Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11. Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11 Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in France

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1 Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11 Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in France I

2 CONTENTS SUMMARY Page III 1. COUNTRY OVERVIEW 1 2. DATA SOURCES 4 3. DATA AVAILABILITY, COLLECTION, AND COVERAGE 5 4. DATA DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION 6 5. GIS DATA PROCESSING PROJECTION RETAIL FILLING STATION LOCATIONS GROUNDWATER Aquifer Type Groundwater Protection Zones and Abstractions SURFACE WATER ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS 9 6. DATA INTERPRETATION GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT OF RETAIL FILLING STATION LOCATIONS GROUNDWATER SENSITIVITY SURFACE WATER SENSITIVITY ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 25 II

3 SUMMARY As part of a pan-european study on 13 countries, the environmental sensitivity of 14,600 retail filling stations in France has been assessed with regard to groundwater, surface water and ecological receptors using a source-pathwayreceptor and Geographic Information System (GIS) based methodology. Three elements are required to manifest an environmental risk. There must be a sensitive receptor, a source of contamination and a pathway by which the receptor can be exposed to the contamination. If any one of these three elements (source, pathway or receptor) is missing there can be no risk. The environmental risk potential differs from site to site, because location plays a key role in determining the risk (e.g. proximity of potential receptors, role of geology and hydrogeology in migration and exposure pathways). The environmental risk potential of an individual facility is also a function of the integrity of its assets (potential for leaks), its operational procedures (potential for spills) and the nature and volume of products stored all of which determine its potential to act as a source of contamination. The results demonstrate that, based on their location alone (i.e. irrespective of containment engineering standards which can reduce environmental risk) the percentage of sites with the potential to pose a risk to the receptors in question is small: 0.25% with respect to potable water (groundwater and surface water) abstractions 10% with respect, to the ecology of surface water bodies and 4% with respect to designated Natura 2000 sites (protected habitats and ecosystems). This report forms an appendix to, and should be read in conjunction with, the main overarching report: Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in selected European countries [1]. It should also be read in conjunction with Appendix 1 to the above report: Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in selected European countries: feasibility study and country selection [2]. Presenting this country report or its results and conclusions without clear reference to the above reports is not appropriate. III

4 IV Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11

5 1. COUNTRY OVERVIEW France is situated in Western Europe bordering Belgium to the northeast, Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg to the east, Italy to the southeast and Andorra and Spain to the southwest. To the south is the coastline with the Mediterranean Sea and to the north and west lies the coastline with the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. This report only covers what is known as Metropolitan France including Corsica (an island in the Mediterranean Sea) and does not take into account the many territories of France located around the World. The country is divided into 22 administrative regions: Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corsica, Franche Compté, Haute-Normandie, Île-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi- Pyrénées, Nord Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur, and Rhône-Alpes. The capital city of Paris is located in the Île-de-France region (Figure A9-1). France covers an area of 551,695 km 2 and is one of the largest countries in continental Europe. It contains the highest point in Western Europe, Mont Blanc in the French Alps, at 4807 m above sea level. The French countryside consists of a variety of landscapes, from the coastal plains in the north and west to the high mountain ranges of the Alps in the southeast, the Massif Central uplands in the south central region and also the Pyrenees Mountains which border Spain in the southwest. The country has extensive river systems including the River Loire, the River Garonne, the River Seine and the River Rhone. The River Loire is the longest river in France with a length of over 1000 km and drains an area of 117,000 km 2 ; more than a fifth of France. The River Loire rises in the southern Cévennes highlands, part of the Massif Central, and flows north to Orléans where it bends to the west and flows to Nantes before draining into the Atlantic Ocean. The River Seine rises close to Dijon, and is the second longest river in France, running for 775 km draining an area of 78,650 km 2. It runs roughly northwest from Dijon through Paris and flows into the English Channel. The River Garonne flows from the Spanish Pyrenees towards Toulouse and then Bordeaux. It has a length of 575 km and joins three other major rivers on its path; the River Ariège, the River Tarn, and the River Lot, finally meeting with the River Dordogne to form the Gironde estuary which then flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The River Rhone is one of the longest rivers of Western Europe, rising at the Valais Glacier in Switzerland. It is 800 km long and drains over 100,000 km 2. The River Rhone crosses into France from Lake Geneva, flowing towards Lyon. From there the river turns south to form the Camargue delta, draining into the Mediterranean Sea between Montpellier and Marseille. Geologically, France is divided into several distinctive areas. The Massif Central is dominated by granite formations from an igneus past, whilst the northern plains (Paris Basin) are underlain mostly by carbonates overlain by fluvial gravels along river valleys. The mountain ranges of the Pyrenees and the Alps have a varied geology, but are generally composed of impermeable crystalline rock formations. In the south, the Camargue delta is dominated by sands and gravels deposited by the River Rhone system. To the northwest, the geology primarily comprises sandstones, shales and slates. The population of France is just over 61 million, with an overall population density of 112 people per km 2. Île-de-France is the most densely populated administrative region with 946 people per km 2, due to the capital city of Paris in its centre 1

