Urban green & air quality: a modelling perspective. Peter Vos
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1 Urban green & air quality: a modelling perspective Peter Vos
2 1 Urban Scale Deposition model 2 Micro-scale (street-scale) Street canyon trees model 3 Micro-scale (street-scale) Green wall model
3 MODEL = MODEL
4 MODEL = MODEL Uncertainty Validation
5 1 Urban Scale Deposition model
6 DEPOSITION MODEL 1» WHAT? calculates total annual removal of particulate matter (PM) by all urban green in the city (tons/year)» SPATIAL SCALE? urban» TIME SCALE? annual» EXAMPLE? UFORE (David Nowak, USDA)» NOTABLE RESULT? London: removal of tons PM/year (Tallis et al., 2011) ; Effect on concentration: 1-2%» CONCLUSION? vegetation has positive effect on urban air quality» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?
7 DEPOSITION MODEL 1» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Principle:» Deposition ~ deposition speed x concentration» Determination of deposition speed» Extrapolation forest urban trees» Wind tunnel measurements» Weighing absorbed pollutants»
8 DEPOSITION MODEL 1» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Principle:» Deposition ~ deposition speed x concentration Litschke and Kuttler, 2008
9 DEPOSITION MODEL 1» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Pataki et al., 2012» However, despite simulation models demonstrating the benefits of urban trees, their effects on air pollution remain empirically unquantified. Air purifying or urban green: Many model studies, little empirical evidence Does urban green contributes to a better air quality at the urban scale Qualitatively: Yes Quantitatively:?
10 2 Micro-scale (street-scale) CFD models (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
11 STREET CANYON TREES MODEL 2» WHAT? calculates the effect of urban trees on local PM concentrations» SPATIAL SCALE? street scale» TIME SCALE? steady state» EXAMPLE? CFD ENVI-met ( OpenFOAM» NOTABLE RESULT? trees in street canyons: up to 20% higher concentrations of traffic related pollutants (VITO, Functioneel Groen Project, 2012)» CONCLUSION?» Vegetation is not able to solve local air pollution hot» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?
12 STREET CANYON TREES MODEL 2» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS/CRITICISM?» Uncertainty?» Dependence on crucial parameters» Deposition speed» Aerodynamic resistance of leafs Dependency less strong for concentrations than for removal» Effect on annual concentrations is lower
13 STREET CANYON TREES MODEL 2» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS/CRITICISM?» Validation?» Lack of empirical evidence» Wind tunnel study of Gromke» Only 1 field campaign published These studies also observe elevated concentrations in street canyons with trees
14 STREET CANYON TREES MODEL 2» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS/CRITICISM? Local air quality effect of street canyon trees: Many model studies, little empirical evidence Do street canyon trees improve the local air quality? Qualitatively: No Quantitatively:?
15 3 Micro-scale (street-scale) Green wall model
16 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» WHAT? calculates the effect of wall (and roof) green on the PM concentrations in street canyons» SPATIAL SCALE? street scale» TIME SCALE? steady state (or longer time-series)» NOTABLE RESULT? up to 60% lower concentrations of PM in street canyons (Pugh et al., 2012)» CONCLUSIE?» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?
17 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» 60% less PM in street canyon This implies a better air quality in canyon compared to backyard!
18 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Sensitive for input parameters u = 0.5 m/s PM concentrations: -60%
19 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Sensitive for input parameters u = 0.5 m/s u = 3 m/s PM concentrations: -60% PM concentrations: -3,9%
20 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS?» Sensitive for input parameters u = 0.5 m/s u = 3 m/s Lower deposition speed PM concentrations: -60% PM concentrations: -1,3%
21 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» BEDENKINGEN/REFLECTIES?» No validation» No comparable studies
22 GREEN WALL MODEL 3» THOUGHTS/REFLECTIONS? Green walls have the potential to improve air quality in street canyons Claims of 60% reduction too optimistic in our opinion Further research and validation is required
23 final messages
24
25 Questions? contact:
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