Centre ICP Forest Programme Centre ICP Waters Programme Centre ICP Materials Programme Centre ICP Vegetation Programme Centre ICP Integrated Monitoring default.asp?contentid=17110&lan=en Programme Centre ICP Modelling and Mapping Joint Task Force on Health Aspects, WHO European Ctre for Env. and Health, Bonn Office