6 (9.93 million people). The remaining French regions have much lower population densities, ranging from 31.7 people per km 2 on Corsica to people per km 2 in the Nord Pas-de-Calais. Alsace, a region bordering Germany, also has a relatively high population density at 218 people per km 2 however most other regions have population densities less than 150 people per km 2. In total, 14,600 retail filling stations ( sites ) were identified in France, the distribution of which tends to mirror population distribution with the highest percentage in Île-de- France (Paris) which has 1392 stations. Other regions with high numbers of retail filling station include the Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) with 1367 retail filling stations and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'azur (Marseille and Nice) with 1042 retail filling stations. There are also several linear concentrations of retail filling station location noticeable along major roads and motorways especially around Paris and the southeast of the country along the Rhone valley. 2

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8 2. DATA SOURCES Arcadis GMI sourced the relevant datasets to carry out the sensitivity analysis in France from several different agencies. Surface water data were sourced from the IGN (Institut Géographique National); ecological data were sourced from the MEDD (Ministere de l Ecologie et du Developpement Durable); groundwater abstraction data were sourced from the ADES-MEDD/DE (Accès aux Données des Eaux Souterraines) a department of the BRGM French Geological Survey; and the groundwater/aquifer data were sourced from SANDRE (Le Service d Administration Nationale des Données et Référentiels sur l Eau). The list of retail filling station locations was licensed from Catalist Ltd, a leading source of petrol forecourt information in Europe and beyond. Catalist s comprehensive database covers most of Western Europe and the information is continuously maintained by way of site visits, telephone surveys, client feedback and market intelligence. Catalist is part of Experian s Business Strategies Division, a leading provider of global retail property data, analysis and consultancy. Contact details for these organisations are provided below: Catalist Ltd MEDD IGN Richmond House Secretariat du Bureau 2/4 Avenue Pasteur 22 Richmond Hill de la Communication Clifton 20 Avenue de Ségur Saint Maude Bristol FRANCE BS8 1BA Paris 07 SP UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE SANDRE BRGM Office International de l Eau 15 Service Eau Rue Edouard Chamberland 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin Limoges FRANCE Orléans FRANCE In addition to sourcing data from the above agencies, Arcadis GMI worked in close consultation with Arcadis ESG (France) to ensure that data being sourced were the most relevant available, and to gain a better understanding of the structure of environmental legislation, in particular with regard to groundwater resources. The data provided in this report are subject to international and national copyright laws. If any third party wishes to use any of the data presented in this report (including figures), they should first contact CONCAWE and Arcadis GMI to discuss their requirements. 4

9 3. DATA AVAILABILITY, COLLECTION, AND COVERAGE Data were available for surface water features, ecologically sensitive areas, aquifer classifications, and groundwater abstraction locations. Arcadis GMI also tried to source data on groundwater protection zones, however it became clear through consultation with Arcadis ESG (France), that this data was not available in a digital format and is not likely to become available as a countrywide dataset in the foreseeable future. Therefore, in this analysis, groundwater protection zones have been modelled based upon proximity to groundwater abstractions (see Appendix 2). 5

10 4. DATA DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION All data for France were provided in an ESRI ArcView GIS shape-file format, compatible with the GIS software operated by Arcadis GMI, and generally considered to be an industry standard format. The data were provided in either the projection WGS 1984 or in one of the four France-specific projections. For the analysis all the data was converted to the France Lambert II projection to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. All data sets provided were supplied on a countrywide basis, thereby avoiding any issues relating to consistency of data across the administrative regions. 6

11 5. GIS DATA PROCESSING 5.1. PROJECTION All data files were provided or converted to the following projection system: Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic False Easting: o False Northing: o Central Meridian: o Scale Factor: Latitude of Origin: o Linear Unit: Metre Datum: France II 5.2. RETAIL FILLING STATION LOCATIONS The locations of retail filling stations in France were provided as tabular data by Catalist Ltd. This data was then converted into a geographical shape-file and subsequently transformed from WGS84 datum to France II datum GROUNDWATER Aquifer Type The hydrogeological unit underneath each retail filling station was used to determine the underlying aquifer type. These aquifer types were classified according to the descriptions provided in the aquifer dataset (translated from the French), and compared to the International Hydrogeological Map of Europe [3-7] produced by the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) as a consistency check. A major aquifer was defined as: Dominantly sedimentary A minor aquifer was defined as: Alluvial Impermeable locally aquiferous A non aquifer was defined as: Basement rock Extrusive volcanic Intensely folded Using these classifications as a base, an aquifer map was produced from which the underlying aquifer properties were assigned to each retail filling station location. 7

12 Groundwater Protection Zones and Abstractions Groundwater protection zones (GPZ) in France are regulated on a local basis by the Direction Departementale de l'administration Sanitaire et Sociale (DDASS) in each county of the different regions, with a total of 95 counties covering the whole country. GPZs are yet to be defined for many groundwater abstractions, due to the long process of establishing them which includes holding a public inquiry, GPZs In addition, the method by which each DDASS holds information about groundwater protection zones can differ greatly, and can often be outdated. The general format of established GPZs in France is a three-tiered structure composed of (translated from the French classifications): Zone 1 The immediate perimeter of protection Designed to eliminate risk from direct contamination of abstracted water. All industrial activity is prohibited in this area. Zone 2 The perimeter of inner protection Designed to protect the abstracted groundwater body from the migration of polluting substances. Activities with the potential to harm the quality of water are prohibited in this area. Zone 3 The perimeter of distant protection Corresponds to the total capture area of the groundwater abstraction. Activities in this area can be regulated dependant on the potential for pollution. This zone is not necessarily always defined. Given the lack of available digital data covering groundwater protection zones, it was not possible to use the official definitions in this study. However, digital data relating to the locations of groundwater abstractions was made available, and as such it was possible to model GPZs based upon the proximity to these abstraction locations. In order to model the GPZs, a buffer analysis was performed around the groundwater abstractions (see Appendix 2). These buffers were created at set distances from the abstractions to create three tiers of GPZ based on experience of the transport of petroleum hydrocarbon plumes in groundwater (it is rare for a BTEX plume to travel more than 100 m from the edge of a NAPL (non aqueous phase liquid) source zone and in most cases BTEX plumes are <50 m in length): Zone 1 Within 50 m of a groundwater abstraction Zone 2 Within 100 m of a groundwater abstraction Zone 3 Within 250 m of a groundwater abstraction Each retail filling station was then assessed to determine whether it is located within a GPZ 5.4. SURFACE WATER The surface water data analysis was performed by a standard spatial join of the retail filling station location data with river, lake, and marine data. This analysis produced a distance to the nearest linear water feature and enclosed water feature, to the nearest metre. 8

13 5.5. ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS All the data files relating to Natura2000, National Nature Reserves and National Parks were merged to create a countrywide dataset. From this, the proximity of the retail filling station locations to the ecologically sensitive areas was calculated. 9

14 6. DATA INTERPRETATION 6.1. GROUNDWATER Large areas of France are underlain by major aquifer (Figure A9-2). The most extensive area of major aquifer is in the Paris Basin area in the north of France, which forms part of the Great European Plain and is mostly composed of sedimentary rocks, primarily Cretaceous chalk. Minor aquifers, representing river valleys such as the River Loire, the River Seine, and the River Garonne, are found within these areas of major aquifer. The mountain ranges of the French Alps, Pyrenees and the Massif Central are all dominated by non aquifers. The Pyrenees consist largely of granite, gneiss and marbles. The Alps are also mostly composed of crystalline base rock affected by glacial erosion. In both these regions the low porosity of such rocks limits their productivity as aquifers of resource value. The Massif Central comprises mainly igneous rocks formed through volcanic activity, but has low groundwater storage potential due to low porosity characteristics of the rocks. Bretagne and large areas of Basse-Nomandie and Pays de la Loire are also classified as non aquifer, due to the mainly low permeability sandstones, shales and slates that underlie this region. The distribution of groundwater abstractions across France, from which GPZs have been modelled in this study, is extensive and widespread (Figure A9-3). As would be expected there is a strong correlation between the areas of aquifer and groundwater abstractions, but there are many groundwater abstractions in areas classified as non aquifer. The reason for this is unclear. It is possible that in many of the areas of non aquifer there are small localised groundwater bodies (e.g. in river terrace gravels), too small to be mapped on a national scale, and utilised mainly for local water supply. In addition, in the mountainous areas, especially in the Massif Central, the locations may represent natural springs that are being abstracted. A regional breakdown of the importance of groundwater as a resource value for public water supply across France indicates that six regions derive more then 90% of their potable water supply from groundwater. All of these regions, with the exception of Alsace which lies on a minor aquifer, correspond with extensive areas of major aquifer. Less than 30% of potable water is derived from groundwater in the regions of Bretagne, Limousin, and Midi-Pyrénées, which are mainly covered by areas of non aquifer. The region of Île-de-France provides a general exception to this rule, as it is almost exclusively underlain by major aquifer, yet groundwater only contributes 32% of the potable water supply. This may be a consequence of the high demand for water in this region to supply the population of Paris, along with the highly industrialised nature of the land use in the region. Alternatively, the relatively low reliance on groundwater for drinking water in the Paris region may be linked to the deposits of gypsum that are known to be present in the area, which will not only reduce the groundwater quality and yield, but may also lead to detrimental changes in ground stability if heavily abstracted. 10

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16 12 Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11

17 6.2. SURFACE WATER The distribution of the surface water network across France is displayed on Figure A9-4 and shows a distinctive area of lower frequency of surface water features that extends down from the Picardie region towards the southwest and around the Massif Central. These areas coincide with regions of major aquifer where it is likely that the higher permeability of the underlying geology results in less surface run-off required for a denser surface water network. In contrast, the surface water network is particularly dense in the southern regions between the Alps and Pyrenees Mountains, which also represent areas of non aquifer ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS There are 1670 designated ecologically sensitive areas in France (Figure A9-5) covering a total area of 192,630 km 2. This includes maritime regions which are most noticeable around the Gironde Estuary, the Camargue Delta and around the coast of Corsica. Many of the ecologically sensitive areas follow river courses upstream for hundreds of kilometres. The size of each area ranges from the smallest at 163 m 2, to the largest at 7568 km 2. This largest area covers a region of lakes, heathland and forest known as the Sologne, close to the River Loire in the Centre region. Smaller ecologically sensitive areas appear frequently and are widespread across the whole of France whilst larger areas are mainly, but not exclusively, concentrated around the coast and in the upland areas (Massif Central, the Alps, and the Pyrenees). 13

18 14 Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11

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20 7. ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT OF RETAIL FILLING STATION LOCATIONS On completion of the GIS data processing, each retail filling station location was assessed for its environmental sensitivity with regard to groundwater, surface water, and ecologically sensitive areas. Sites are classified into one of five categories, where Category 1 is the most sensitive and Category 5 is the least sensitive. An overall environmental sensitivity has then been assigned based on the most sensitive category allocated from the three individual environmental parameters. Details of how these sensitivity categories have been defined, and the numbers of retail filling station locations that fall in each category are shown in Table A9-1. A breakdown of the sensitivity results by each province is displayed in Table A GROUNDWATER SENSITIVITY The groundwater sensitivity of retail filling station locations in France, is influenced almost exclusively by the aquifer type (Figure A9-6a). Based on the modelled GPZs just 0.05% of sites are classified as Category 1 and only 0.08% as Category 2. The vast expanse of major aquifers in France is the main factor in 49.5% of retail filling station locations being classified as Category 3. The remaining 50.3% have been classified as either Category 4 or 5 based on the underlying aquifer class. If specific GPZ data had been available, the distribution of sites across the sensitivity categories might have been somewhat different in absolute terms, but the distribution pattern is likely to have been similar. Based on a knowledge of the transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater, sites located in sensitivity categories 1 and to a lesser extent 2 and 3a are considered to be the ones that could potentially impact groundwater public water supply abstractions. Approximately 0.25% of the sites fall into one of these three categories SURFACE WATER SENSITIVITY Based on the generally low mass flux of contaminants from groundwater plumes discharging into surface waters, and potential for rapid biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments at the groundwater surface water interface (known as the hyporheic zone in rivers) where anaerobic groundwater meets aerated surface water, sites located in sensitivity category 1 and to a lesser extent category 2 are considered to be the ones that could potentially have an impact on surface water ecosystems. A total of 5.5% of sites fall within the highest sensitivity category (Category 1), with a further 4.6% in Category 2. The distribution of surface water sensitivity for retail filling station locations is relatively even across France, as illustrated by the surface water sensitivity map on Figure A9-6b. These results reflect the relatively high resolution of the surface water dataset for France that has been used in the study. Concentrations of the higher category sites are noted in and around Paris and other urban centres, the Rhone-Alpes and Alsace regions, and along the Mediterranean coastline, especially around Marseille and Nice. 16

21 Table A9 1 GIS Analysis Results 17

22 Table A9 2 Statistical Breakdown of Sensitivity Results by Region 18

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24 20 Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11

25 7.3. ECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY In total, 92% of retail filling station locations fall into the lowest sensitivity category for ecological sensitivity (Category 5, >250 m from an ecologically sensitive area). Those retail filling station locations in the highest sensitivity category (Category 1) are generally located away from the major concentrations of population and constitute 3.3% of sites (Figure A9-6c). The majority of these sites are located in the large National Parks that have been designated as ecologically sensitive areas, the largest concentration of which is noted around the Sologne, an ecologically sensitive area to the south of Orléans in the Centre region. Other concentrations of Category 1 sites are observed in the western Pyrenees and along coastal stretches OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY By taking the most sensitive category of the individual categories for groundwater, surface water, and ecologically sensitive areas, an overall environmental sensitivity for each retail filling station location was assigned. The results of this analysis are displayed on Figure A9-7. Generally, the overall environmental sensitivity of the retail filling station locations in France is based upon groundwater sensitivity combined with surface water sensitivity, with ecological sensitivity being less influential. In total, 8.2% of sites fall within the highest sensitivity category (Category 1), with a further 4.8% of sites falling in Category 2. A relatively large proportion of retail filling station locations in France fall into Category 3 (49%), however the distribution of these sites is not evenly spread across the country, with high concentrations of Category 3 sites evident throughout the Paris Basin area in northern France, extending southwest to Bordeaux, and also along the Rhone Valley. These areas represent the large areas of major aquifer across France. Likewise, the distribution of the lowest sensitivity sites (Category 5) is mainly restricted to the Massif Central and northwest regions of France, representing large areas of non aquifer and accounting for 14% of sites. The spatial distribution of sites in the highest sensitivity categories (Category 1 and 2) is more widespread across France, but with higher concentrations noted in the urban centres, the Sologne ecologically sensitive area, and in the Alsace region to the east of France along the border with Germany. 21

26 22 Appendix 9 to report no. 1/11

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28 8. CONCLUSIONS This assessment of the environmental sensitivity of retail filling station locations in France has identified that 13% of sites fall within one of the higher sensitivity categories (Category 1 or 2) for either groundwater, surface water or ecology. These sites are located widely across the country, with particular concentrations noted in the major cities (especially Paris), the Centre region (Sologne ecologically sensitive area), the Mediterranean coastline, and in the Alsace region in eastern France. Surface water sensitivity is the main driving factor in categorising these higher sensitivity sites, with ecological sensitivity having a more localised influence. Groundwater sensitivity is the main factor in determining the lesser sensitive sites (Categories 3-5). Several patterns can be identified in the distribution of environmental sensitivity of retail filling stations across France. On a local scale there is a tendency for relatively high concentrations of retail filling stations in higher sensitivity categories in the major urban centres, notably in Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Marseille and Nice. This is largely due to the high density of retail filling station locations in major cities, resulting in an almost inevitable higher number of sites located in areas that are more environmentally sensitive, usually as a result of proximity to surface water features. However, the city of Lyon would appear to be an exception to this, with fewer sites than expected in the higher sensitivity categories for a city of its size. At a regional level, the area covering Alsace, eastern Lorraine, and northern Franche Compté, stands out as an area of interest. This area is characterised by limited groundwater resources (predominantly minor aquifer), an average surface water network density compared to other areas of France, and an average number of ecologically sensitive areas. However, this region appears to have a much higher density of Category 1 and 2 sites than expected. There is no obvious explanation for this pattern. On a national scale, there is a distinct pattern in the distribution of environmental sensitivity for sites in Categories 3 to 5. This pattern reflects the distribution of groundwater sensitivity which is ultimately related to the distribution of aquifer types across France. As a result the large areas of major aquifer that cover the Paris Basin and southwest regions of France are highlighted by the spread of Category 3 sites, whilst the non aquifer regions to the northwest of France and the Massif Central area become evident through the distribution of the Category 5 sites. This pattern is also reflected when looking at the importance of groundwater as a potable water resource, with those regions largely overlying areas of major aquifer appearing to rely predominantly on groundwater for the supply of potable water, whilst in the areas of non aquifer, groundwater only provides a limited contribution to potable supplies. The exception to this appears to occur in Paris, which overlies a major aquifer, but where groundwater makes a lower contribution to potable water, possibly as a consequence of the impact from local gypsum deposits on groundwater quality. 24

29 9. REFERENCES 1. CONCAWE (2010) Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in selected European countries. Report No. 1/11. Brussels: CONCAWE 2. CONCAWE (2010) Environmental sensitivity assessment of retail filling stations in selected European countries: feasibility study and country selection. Appendix 1 to Report No. 1/11. Brussels: CONCAWE 3. Karrenberg, H. et al (1976) International hydrogeological map of Europe. Sheet B4 London. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and Paris: UNESCO 4. Karrenberg, H. et al (1975) International hydrogeological map of Europe. Sheet B5 Paris-Sud. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and Paris: UNESCO 5. Karrenberg, H. et al (1977) International hydrogeological map of Europe. Sheet C4 Berlin. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and Paris: UNESCO 6. Karrenberg, H. et al (1970) International hydrogeological map of Europe. Sheet C5 Bern. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and Paris: UNESCO 7. Karrenberg, H. et al (1990) International hydrogeological map of Europe. Sheet C6 Roma. Hannover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe and Paris: UNESCO 25

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